Department of Computer Applications

The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K

(UGC- Autonomous)

Course Name Problem solving using computers (B.Sc. 5th Sem)

Course Type Core

Credits (4 +2)

Coverage of Notes 4Credits

Units Covered Unit III C Loops

Compiled By Department Of Computer Applications

Source Compiled from resources available on various Internet

websites.

Purpose Educational.

Usage Can be used by student(s) for understating the

concepts regarding the course.

Further Readings / • The C programming Language., Pearson Ecl –

Recommended Books for Dennis Ritchie

the course • Let us C-Yashwant Kanetkar.

• Structured programming approach using C-

Forouzah & Ceilberg Thomson learning

publication.

• How to solve it by computer, RG Dromey, PHI

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

1
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

C Loops: For, While, Do While, Break, Continue with Example

What are Loops?

In looping, a program executes the sequence of statements many times until the stated

condition becomes false. A loop consists of two parts, a body of a loop and a control

statement. The control statement is a combination of some conditions that direct the

body of the loop to execute until the specified condition becomes false.

In this chapter, you will learn-

• What are Loops?

• Types of Loops

• While Loop

• Do-While loop

• For loop

• Break Statement

• Continue Statement

• Which loop to Select?

Types of Loops

Depending upon the position of a control statement in a program, a loop is classified into

two types:

1. Entry controlled loop

2. Exit controlled loop

In an entry controlled loop, a condition is checked before executing the body of a loop.

It is also called as a pre-checking loop.

In an exit controlled loop, a condition is checked after executing the body of a loop. It is

also called as a post-checking loop.

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

2
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

Sample Loop

The control conditions must be well defined and specified otherwise the loop will

execute an infinite number of times. The loop that does not stop executing and processes

the statements number of times is called as an infinite loop. An infinite loop is also called

as an "Endless loop." Following are some characteristics of an infinite loop:

1. No termination condition is specified.

2. The specified conditions never meet.

The specified condition determines whether to execute the loop body or not.

'C' programming language provides us with three types of loop constructs:

1. The while loop

2. The do-while loop

3. The for loop

While Loop

A while loop is the most straightforward looping structure. The basic format of while

loop is as follows:

while (condition) {

statements;

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

3
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

It is an entry-controlled loop. In while loop, a condition is evaluated before processing a

body of the loop. If a condition is true then and only then the body of a loop is executed.

After the body of a loop is executed then control again goes back at the beginning, and

the condition is checked if it is true, the same process is executed until the condition

becomes false. Once the condition becomes false, the control goes out of the loop.

After exiting the loop, the control goes to the statements which are immediately after

the loop. The body of a loop can contain more than one statement. If it contains only one

statement, then the curly braces are not compulsory. It is a good practice though to use

the curly braces even we have a single statement in the body.

In while loop, if the condition is not true, then the body of a loop will not be executed,

not even once. It is different in do while loop which we will see shortly.

Following program illustrates a while loop:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int num=1; //initializing the variable

while(num<=10) //while loop with condition

printf("%d\n",num);

num++; //incrementing operation

return 0;

Output:

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

4
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

10

The above program illustrates the use of while loop. In the above program, we have

printed series of numbers from 1 to 10 using a while loop.

We have initialized a variable called num with value 1. We are going to print from 1 to

10 hence the variable is initialized with value 1. If you want to print from 0, then assign

the value 0 during initialization.

In a while loop, we have provided a condition (num<=10), which means the loop will

execute the body until the value of num becomes 10. After that, the loop will be

terminated, and control will fall outside the loop.

In the body of a loop, we have a print function to print our number and an increment

operation to increment the value per execution of a loop. An initial value of num is 1,

after the execution, it will become 2, and during the next execution, it will become 3.

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

5
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

This process will continue until the value becomes 10 and then it will print the series on

console and terminate the loop.

\n is used for formatting purposes which means the value will be printed on a new line.

Do-While loop

A do-while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition is always

executed after the body of a loop. It is also called an exit-controlled loop.

The basic format of while loop is as follows:

do {

statements

} while (expression);

As we saw in a while loop, the body is executed if and only if the condition is true. In

some cases, we have to execute a body of the loop at least once even if the condition is

false. This type of operation can be achieved by using a do-while loop.

In the do-while loop, the body of a loop is always executed at least once. After the body

is executed, then it checks the condition. If the condition is true, then it will again

execute the body of a loop otherwise control is transferred out of the loop.

Similar to the while loop, once the control goes out of the loop the statements which

are immediately after the loop is executed.

