CS8651_IP_UNIT IV PHP and XML
An introduction to PHP: PHP- Using PHP- Variables- Program control-
Built-in functions- Form Validation- Regular Expressions – File handling –
Cookies – Connecting to Database.
XML: Basic XML- Document Type Definition- XML Schema DOM and
Presenting XML, XML Parsers and Validation, XSL and XSLT
Transformation, News Feed (RSS and ATOM).
PHP Program Control_Decision Making
The if, elseif ...else and switch statements are used to take decision based on the
different condition.
You can use conditional statements in your code to make your decisions. PHP
supports following three decision making statements −
if...else statement − use this statement if you want to execute a set of code
when a condition is true and another if the condition is not true
elseif statement − is used with the if...else statement to execute a set of
code if one of the several condition is true
switch statement − is used if you want to select one of many blocks of code
to be executed, use the Switch statement. The switch statement is used to
avoid long blocks of if..elseif..else code.
The If...Else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if a
condition is false, use the if....else statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;
Example
The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is
Friday, Otherwise, it will output "Have a nice day!":
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d = date("D");
if ($d == "Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>
It will produce the following result −
Have a nice weekend!
The ElseIf Statement
If you want to execute some code if one of the several conditions are true use the
elseif statement
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
elseif (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;
Example
The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is
Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day is Sunday. Otherwise, it will
output "Have a nice day!" −
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d = date("D");
if ($d == "Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
elseif ($d == "Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>
It will produce the following result −
Have a nice Weekend!
The Switch Statement
If you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed, use the Switch
statement.
The switch statement is used to avoid long blocks of if..elseif..else code.
Syntax
switch (expression){
case label1:
code to be executed if expression = label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if expression = label2;
break;
default:
code to be executed
if expression is different
from both label1 and label2;
}
Example
The switch statement works in an unusual way. First it evaluates given expression
then seeks a lable to match the resulting value. If a matching value is found then
the code associated with the matching label will be executed or if none of the lable
matches then statement will execute any specified default code.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d = date("D");
switch ($d){
case "Mon":
echo "Today is Monday";
break;
case "Tue":
echo "Today is Tuesday";
break;
case "Wed":
echo "Today is Wednesday";
break;
case "Thu":
echo "Today is Thursday";
break;
case "Fri":
echo "Today is Friday";
break;
case "Sat":
echo "Today is Saturday";
break;
case "Sun":
echo "Today is Sunday";
break;
default:
echo "Wonder which day is this ?";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
It will produce the following result −
Today is Monday
PHP - Loop Types:
Loops in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of
times. PHP supports following four loop types.
for − loops through a block of code a specified number of times.
while − loops through a block of code if and as long as a specified condition
is true.
do...while − loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop
as long as a special condition is true.
foreach − loops through a block of code for each element in an array.
We will discuss about continue and break keywords used to control the loops
execution.
The for loop statement
The for statement is used when you know how many times you want to execute a
statement or a block of statements.
Syntax
for (initialization; condition; increment){
code to be executed;
}
The initializer is used to set the start value for the counter of the number of loop
iterations. A variable may be declared here for this purpose and it is traditional to
name it $i.
Example
The following example makes five iterations and changes the assigned value of
two variables on each pass of the loop −
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$a = 0;
$b = 0;
for( $i = 0; $i<5; $i++ ) {
$a += 10;
$b += 5;
}
echo ("At the end of the loop a = $a and b = $b" );
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
At the end of the loop a = 50 and b = 25
The while loop statement
The while statement will execute a block of code if and as long as a test
expression is true.
If the test expression is true then the code block will be executed. After the code
has executed the test expression will again be evaluated and the loop will continue
until the test expression is found to be false.
Syntax
while (condition) {
code to be executed;
}
Example
This example decrements a variable value on each iteration of the loop and the
counter increments until it reaches 10 when the evaluation is false and the loop
ends.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 50;
while( $i < 10) {
$num--;
$i++;
}
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i and num = $num" );
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
Loop stopped at i = 10 and num = 40
The do...while loop statement
The do...while statement will execute a block of code at least once - it then will
repeat the loop as long as a condition is true.
Syntax
do {
code to be executed;
}
while (condition);
Example
The following example will increment the value of i at least once, and it will
continue incrementing the variable i as long as it has a value of less than 10 −
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 0;
do {
$i++;
}
while( $i < 10 );
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" );
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
Loop stopped at i = 10
The foreach loop statement
The foreach statement is used to loop through arrays. For each pass the value of
the current array element is assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved by
one and in the next pass next element will be processed.
Syntax
foreach (array as value) {
code to be executed;
}
Example
Try out following example to list out the values of an array.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
foreach( $array as $value ) {
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
Value is 1
Value is 2
Value is 3
Value is 4
Value is 5
The break statement
The PHP break keyword is used to terminate the execution of a loop prematurely.
The break statement is situated inside the statement block. It gives you full
control and whenever you want to exit from the loop you can come out. After
coming out of a loop immediate statement to the loop will be executed.
Example
In the following example condition test becomes true when the counter value
reaches 3 and loop terminates.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
while( $i < 10) {
$i++;
if( $i == 3 )break;
}
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" );
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
Loop stopped at i = 3
The continue statement
The PHP continue keyword is used to halt the current iteration of a loop but it
does not terminate the loop.
Just like the break statement the continue statement is situated inside the
statement block containing the code that the loop executes, preceded by a
conditional test. For the pass encountering continue statement, rest of the loop
code is skipped and next pass starts.
Example
In the following example loop prints the value of array but for which condition
becomes true it just skip the code and next value is printed.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<?php
$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
foreach( $array as $value ) {
if( $value == 3 )continue;
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
Value is 1
Value is 2
Value is 4
Value is 5
