S.

S. S
S Jain
Jain Subodh
Subodh P.G.
P.G. (Autonomous)
(Autonomous) College
College
SUBJECT - DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Presented By:
TITLE – Introduction to Networking Devices
Ravi Shankar Sharma

INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKING DEVICES

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Overview
• Network components.
• Different types of cabling.
• Installation and configuration of a network
interface card.

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Network Components
• Basic network components.
• Functionality of network components.
• Network connectivity.

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Basic Network Components

Basic computer components:
– The monitor is a video display that provides the
computer a means of communicating with the
user.
– It connects to the computer and displays the
actions performed by the user on the computer.
– It can also be used to input or enter data into a
computer.

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Basic Network Components

Basic computer components (continued):
– The keyboard is a means of communicating with
the computer.
– It has additional multiple keystroke combinations
that can be used to invoke special features.
– It can also be used to replace normal letters to
create special characters.

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Basic computer components (continued):

– The system unit holds the essential electronic circuits like the

central processing unit (CPU), read-only memory (ROM), and

random access memory (RAM).

– It also includes components like video cards, compact disc

(CD) players, hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and sound

cards.

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Basic Network Components

Basic computer components (continued):
– The mouse provides a means of pointing to a
specific area on the screen and communicating
with the computer.
– It converts the up-and-down and left-and-right
motions to vectors by directing an arrow or
another graphic depiction called a cursor on the
computer’s screen.

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Basic Network Components

Basic computer components (continued):
– The system unit holds the essential electronic
circuits like the central processing unit (CPU),
read-only memory (ROM), and random access
memory (RAM).
– It also includes components like video cards,
compact disc (CD) players, hard disk drives, floppy
disk drives, and sound cards.

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Basic Network Components

Electronic data:
– Electronic data is one of the basic components
that are shared across networks.
– It is created and stored for later retrieval and take
advantage of the computer speed.

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Basic Network Components

Additional computer:
– Network data refers to the information that can
be shared over connected computers.
– Additional computers are used to share the data
available on the network.

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Basic Network Components

Connection medium:
– The connection medium, also called the
networking medium, establishes a connection
between each of the computers in the network.
– The connection is made up of the networking
medium and a network interface.

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Functionality of Network
Components
• Server
• Client
• Workstation

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Server
• A network server or server is a computer that
offers its services and/or its resources to
clients, workstations, and other servers over a
computer network.
• A server commonly has multiple processors,
large hard drives, and large amounts of RAM.
• A server provides centralized management of
resources, security, and expanded access to
networked resources in a network.

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Server

Server and clients

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Client
• A network client or client is a device on a
computer network that requests services or
resources from a server.
• Clients can be printers, workstations, servers,
or any other device connected to the
computers on a network.
• The most common network clients are
workstations.

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Workstation
• A workstation is a computer that operates
independently of the network.
• It manages its own files and processing.
• Workstations connect to the network for the
purpose of security and centralized
management of networked resources.

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Network Connectivity
• Communication medium.
• Network interface card (NIC).
• Concentrators.

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Communication Medium
• A communication medium is the physical path
between the networked resources.
• The medium used is either a coaxial cable or a
twisted-pair wire.
• Fiber-optic cabling and wireless medium have
gained widespread acceptance as a network
communication medium.

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Network Interface Card (NIC)

• A NIC, also known as the network board, is
used to connect the networked components
to the physical cable.
• The NIC provides a physical connection to the
device and also creates and sends signals from
one networked device to another.

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Network Interface Card (NIC)

Network interface card

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Concentrators
• Network concentrators allow users to connect
multiple cables together to enable numerous
connections to networked resources.

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Concentrators
Hub:

– A hub is the central meeting point where cables join to carry

information to other resources through a network.

– It contains several wiring ports that can be used to receive data and

pass on the same to any other device on a network.

– Hubs have a simple design and they rarely wear out.

– They provide the additional connections necessary, but end up using

much of the network capacity.

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Concentrators
Switches:
– Switches, like hubs, provide a centralized
connection.
– They include network monitoring and selective
configuration capabilities, thereby reducing
network traffic.
– Shared data can directly be sent to an individual
resource instead of every networked resource.
– Switches are more economical to use.

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Concentrators
Bridges:
– A bridge connects dissimilar networks together.
– The basic function of a bridge is to join two or
more separate networks that use the same
networking language, called protocol.