The critical difference between the while and do-while loop is that in while loop the

while is written at the beginning. In do-while loop, the while condition is written at

the end and terminates with a semi-colon (;)

The following program illustrates the working of a do-while loop:

We are going to print a table of number 2 using do while loop.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

6
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

int main()

int num=1; //initializing the variable

do //do-while loop

printf("%d\n",2*num);

num++; //incrementing operation

}while(num<=10);

return 0;

Output:

10

12

14

16

18

20

In the above example, we have printed multiplication table of 2 using a do-while loop.

Let's see how the program was able to print the series.

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

7
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

First, we have initialized a variable 'num' with value 1. Then we have written a do-

while loop.

In a loop, we have a print function that will print the series by multiplying the value of

num with 2.

After each increment, the value of num will increase by 1, and it will be printed on the

screen.

Initially, the value of num is 1. In a body of a loop, the print function will be executed

in this way: 2*num where num=1, then 2*1=2 hence the value two will be printed. This

will go on until the value of num becomes 10. After that loop will be terminated and a

statement which is immediately after the loop will be executed. In this case return 0.

For loop
A for loop is a more efficient loop structure in 'C' programming. The general structure

of for loop is as follows:

for (initial value; condition; incrementation or decrementation )

statements;

The initial value of the for loop is performed only once.

The condition is a Boolean expression that tests and compares the counter to a fixed

value after each iteration, stopping the for loop when false is returned.

The incrementation/decrementation increases (or decreases) the counter by a set

value.

Following program illustrates the use of a simple for loop:

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

8
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

int number;

for(number=1;number<=10;number++) //for loop to print 1-10 numbers

printf("%d\n",number); //to print the number

return 0;

Output:

10

The above program prints the number series from 1-10 using for loop.

We have declared a variable of an int data type to store values.

In for loop, in the initialization part, we have assigned value 1 to the variable number.

In the condition part, we have specified our condition and then the increment part.

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

9
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

In the body of a loop, we have a print function to print the numbers on a new line in

the console. We have the value one stored in number, after the first iteration the value

will be incremented, and it will become 2. Now the variable number has the value 2.

The condition will be rechecked and since the condition is true loop will be executed,

and it will print two on the screen. This loop will keep on executing until the value of

the variable becomes 10. After that, the loop will be terminated, and a series of 1-10

will be printed on the screen.

In C, the for loop can have multiple expressions separated by commas in each part.

For example:

for (x = 0, y = num; x < y; i++, y--) {

statements;

Also, we can skip the initial value expression, condition and/or increment by adding a

semicolon.

For example:

int i=0;

int max = 10;

for (; i < max; i++) {

printf("%d\n", i);

Notice that loops can also be nested where there is an outer loop and an inner loop. For

each iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop repeats its entire cycle.

Consider the following example, that uses nested for loops output a multiplication

table:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

10
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

int i, j;

int table = 2;

int max = 5;

for (i = 1; i <= table; i++) { // outer loop

for (j = 0; j <= max; j++) { // inner loop

printf("%d x %d = %d\n", i, j, i*j);

printf("\n"); /* blank line between tables */

}}

Output:

1x0=0

1x1=1

1x2=2

1x3=3

1x4=4

1x5=5

2x0=0

2x1=2

2x2=4

2x3=6

2x4=8

2 x 5 = 10

The nesting of for loops can be done up-to any level. The nested loops should be

adequately indented to make code readable. In some versions of 'C,' the nesting is

limited up to 15 loops, but some provide more.

The nested loops are mostly used in array applications which we will see in further

tutorials.

Break Statement

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

11
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

The break statement is used mainly in in the switch statement. It is also useful for

immediately stopping a loop.

We consider the following program which introduces a break to exit a while loop:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int num = 5;

while (num > 0) {

if (num == 3)

break;

printf("%d\n", num);

num--;

}}

Output:

Continue Statement

When you want to skip to the next iteration but remain in the loop, you should use the

continue statement.

For example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int nb = 7;

while (nb > 0) {

nb--;

if (nb == 5)

continue;

printf("%d\n", nb);

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

12
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
 Department of Computer Applications
The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar - J&K
(UGC- Autonomous)

}}

Output:

So, the value 5 is skipped.

Which loop to Select?

Selection of a loop is always a tough task for a programmer, to select a loop do the

following steps:

Analyze the problem and check whether it requires a pre-test or a post-test loop.

If pre-test is required, use a while or for a loop.

If post-test is required, use a do-while loop.

Summary

• Looping is one of the key concepts on any programming language.

• It executes a block of statements number of times until the condition becomes

false.

• Loops are of 2 types: entry-controlled and exit-controlled.

• 'C' programming provides us 1) while 2) do-while and 3) for loop.

• For and while loop is entry-controlled loops.

• Do-while is an exit-controlled loop.

COMPILED BY: PROF. NOFIYA YOUSUF MIR,

13
ASST. PROF. , DEPTT. OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS