CAD Modelling, drafting, and GD&T of

CAM follower mechanism

Parth Vaijapurkar1 , Shreyas Shimpi2, Sumeet Singh3, Pranav Zinjarde4

Abstract - CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) streamlines

the product development even more.
CAD (Computer Aided Design) is the use of computer
software to design and document a product’s design TYPES OF CAD SOFTWARE
process.
Engineering drawing entails the use of graphical Since its introduction in late 1960’s, CAD software
symbols such as points, lines, curves, planes and has improved by leaps and bounds. A broad
shapes. Essentially, it gives detailed description about classification of CAD is:
any component in a graphical form.
 2D CAD
Visual objects transcend languages which is a
prominent way to express the imaginary / abstract  3D CAD
idea.  3D Wireframe and Surface Modelling
 Solid Modelling
INTRODUCTION
CAD stands for Computer Aided Design. CAD is
used to design, develop and optimize products. SOLID MODEL
While it is very versatile, CAD is extensively used
in the design of tools and equipment required in the  A 3D model is the most general model used
manufacturing process as well as in the construction in CAD software. This model is equivalent
domain. CAD enables design engineers to layout to an isometric view
and to develop their work on a computer screen,
print and save it for future editing.  2 basic types of 3D models are wire frame
and surface models.
Earlier engineering drawings were handmade,
studies have shown that engineering designs are  In a 3D wire frame model, only edges of the
quite complicated. A solution to many engineering object are represented.
problems requires a combination of organization,
analysis, problem solving principles and a graphical  A 3D surface model defines the object in
representation of the problem. Objects in terms of surfaces such as plates (flat) and
engineering are represented by a technical drawing shells (curved) in addition to edges.
(also called as drafting) that represents designs and
specifications of the physical object and data  The current state of the art in CAD, is the
relationships. Since a technical drawing is precise most sophisticated method of representing
and communicates all information of the object an object. Unlike wire frame or surface
clearly, it has to be precise. This is where CAD models, a solids model represents an object
comes to the fore. in the virtual environment just as it exists in
reality, having volume as well as surfaces
It can be used to produce either two-dimensional or and edges. In this way, the interior of the
three-dimensional diagrams. The use of CAD object is represented in the model as well
software tools allow the object to be viewed from as the outer surfaces.
any angle, even from the inside looking out. One of
the main advantages of a CAD drawing is that the  Can be used for stress analysis, heat
editing is a fast process as compared to manual transfer analysis, fluid flow analysis, and
method. Apart from detailed engineering of 2D or computer aided manufacturing.
3D models, CAD is widely used from conceptual
design and layout of products to definition of  In the manufacturing process to
manufacturing of components. CAD reduces design automatically generate machine tool paths
time by allowing precise simulation rather than build to machine an object.
and test physical prototypes. Integrating CAD with
  To simulate the removal of material from
an initial block of material on the computer

 Can be linked to Computer Numerical

Control CNC) machine to carry out the
removal of material automatically allowing
many identical parts to be machined based
directly on the solid models.

PRODUCTION DRAWING
A component or part drawing is termed as a
production drawing, if it facilities its manufacture. It Fig2.(a): Frame Support
is an authorized document to produce the component
in the shop floor. It furnishes all dimensions, limits
and special finishing processes such as heat
treatment, grinding, etc., in addition to the material
used. It should also mention the number of parts that
are required for making of the assembled unit, of
which the part is a member. Production drawing of
a component should also indicate the sub or main
assembly where it will be assembled. It is necessary
to prepare the production drawing of each
component on a separate sheet, since a craftsman
will ordinarily make one component at a time.

Fig2.(b): FrameSupports

Fig1.(a): Follower Support

Fig3.(a): Cam

Fig1.(b): Follower Support

 Fig5.(a): Block

Fig3.(b): Cam

Fig5.(b): Block

Fig4.(a): Follower

NEED FOR A PRODUCTION DRAWING:

The graphic representation of a product, starts at the

transformation stage of ideas into a drawing by a
design engineer. A production drawing is a complete
working drawing, representing all the details of the
product, regarding size, shape, material, process,
tools and equipment. The craftsman is completely
guided by the production drawing, during the
manufacture of the product. Hence, any mistake in a
production drawing will result in loss of time,
money and decreased productivity. Further, it is a
legal document while going for subcontracting of
works. Hence, a production drawing should be
prepared without any scope for more than one
interpretation.
Fig4.(a): Follower
The design engineer uses orthographic or pictorial
views to record his ideas, free hand. These are called
working sketches. These sketches are used for both
the component and assembly drawings. The working
drawings are sent to the shop, in the form of blue
prints, ammonia prints or other similar forms of
reproduction. Therefore, the drawings must be made
as tracings.

Elements of production drawing

Following are the basic elements of a production • Layout assembly: This is an assembly drawing
drawing. showing how the parts are assembled with their
basic proportions (dimensions).
1. Format of drawing sheet,
• Installation assembly: This is prepared for the
2. Size and shape of the component, installation or erection of a machine. This is also
sometimes known as an outline assembly.
3. Projection method,
• Working drawing assembly: A complete set of
4. Material specification and shape such as castings, working drawings of a machine comprises of
forgings, plates, rounds, etc., detailed drawings, giving all necessary information
for the production of individual parts and assembly
5. Indication of surface roughness and other heat drawing showing the location of each part. The
treatments, if any, assembly drawing should be ready before the
detailed drawings are accepted as finished and the
6. Limits, fits and tolerances of size, form, and
blue-prints are made.
position,
• General assembly: It comprises of the detailed
7. Production method,
drawings of the individual parts, sub-assembly and
8. Process sheet, the assembly drawings of the machine

9. Specification of standard components,

10. Conventions used to represent certain machine

components, and

11. Inspection and testing methods.

 The pre-printed drawing sheets when used,

should include the following features:

1. Title block,

2. Frame for limiting the drawing space,

3. Centring marks, and Assembly drawings may include instructions, lists

of the component parts, reference numbers,
4. Optional features: i) metric reference graduation, references to detail drawings or shop drawings,
and specification information. However, they
ii) grid reference system should not duplicate information provided
elsewhere, as this can become contradictory and
iii) trimming mark may cause confusion. They may also include
dimensions, notation and symbols. It is important
that these are consistent with industry standards so
ASSEMBLY DRAWING that their precise meaning is clear and can be
A drawing which displays the parts of a machine or understood.
a machine unit assembled in their relative working
positions is known as assembly drawing.

• The assembly drawing would be such that it

should satisfy:

(i) Manufacturing requirements

(ii) Operational requirements
(iii) Maintenance requirements.

Subassembly: Two or more parts that form a portion

of an assembly.

Designed assembly: This assembly drawing is Fig6.: Final Assembly

prepared at the design-stage on a larger scale.
 MOTION ANALYSIS production, and ensured by the manufacturing
The motion features of the software can assist with processes and inspection methods used
a wide range of motion study depending on how
complicated your requirements are, and they can be Clearance fit - In a fit, this is the difference between
divided into three categories: the sizes of the hole and the shaft, before assembly,
when this difference is positive. The clearance may
be maximum clearance and minimum clearance.
Minimum clearance in the fit is the difference
 Animation: If you simply wish to create some nice between the maximum size of the hole and the
visuals for presentation or marketing without minimum size of the shaft. Interference It is the
consideration of mass and gravity effects, then difference between the sizes of the hole and the shaft
animation is for you. before assembly, when the difference is negative.
 Basic Motion: For an extra layer of complexity that
takes into consideration the effects of mass, springs, Clearance fit can be sub-classified as follows :
gravity and physical collision detection, then a Basic
Motion study is more suited for your requirements. Loose Fit- It is used between those mating parts
 Motion Analysis: This is the top tier of motion study where no precision is required. It provides minimum
and takes into account a wider range of physical allowance and is used on loose pulleys, agricultural
interactions such as impact effects, damping, force, machineries etc.
momentum, etc.
Running Fit - For a running fit, the dimension of
shaft should be smaller enough to maintain a film of
Growing complexity of mechanical products and oil for lubrication. It is used in bearing pair etc. An
increasingly fierce competition to bring new designs allowance 0.025 mm per 25 mm of diameter of
to market faster, engineers feel mounting pressure to boaring may be used.
extend the scope of simulation beyond FEA. Along
with simulating structural performance with FEA, Interference Fit - A negative difference between
engineers also need to determine the kinematics and diameter of the hole and the shaft is called
dynamics of new products before the building of interference. In such cases, the diameter of the shaft
physical prototypes. Motion simulation—also is always larger than the hole diameter. Interference
known as rigid body dynamics—offers a simulation fit has a negative allowance, i.e. interference exists
approach to solving those issues. between the high limit of hole and low limit of the
shaft.
Motion simulation also checks for interferences, and
this is a very different process from the interference The interference fit can be sub- classified as follows:
checking available with CAD assembly animation.
Motion simulation conducts interference checks in Shrink Fit or Heavy Force Fit - It refers to maximum
real time, and provides the exact spatial and time negative allowance. In assembly of the hole and the
positions of all mechanism components as well as shaft, the hole is expanded by heating and then
the exact interfering volumes. rapidly cooled in its position. It is used in fitting of
rims etc.
FITS AND TOLERANCES
Medium Force Fit - These fits have medium
Dimensions, shape and mutual position of surfaces negative allowance. Considerable pressure is
of individual parts of mechanical engineering required to assemble the hole and the shaft. It is used
products are kept within a certain accuracy to in car wheels, armature of dynamos etc.
achieve their correct and reliable functioning.
Tight Fit or Press Fit -:One part can be assembled
• Production processes do not maintain dimensions, into the other with a hand hammer or by light
geometrical properties and surface roughness with pressure. A slight negative allowance exists between
absolute accuracy. two mating parts (more than wringing fit). It gives a
semi-permanent fit and is used on a keyed pulley and
• Actual surfaces of the produced parts therefore shaft, rocker arm, etc.
differ from ideal surfaces prescribed in the part
models. Limits for dimensions, geometric properties Transition fits - :Transition fits are a compromise
and surface roughness are therefore to be specified between clearance and interference fits. They are
by designers to ensure correct functioning of used for applications where accurate location is
engineering products. important but either a small amount of clearance or
interference is permissible. As shown in Figure 3.3,
• The part accuracy is decided based on the there is overlapping of tolerance zones of the hole
functionality of the product and economy of and shaft.
Transition fit can be sub-classified as follows :

Push Fit - It refers to zero allowance and a light

pressure is required in assembling the hole and the
shaft. The moving parts show least vibration with
this type of fit. It is also known as snug fit.

Force Fit or Shrink Fit - A force fit is used when the

two mating parts are to be rigidly fixed so that one
cannot move without the other. It either requires
high pressure to force the shaft into the hole or the
hole to be expanded by heating. It is used in railway
wheels, etc.

Wringing Fit - A slight negative allowance exists

between two mating parts in wringing fit. It requires
pressure to force the shaft into the hole and gives a
light assembly. It is used in fixing keys, pins, etc.

CONCLUSION

During this project we imbibed the knowledge of

CAD modelling and the CAD model software. We
were acknowledged with the significance of the
production drawing. Assembly design for the CAM
FOLLOWER mechanism was created which
simulated the physical model. Geometrical
Tolerances and fits were specified on the production
drawing which is to be handed over to manufacturer.

This project gives idea about the Modelling and

drafting along with the accuracies required in the
finish product.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express the gratitude to Prof. M.R.

Kharde, VIT,Pune for providing the facilities of the
institute and for his encouragement during the
course of this work. Further we all are also thankful
for this support extended by the management of
Product Innovation Lab.

REFERENCES

[1] N.D.Bhatt, Engineering Drawing (53rd Edition

2014)

[2] Dennis K. Lieu & Shreyl Sorby, Visualisation,

Modelling and Graphics for Engineering Design