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Concentrators

A bridge segments a network

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Concentrators
Routers:

– A router is used to send specific portions of messages

directly to the intended destination in a separate

network.

– Information is directly transmitted between the

networks without causing any network traffic.

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Concentrators
Routers (continued):

– Networks served by a router are not required to

use the same protocol.

– Routers are frequently used to place additional

security on sensitive networked resources.

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Concentrators

Networks are separated by routers

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Different Types of Cabling

• Network cabling is the physical connection
that runs between networked resources.
• The four basic types of networking medium
are coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, fiber-
optic cable, and wireless.

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Coaxial Cable
• The term coaxial is derived from the terms,
‘Co’ and ‘axial’, where ‘Co’ refers to the two
conductors and axial refers to the same axis.
• The two coaxial conductors cannot be
separated easily.

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Coaxial Cable
• Thick coax cable or thicknet was the first
widely used network-cabling medium.
• Thicknet cables are approximately half an inch
in diameter and carry Ethernet signals reliably
for up to 500 meters (1,650 feet).

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Coaxial Cable
• Thin coax cables came into use shortly after
thicknet.
• They weigh less and are also significantly less
expensive.
• A thinnet cable is approximately a quarter of
an inch in diameter and carries an Ethernet
signal reliably for up to 185 meters (610 feet).

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Coaxial Cable

Both ends of a thinnet

coaxial cable.

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Coaxial Cable
• A coaxial cable is used to connect computers
in a line from one to another, called daisy
chaining.
• At each end of a thinnet coax cable, there is a
twisted barrel-like connection called a BNC
connector.
• At each network interface card, a separate T-
connector is inserted into the BNC connector.

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Coaxial Cable

A cross-section of a coaxial cable

shows its layers

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Coaxial Cable
• At both ends of the daisy chain, a connector is
twisted into the T-connector to terminate
signals.
• The terminator is a device that absorbs any
residual signal at the end of the network and
ensures that it does not bounce back over the
cable medium.

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Coaxial Cable

A BNC T-connector showing a terminator

and typical wiring connector.

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Twisted-Pair Cable
• A twisted-pair (TP) cable has eight individually
insulated wires bundled together.
• The cable is constructed such that the eight
wires are grouped as four pairs inside a
protective casing.

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Twisted-Pair Cable
• There are two types of twisted-pair cables –
shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded
twisted pair (UTP).
• Both types of cable are easy to maintain and
are inexpensive.
• UTP is the most commonly used network-
cabling medium.

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Fiber-Optic Cable
• A fiber-optic cable consists of a central fiber-
optic core surrounded by a cladding material
and coated with a protective plastic covering.
• The central fiber-optic core is highly refined
plastic or glass that has a high degree of light
transmission capability.

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Fiber-Optic Cable
• Fiber-optic cables use light signals for data
transmission.
• Either laser or other light producing
mechanism, such as light emitting diodes
(LEDs), are used as the source of light.
• Using a laser is more dependable, but more
costly, so most fiber-optic networks use LEDs
as the source of light.

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Wireless
• Wireless networking is used very frequently
since it is mobile and convenient.
• Most wireless networks use infrared or radio
waves, while others use microwave and
satellite networks.
• Physical connections, such as wiring, are not
found in locations where mobile users are
connected.
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Installation and Configuration of a

Network Interface Card
The following components are required for
installing a NIC:
– One NIC per computer or networked device.
– A computer running Windows 98 or higher.
– A crossover network cable.
– An appropriate driver for the NIC.

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Installation and Configuration of

a Network Interface Card
The following things must be ensured before
installing the NIC:
• The computer must be turned off, and the unit must be
unplugged from its power source.
• All cables connected to the system unit must be
disconnected.
• Only insulated or nonconductive tools must be used.

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Installation and Configuration of a

Network Interface Card

Network
Properties
dialog box

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Installation and Configuration of a

Network Interface Card

File and Print Sharing

dialog box

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Installation and Configuration of a

Network Interface Card

Network
Protocol
Installation
window

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Installation and Configuration of a

Network Interface Card

Sharing tab

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Summary
• Basic network components include the stand-
alone system, the electronic data to be
shared, the additional computer, and the
connection medium.
• The networked computers are interconnected
using twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, or
fiber-optic cables.

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Summary
• The cabling connects the computers through
network interface cards.
• Hubs, switches, bridges, and routers act as
connections in a network and furnish
additional services for passing information
around the network.

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