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I
.
] „ XZH B@ VNKZ]AJ SKZ]H AG @NH\A
H
 J VKPHEHG]Z ―
L
.
K Vrbdhjt Yhpbrt Zuieatthm
 X Ag Vkrtakn @un`annehgt b` tlh Yhquarhehgts
 Z  @br tlh kwkrm b` tlh Mhcrhh b`
H
 B
@  IKJLHNBY B@ ]HJLGBNBCQ
V
N  ag
K
 Z  JAPAN HGCAGHHYAGC
]
A 
 J
S iy
KEKGMHHV (;=;:96669=)
K
 Z  KGXYKC ZAGCL (;=;:9666:;)
] KZLAZL OXEKY ZAGCL (;=;:9666:1)
H KZLSKGA ]YAVK]LA (;=;:9666=8)
A 
G CKXYKP MXIHQ (;=;:966606)
Y
 B
K Xgmhr tlh suphrvasabg b`
M VYB@. IYKLE VKN
 J
 B
G
 Z 
]
Y
 X
 J
]
A 
 B
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XZH B@ VNKZ]AJ SKZ]H AG @NH\AINH

VKPHEHG]Z
K Vrbdhjt Yhpbrt Zuieatthm
Ag Vkrtakn @un`anehgt b` tlh Yhquarhehgts @br tlh kwkrm b` tlh Mhcrhh b`

IKJLHNBY B@ ]HJLGBNBCQ
Ag
JAPAN HGCAGHHYAGC

Iy
KEKGMHHV (;=;:96669=)
KGXYKC ZAGCL (;=;:9666:;)
KZLAZL OXEKY ZAGCL (;=;:9666:1)
KZLSAGA ]YAVK]LA (;=;:9666=8)
CKXYKP MXIHQ (;=;:966606)

Xgmhr tlh suphrvasabg b`

VYB@. IYKLE VKN
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CYHK]HY GBAMK AGZ]A]X]H B@ ]HJLGBNBCQ

VNB] GB.3, O.V.AA, CYHK]HY GBAMK, X.V.-96;:60
 K``anakthm tb MY. K.V.D. KIMXN OKNKE ]HJLGAJKN,
]HJLGAJKN, NXJOGBS, X.V
(@brehrny Xttkr Vrkmhsl ]hjlgajkn Xgavhrsaty, Nujogbw )

JHY]A@AJK]H

]las as tb jhrta`y tlkt  Kekgmhhp,

 Kekgmhhp, Kgurkc Zagcl, Kslasl Ouekr Zagcl, KslwagaKslwaga ]rapktl
kgm  Ckurkv Muihy lkvh jkrrahm but tlhar prbdhjt wbro prhshgthm ag tlas rhpbrt hgtatnh
„Xsh b` Vnkstaj Sksth ag @nhxainh Vkvhehgts― `br tlh kwkrm b` mhcrhh b` Ikjlhnbr b
]hjlgbnbcy (I. ]hjl) `rbe Mr. K. V. D. Kimun Oknke ]hjlgajkn Xgavhrsaty, Nujogbw
ugmhr ey suphrvasabg. ]lh prbdhjt heibmahs rhsunt b` bracagkn wbro kgm stumahs
jkrrahm but iy stumhgts tlheshnvhs
tlheshnvh s kgm tlh jbgthgts b` tlas prbdhjt mb gbt `rbe tlh iksas
`br tlh kwkrm b` kgy btlhr mhcrhh b` tlh jkgmamkth br tb kgyibmy hnsh.

(Vrb`. Irkle Vkn

Zuphrvasbr
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 MHJNKYK]ABG 

Sh lhrhiy mhjnkrh tlkt tlas suieassabg

suieassabg as bur bwg wbro kgm tlkt, tb tlh ihst b`
ogbwnhmch kgm ihnah`, at jbgtkags gb ekthrakns prhvabusny
prhvabusn y puinaslhm br wratthg iy
kgbtlhr phrsbg gbr ekthrakn wlajl tb k suistkgtakn hxthgt lks ihhg kjjhpthm `br tlh
kwkrm b` kgy btlhr mhcrhh br mapnbek b` tlh ugavhrsaty br btlhr agstatuth b` laclhr
nhkrgagc, hxjhpt wlhrh muh kjogbwnhmchehgt lks ihhg ekmh ag thxt.

Zacgkturh4 Zacgkturh4
 Gkeh4 Kekgmhhp
Kekgmhhp Gkeh4 Kgurkc
Kgurkc Zagcl
 Ybnn Gb4 ;=;:9666
;=;:96669=
9= Ybnn Gb4 ;=;:9666:;
;=;:9666:;
 Mkth4 /68/96;< Mkth4 /68/96;<

Zacgkturh4 Zacgkturh4
 Gkeh4 Kslasl
Kslasl Or. Zagcl
Zagcl Gkeh4 Kslwaga
Kslwaga ]rapktla
 Ybnn Gb4 ;=;:9666:1
;=;:9666:1 Ybnn Gb4 ;=;:966
;=;:9666=8
6=8
 Mkth4 /68/96;< Mkth4 /68/96;<

Zacgkturh4
 Gkeh4 Ckurkv
Ckurkv Muihy
Muihy
 Ybnn Gb.4 ;=;:966606
;=;:966606
 Mkth4 /68/96;<
/68/96;<
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 KJOGBSNHMCEHG] 

 At cavhs us k crhkt shgsh b` pnhksurh tb prhshgt tlh rhpbrt b` tlh I.]hjl prbdhjt
prbdhjt ugmhrtkohg
muragc I.]hjl @agkn Qhkr. Sh hxprhss bur sagjhrh crktatumh tb bur rhsphjthm suphrvasbr &
 prbdhjt jbbrmagktbr,
jbbrmagktbr, Vrb`. Irklkepkn,
Irklkepkn, (Mhpkrtehgt
(Mhpkrtehgt b` Javan Hgcaghhragc,
Hgcaghhragc, Crhkthr Gbamk
 Agstatuth
 Agstatuth b` ]hjlgbnbcy,
]hjlgbnbcy, Crhkthr Gbamk) `br las agvknukinh agsparagc cuamkgjh
cuamkgjh kgm jbgstkg
hgjburkchehgt muragc tlh phrabm b` prbdhjt wbro & knnbwagc us tb wbro bg sujl kg
agthrhstagc & ag`brektavh tbpaj. Sh krh laclny agmhithm tb lae `br  las cuamkgjh & wbrm
b` wasmbe. Lh knwkys slbwhm us tlh raclt marhjtabg muragc tlh jbursh b` tlas prbdhjt wbro

Sh wbrohm ks k thke kgm   skw ups kgm mbwgs wlajl krh pkrt b` kgy prbdhjt wbro.
ag tlh hgm at wks las Cuamkgjh kgm bur thke wbro wlajl ekmh tlas prbdhjt pbssainh
 Nkst iut gbt tlh nhkst  wh wbunm knsb naoh tb tlkgo knn bur thkjlhrs & `rahgms `br tlhar
jbgstrujtavh jratajase  cavhg ag raclt sparat.

Zacgkturh4 Zacgkturh4
 Gkeh4 Kekgmhhp
Kekgmhhp Gkeh4 Kgurkc
Kgurkc Zagcl
 Ybnn Gb4 ;=;:9666
;=;:96669=
9= Ybnn Gb4 ;=;:9666:;
;=;:9666:;
 Mkth4 /68/96;< Mkth4 /68/96;<

Zacgkturh4 Zacgkturh4
 Gkeh4 Kslasl
Kslasl Or. Zagcl
Zagcl Gkeh4 Kslwaga
Kslwaga ]rapktla
 Ybnn Gb4 ;=;:9666:1
;=;:9666:1 Ybnn Gb4 ;=;:966
;=;:9666=8
6=8
 Mkth4 /68/96;< Mkth4 /68/96;<
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Properties of Dummies Plastic Bo
proper format of file and other basic contents. Contact
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 KIZ]YKJ] 

Sh `kjh Jlknnhgchs kgm `br mhvhnbpagc jbugtrahs naoh Agmak, jlagk, htj. ]lh ekdbr
 prbinhe tlhy krh su``hragc as tlh maspbskn b` pnkstaj wksth kgm hstkinaslagc k rbkm
ghtwbro wlajl as hjbgbeajkn kgm murkinh watl tlh lhnp b` tlas prhshgtktabg wh krh
tryagc tb agtrbmujh vkrabus wkys ag wlajl pnkstaj jkg ih utanazhm kgm sagjh bur prbdhj
as ekagny `bjusagc bg pnkstaj rbkms wh lkvh knsb hxpnkaghm vkrabus sthps tb ih
 `bnnbwhm `br usagc pnkstaj ag rbkms. Satl tlh lhnp b` tlas thjlgbnbcy k ekdbr prbinhe
b` maspbskn b` pnkstajs wksth jkg ih sbnvhm kt tlh skeh taeh, usagc pnkstaj ag rbkms
agjrhkshs tlh strhgctl kgm murkianaty b` rbkms, Bg tlh btlhr lkgm at as hjbgbeaj
 pbnnutabg `rhh kgm sk`h. Vnkstaj thjlgbnbcy lks k wamh rkgch b` sjbph. Zagjh tlas
ih ushm ag jnbtl ekoagc, Ykan Znhhphrs kgm knsb pnkstaj jkg ih ushm ks jbgstrujtabg
ekthrakn kgm a` pnkstaj rbkms krh irbuclt agtb rhcunkr prkjtajh tlas wann agjrhksh tlh
mhekgm b` trkgspbrtktabg hgcaghhr wlb krh kwkrh b` tlas thjlgbnbcy. Agjrhksagc
mhekgm b` pnkstajs wann knsb hglkgjh tlh wbro b` pnkstajs pajohrs, lhgjh sbnvagc tlh
 prbinhe b` hepnbyehgt.
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Properties of Dummies Plastic Bo
proper format of file and other basic contents. Contact
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JBG]HG]Z

JHY]A@AJK]H aa
MHJNKYK]ABG aaa
KJOGBSNHMCHEHG] av
KIZ]YKJ] v
JBG]HG]Z va
NAZ] B@ @ACXYHZ vaaa
NAZ] B@ ]KINHZ ax
JLKV]HY ; ;
AG]YBMXJ]ABG ;
;.; SLQ XZH VKNZ]AJ =
;.9 GHHM ]B Z]XMQ 8
;.: SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ- KZ IAGMHY 0
JLKV]HY 9 3
9.; IKGCKNBYH‑Z OO VYBJHZZ 3
9.9 @NBS JLKY] <
JLKV]HY : 1
:.; KCCYHCK]H 1
:.9 IA]XEHG ;6
:.: SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ ;;
JLKV]HY = ;1
=.; JBNNHJ]ABG B@ SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ ;1
=.9 JNHKGAGC & ZLYHMMAGC B@ SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ 96
=.: EA\AGC 9;
=.= NKQAGC B@ IA]XEAGBXZ EA\ 99
JLKV]HY 8 9:
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0.9 SH] VYBJHZZ :8

JLKV]HY 3 :0
3.; KMPKG]KCHZ B@ VNKZ]AJ YBKMZ :3
3.9 MAZKMPKG]KCHZ B@ VNKZ]AJ YBKMZ :<
3.: JBZ] KGKNQZAZ :1
JLKV]HY < =6
JKZH Z]XMAHZ AG AGMAK =6
JLKV]HY 1 =;
JBGJNXZABG =;
YH@YHGJHZ =9
 RELATED TITLES
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proper format of file and other basic contents. Contact
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NAZ] B@ @ACXYHZ

@ACXYH GB. @ACXYH MHZJYAV]ABG VKCH GB.

6; Vnkstaj Iatuehg Ybkm =

69 @acurh 8

6: @nbwjlkrt 1

6= Kccrhckth ;;

68 Iatuehg ;9

60 Ykc Vajohrs 9;

63 Jnhkgagc Vrbjhss 99

6< Zlrhmmagc Ekjlagh 99

61 Jhgtrkn Eaxagc Vnkgt 9:

;6 Vkvhr Ekjlagh 9=

;; Aepkjt ]hst Zhtup 98

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NAZ] B@ ]KINHZ

]KINH GB. MHZJYAV]ABG VKCH

; Kvc. Eugajapkn Zbnam Sksth Vrbmujtabg 9

9 Vnkstaj Jbgsueptabg ag Agmak :

: Vbpunktabg Crbwtl kgm Aepkjt bg Bvhrknn Sksth :

Chghrktabg kgm @uturh Vrhmajtabgs ugtan 96=;

= Kccrhckth thst ;6

8 Sksth Vnkstaj & ats sburjh ;1

0 Aepkjt Pknuh 90

3 Kvc. NK Kirksabg Pknuh 93

< Vhghtrktabg thst b` Iatuehg 9<

1 Vhghtrktabg thst b` Iatuehg-Vbnyehr eax 9<

;6 Ztrappagc Pknuh :6

;; Bptaeue Iatuehg Jbgthgt :9

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JLKV]H
AG]YBMXJ]ABG

Agmak lks k rbkm ghtwbro b` bvhr =,0<1,<=9 oanbehthrs (9,1;=,;:: ea) ag 96;:, tlh s
nkrchst rbkm ghtwbro ag tlh wbrnm. Kmdusthm `br ats nkrch pbpunktabg, Agmak lks nhss tl
oanbehthrs b` rbkms phr ;666 phbpnh, agjnumagc knn ats pkvhm kgm ugpkvhm rbkms. Ag
quknaty, knn shksbg, = br ebrh nkgh laclwkys, Agmak lks nhss tlkg 6.63 oanbeht
laclwkys phr ;666 phbpnh, ks phr 96;6 stktast ajs.
Vnkstaj prbmujts krh kg agthcrkn pkrt ag bur mkany na`h ks k iksaj ghhm. Bgh sujl eht
usagc b` eugajapkn pnkstaj wksth ks iagmhr ag `nhxainh pkvhehgts. Eugajapkn w
jbeebgny ogbwg ks trksl br ckrikch, as k jbeiagktabg b` knn b` k jaty's sbnam kgm she
wksth. At agjnumhs ekagny lbushlbnm br mbehstaj wksth, iut at jkg knsb jbgtkag jbee
kgm agmustrakn wksth. Eujl b` at as gbt rhjyjnhm, kgm hgms up ag nkgm`anns br ks natthr bg
ag wkthrwkys kgm tlh bjhkg.
]lh hstaekth b` haclt eannabg tbgghs b` pnkstaj ihagc muephm agtb tlh bjhkgs iy ;19 j
jbugtrahs ag 96;6 eky kpphkr stkcchragcny lacl, ag rhknaty tlh qukgtaty wbunm ih
taehs ebrh. Eugajapkn pnkstaj wksth jbeprashs b` 08-38 phrjhgt b` tlh tbtkn pnkstaj
chghrkthm ag Agmak. Kt twhn`tl pbsatabg, Agmak as bgh b` tlh wbrst phr`brehrs. At lks
up tb 6.9= eannabg tbgs b` pnkstaj agtb tlh bjhkg hvhry yhkr? tlh kebugt b` easek
 pnkstaj wksth phr yhkr as 6.0 eannabg tbgs. Ag tlh jksh b` Jlagk, tlh Gb. ; pbnnuthr, tl
 pbpunktabg shgms up tb :.8: eannabg tbgs b` pnkstaj wksth agtb tlh bjhkgs hkjl yhkr.
Vnkstaj jbkthm eky lkvh skeh br hvhg laclhr sta``ghss tlkg jbgvhgtabgkn iatueh
watlbut k nkrch agjrhksh ag `nhxaianaty. ]lhsh ebma`ahm eaxhs rhmujh tlh phre
mh`brektabg br ruttagc b` tlh iatueagbus sur`kjh jbursh ugmhr trk``aj nbkms. ]lhsh
 ihtthr rhsastkgjh tb mh`brektabg ugmhr kt laclhr thephrkturhs.
]lh prbjhss agvbnvhm ag nkyagc pnkstaj rbkms ihcags watl jbnnhjtabg b` pnkstaj wksth
 RELATED TITLES
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]lh murkianaty b` tlh rbkms nkam but watl pnkstaj wksth as eujl ebrh jbepkrhm watl
watl ksplknt watl tlh brmagkry eax. Ybkms nkam watl pnks taj wksth eax krh `bugm tb ih
tlkg tlh jbgvhgtabgkn bghs. ]lh iagmagc prbphrty b` pnkstaj ekohs tlh rbkm nkst n
 ihsamhs cavagc kmmhm strhgctl tb watlstkgm ebrh nbkms.
Ag rhjhgt yhkrs, kppnajktabgs b` pnkstaj wksths lkvh ihhg jbgsamhrhm ag rbkm jbgstr
watl crhkt agthrhst ag ekgy mhvhnbpagc jbugtrahs. ]lh ush b` tlhsh ekthrakns ag rbkm e
as ikshm bg thjlgajkn, hjbgbeaj, kgm hjbnbcajkn jrathrak. Ag tlh stkth b` Eklkrksltr
nkam tlh thst rbkm b` nhgctl up tb ;,866 oe. Btlhr stkths naoh ]kean Gkmu, Okrg
Vbgmajlhrry, Ohrknk kgm Kgmlrk Vrkmhsl lkvh knsb nkam thst rbkms. ]lhsh rbkms
watlstkgm nbkms muh tb lhkvy trk``aj, rkag kgm thephrkturh vkraktabg.

Mktk bg pnkstaj jbgsueptabg kgm chghrktabg b` pnkstaj wksth

K ekthrakn tlkt jbgtkags bgh br ebrh brckgaj pbnyehrs b` nkrch ebnhjunkr whaclt, sb
ats `agasl stkth kgm kt sbeh stkth wlanh ekgu`kjturagc br prbjhssagc agtb `agaslhm kr
jkg ih slkphm iy ats `nbw as threhm ks pnkstajs. ]lh pnkstaj jbgstatuths twb ekdbr jkt
b` pnkstajs? (a) ]lhrebpnkstajs kgm (aa) ]lhrebsht pnkstajs. ]lh tlhrebpnkstajs, jbgs
<6% kgm tlhrebsht jbgstatuths kpprbxaekthny 96% b` tbtkn pbstjbgsuehr pnkstajs
chghrkthm. ]lh `bnnbwagc tkinh mhsjraihs tlh kvhrkch eugajapkn sbnam wksth prbmu
`rbe 6.9; tb 6.86 Oc phr jkpatk phr mky ag Agmak.
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]kinh Gb4 9

Vbpunktabg Crbwtl kgm Aepkjt bg Bvhrknn Sksth Chghrktabg kgm @uturh Vrhma
ugtan 96=;4

Qhkr  Vbpunktabg (Eannabgs) Vhr Jkpatk ]btkn Sk

chghrktabg ]lbuskg
]bgs/yhkr 

966; ;13.: 6.=:1 :;.0:

96;; 906.; 6.=1< =3.:

969; :=9.< 6.801 3;.;8

96:; =8;.< 6.0=1 ;63.6;

96:0 8;<.0 6.01: ;:;.9=

 RELATED TITLES
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;.; SLQ XZH B@ VNKZ]AJ

;. Maspbskn b` wksth pnkstaj as k ekdbr prbinhe

9. At as gbg-iabmhcrkmkinh
:. Iurgagc b` tlhsh wksth pnkstaj ikcs jkushs hgvarbgehgtkn pbnnutabg.
=. At ekagny jbgsasts b` nbw-mhgsaty pbnyhtlynhgh
8. ]b `agm ats utanaty ag iatueagbus eaxhs `br rbkm jbgstrujtabg
0. Nkibrktbry phr`brekgjh stumahs whrh jbgmujthm bg iatueagbus eaxhs. Nkibr
stumahs prbvhm tlkt wksth pnkstaj hglkgjhs tlh prbphrty b` tlh eax
3. Aeprbvhehgt ag prbphrtahs b` iatueagbus eax prbvamhs tlh sbnutabg `br maspbskn
ush`un wky.
<. Murkinh & jbrrbsabg rhsastkgt.
1. Cbbm agsunktabg `br jbnm, lhkt & sbugm skvagc hghrcy kgm rhmujagc gbash pbnnutabg
;6. At as hjbgbeajkn kgm lks k nbgchr na`h.
;;. Ekagthgkgjh `rhh.
;9. Lycahgaj & prbinhes.
;:. Hksh b` prbjhssagc/ agstknnktabg.
;=. Naclt whaclt.
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;.9 GHHM B@ Z]XMQ

;) Maspbskn b` wksth pnkstaj as k ekdbr prbinhe.

9) At as gbg-iabmhcrkmkinh.
:) At ekagny jbgsasts b` nbw-mhgsaty pbnyhtlynhgh

=) ]b `agm ats utanaty ag iatueagbus eaxhs `br rbkm jbgstrujtabg.

8) Iurgagc b` tlhsh wksth pnkstaj ikcs jkushs

hgvarbgehgtkn pbnnutabg.

0) Nkibrktbry phr`brekgjh stumahs whrh jbgmujthm bg iatueagbus eaxhs.

3) Ztumahs prbvhm tlkt wksth pnkstaj hglkgjhs tlh prbphrty b` tlh eax.

<) Aeprbvhehgt ag prbphrtahs b` iatueagbus eax prbvamhs tlh sbnutabg `br maspbskn ag k
ush`un wky.
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;.: SKZ]H VNKZ]AJZ - KZ IAGMHY KGM EBMA@AHY

Sksth pnkstajs (pbnytlhgh jkrry ikcs, htj.) bg lhktagc sb`thg kt krbugm ;:6¶J. ]lh
crkvaehtraj kgknysas lks slbwg tlkt tlhrh as gb cks hvbnutabg ag tlh thephrkturh rk
b` ;:6-;<6¶J. Ebrhbvhr, tlh sb`thghm pnkstajs lkvh k iagmagc prbphrty. Lhgjh,
ebnthg pnkstajs ekthrakns jkg ih ushm ks k iagmhr kgm/br tlhy jkg ih eaxhm watl iag
naoh iatuehg tb hglkgjh tlhar iagmagc prbphrty. ]las eky ih k cbbm ebma`ahr `br
 iatuehg, ushm `br rbkm jbgstrujtabg.

MA@@HYHG] ]QVH B@ SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ (VBNQEHY) KGM A]Z BYACAG4

]yph b` wksth pnkstaj (pbnyehr) Bracag

Nbw mhgsaty pbnyhtlynhgh (NMVH)4  ikcs, skjos, iag nagagc kgm squhhzkinh
mhthrchgt ibttnhs htj

Lacl mhgsaty pbnyhtlynhgh (LMVH)4  ibttnhs b` plkrekjhutajkns, masag`hjtkg

eano, `ruat duajhs, ibttnh jkps htj

Vbnyprbpynhgh (VV)4  ibttnh jkp kgm jnbsurhs, `ane wrkppagc `

 iasjuats, eajrbwkvh trkys `br rhkmy-ekm
Ehkns htj.

Vbnystyrhgh (VZ)4 ybclurt pbts, jnhkr hcc pkjos, ibttnh jkp

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JLKV]HY 9
JBGJHV] B@ X]ANAZK]ABG B@ SKZ]H
VNKZ]AJ AG IA]XEAGBXZ EA\HZ @BY YBKM
JBGZ]YXJ]ABG

]las Jbgjhpt b` Xtanazktabg b` Sksth Vnkstaj ag Iatueagbus Eaxhs `br Ybkm Jbgstruj
lks ihhg mbgh sagjh 9666 ag Agmak.

9.; IKGCKNBYH‑Z OO VYBJHZZ

Kt tlh agataktavh b` E/s O.O. Vbny @nhx Vvt. Ntm., k stumy bg tlh pbssainh ush b` tlh prbj
 pnkstaj wksth ikcs watl tlh iatueagbus eaxhs wks jkrrahm but kt tlh Y.P. Jbnnh
Hgcaghhragc Ikgcknbrh. K crbup b` stumhgts b` I.H. mhcrhh jbursh ag Jlheajkn Hgcagh
b` tlas jbnnhch ugmhr tlh cuamkgjh b` tlh jbgjhrghm thkjlagc stk`` jkrrahm but tlhar `agk
 prbdhjt wbro `br stumyagc tlh pbssaianaty b` usagc b` tlh prbjhsshm pnkstaj ikcs watl iat
kgm iatueagbus eaxhs. Ks sbeh hgjburkcagc rhsunts whrh rhpbrthm ag tlas stumy, E/s
Vbny @nhx Vvt. Ntm. nkthr kpprbkjlhm tlh Jhgtrh `br ]rkgspbrtktabg Hgcaghhragc b` Ikgc
Xgavhrsaty watl tlh rhquhst tb jkrry but `urtlhr rhshkrjl stumahs bg tlh h``hjts b` usag
 prbjhsshm pnkstaj ikcs watl iatueagbus eaxhs `br rbkm jbgstrujtabg wbros.

Ag prkjtajh, sujl k „pnkstaj rbkm― nkam ag Ikgcknbrh (kt tlh iusy Ykdkrkdhslwkra Dugjtab
Ekrjl 966; ks k thjlgbnbcy mhebgstrktabg `br tlh Jlah` Eagasthr, slbwhm sup
sebbtlghss kgm uga`breaty kgm nhss ruttagc ks jbepkrhm tb k pnkstajs-`rhh rbkm nkam k
skeh taeh, wlajl lks ihcug tb mhvhnbp „jrbjbmanh jrkjos―. Ks k rhsunt, iy gbw 98 o
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9.9 @NBS JLKY] ZLBSAGC EH]LBM @BY

JBGZ]YXJ]ABG B@ YBKM

Ykw Ekthrakn
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JLKV]HY

EK]HYAKNZ XZHM

:.; KCCYHCK]H

]lh kccrhckths krh ibugm tbchtlhr hatlhr iy iatueagbus ekthrakns br iy jhehgt. Ag

jkshs, tlh rbjo must atshn` wlhg eaxhm watl wkthr `bres snurry wlajl kjts ks k iag
ehmaue.
]lh kccrhckths eky ih jnkssa`ahm agtb gkturkn kgm krta`ajakn kccrhckths. ]lh g
kccrhckths kckag krh jnkssa`ahm ks jbkrsh kccrhckths j bgsastagc b` jruslhm rbjo kccrhck
crkvhns kgm `agh kccrhckths br skgm. ]lh inkst `urgkjh snkc bitkaghm ks iy-prbmujt `rbe
`urgkjhs as tlh bgh hxthgsavhny ushm ks rbkm jbgstrujtabg ekthrakn.
Ztbgh kccrhckth ushm `br rbkm wbro slbunm ih lkrm, tbucl, murkinh kgm lymrbplbi
 iatueagbus sur`kjh. Crkvhn slbunm ih whnn crkmhm (0.=ee tb :<ee) kgm slbunm
`aghghss ebmunus b` gbt nhss tlkg 8.38. Zkgm slbunm ih slkrp, whnn crkmhm, jnhkg b` knn
jnky kgm brckgaj ektthr.
]lh qukgtaty b` kccrhckths ushm ag `arst jbkt b` sur`kjh mrhssagc slbunm ih 6.;8 e: p
e9 krhk b` ;9ee gbeagkn sazh. Bg tlh btlhr lkgm, tlh qukgtaty b` kccrhckth ushm ag s
jbkt b` sur`kjh mrhssagc slbunm ih 6.;8 e: phr ;6 e9 krhks kgm b` ;6ee gbeagkn sazh

Zr. ]hst Vhreassainh

Gb vknuhs

;. Kirksabg thst
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8. Shaclt ugat br Iuno mhgsaty (ag snkc bgny) ;;96  phr e

]kinh Gb4 =

@ac =4 Kccrhckth

:.9 IA]XEHG

Iatuehg as ushm ks iagmhrs ag pkvhehgts jbgstrujtabgs. Iatuehg eky ih mhravhm `rb

rhsamuh nh`t iy tlh rh`aghry `rbe gkturknny bjjurragc ksplknt. Ks phr mh`agatabg cavhg i
Kehrajkg Zbjahty b` ]hstagc Ekthrakns iatuehg lks ihhg mh`aghm ks „Eaxtur
lymrbjkribgs b` gkturkn br pyrbchgbus bracag, br jbeiagktabg b` ibtl, `rhqu
kjjbepkgahm iy tlhar gbg-ehtknnaj mhravktavhs, wlajl eky ih ckshbus, naquam, shea-sb
sbnam, kgm wlajl krh jbepnhthny sbnuinh ag jkribg ma-sunplamh.― Iatuehg `bugm ag g
stkth ogbwg ks ksplknt jbgtkags nkrch qukgtatahs b` sbnam eaghrkn ektthr.
Slhg phtrbnhue jrumh as rh`aghm ag k rh`aghry, tlhy k rh shpkrkthm iy `rkjtabgkn mastannkt
tlh brmhr b` mhjrhksagc vbnktanaty. Bg mastannktabg b` tlh rhsamukn iatueagbus rhsamuh, strk
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mrhssagc as tb ih jbgstrujthm. Ag ebst pkrts b` Agmak <6/;66 kgm ;<6/966 crkmh iatue
ushm.

Iatuehg4 06/36, <6/;66 crkmh iatuehg.

@ac 84 Iatuehg

:.: SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ

Vnkstajs krh murkinh kgm mhcrkmh vhry snbwny? tlh jlheajkn ibgms tlkt ekoh pnkstaj sb mu
ekoh at hquknny rhsastkgt tb gkturkn prbjhsshs b` mhcrkmktabg. Zagjh tlh ;186s, bgh i
tbgs b` pnkstaj lkvh ihhg masjkrmhm kgm eky phrsast `br lugmrhms br hvhg tlbuskgms b` y
Vhrlkps tlh iacchst hgvarbgehgtkn tlrhkt `rbe pnkstaj jbehs `rbe gurmnhs, wlajl krh tl
ekthrakn `rbe wlajl knn pnkstajs krh ekmh. ]lhy krh tagy prh-pnkstaj phnnhts tlkt oann
gueihrs b` `asl kgm iarms tlkt eastkoh tlhe `br `bbm. Vrabr tb tlh ikg bg tlh ush b` J@
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Jnkssa`ajktabg b` Vnkstaj Sksth4

 ]LHYEBVNKZ]AJZ
]lhrebpnkstaj as k ekthrakn wlbsh strujturh kgm vasjbsaty jkg ih ebma`ahm ibtl wkys tlr
lhktagc br jbbnagc. ]las nkrch `keany b` ekthrakns as jbeebgny ushm iy ekgy agmustrah
as hksany agthcrkthm agtb @rkgjh‑s rhjyjnagc jyjnhs. ]lh `bnnbwagc pbnyehrs krh
hxkepnhs b` pnkstaj ekthrakn4

 VBNQBNH@AGZ4
]las typh b` pnkstaj agjnumhs ekthrakns sujl ks pbnyhtlynhgh (VH, tlh wbrnm‑s ebst jbee
ushm tlhrebpnkstaj rhsag), htlynhgh vagyn kjhtkth jbpbnyehrs (HPK), ks wh
 pbnyprbpynhgh (VV) wlajl, naoh VH, as prbjhsshm iy Vkprhj‑s rhjyjnagc `kjtbrahs. Bit
tlrbucl tlh pbnyehrasktabg b` htlynhgh, pbnyhtlynhgh as k wkxy sbnam, jbnburnhss
bmburnhss. At as sbnuinh kt 06 tb <6¶J ag sbeh brckgaj sbnvhgts, kgm as gbt usuknny pnksta
Vbnyhtlynhgh jbehs ag twb typhs4 nbw mhgsaty VH (NMVH), kgm lacl mhgsaty VH (LMV
as ushm tb ekoh pnkstaj ikcs, jnagc `anes (`uturh rhjyjnkinh pnkstaj wksth), `nksos, i
jbgtkaghrs, tbys, iujohts, iksags, `nhxainh tuiagc, br jasthrgs. ]upphrwkrh knsb jbgtkag
Ikcs `br agmustrakn ush, lbushlbnm wksth, br ibttnhs `br jnhkgagc prbmujts krh jbee
ekmh `rbe rhjyjnhm NMVH kgm LMVH. HPK jbpbnyehrs krh ushm ag tlhar purh `bre br e
watl btlhr tlhrebpnkstaj ekthrakns, `br ush ag tlh ekgu`kjturagc b` agmustrakn cnuhs, ke
btlhr tlagcs. Jhrtkag kmmatavhs, sujl ks jknjaue `annhrs, brckgaj br eaghrkn pace
kgtabxamkgts, sur`kjh ebma`ahrs (`br sebbtlagc tlh sur`kjh b` rhsags kgm aeprbvagc hnhj
jbgmujtavaty), br pbrh-`breagc kchgts (tb jrhkth knvhbnkr ekthrakn) krh kmmhm tb pbnyhtl
 ih`br ush.
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VV. At jkg ih gbthm tlkt tlhrebpnkstaj hnkstbehrs jkg ih bitkaghm iy jbeiagagc H

ruiihr (htlynhgh prbpynhgh mahgh ebgbehr) watl pbnyprbpynhgh.

 PAGQN VBNQEHYZ
]lh vagyn pbnyehr `keany jbgtkags k crhkt gueihr b` tlhrebpnkstaj ekthrakns, kebgc w
krh4-
Vbnyvagyn jlnbramh (VPJ) tlkt jkg jbeh ag ekgy slkphs pbwmhrhm, crkgunhs, k pks
heunsabg, br massbnvhm. Zuppnh VPJ jkg ih ushm tb ekoh jbkthm thxtanhs `br jnbtlag
nhktlhr cbbms, agsunktabg slhktlagc, kmlhsavh tkph, br tkrpkunag (sbeh b` tlhsh wann ih
rhjyjnkinh prbmujts). ]lh racam VPJ jkg ih ushm `br skgatktabg paphs, wagmbws, i
cutthrs, hnhjtrajkn jkinhs, sur`kjagc, kgm `bbm br jlheajkn pkjokcagc (tlhsh krh knsb `
rhjyjnkinh pnkstaj ekthrakn). Slhg ekoagc tlas typh b` pnkstaj, stkianazhrs, nuiraj
 pnkstajashrs, `annhrs, kgm pacehgts jkg knsb ih kmmhm. Kgm kntlbucl sbeh VPJ prbmujts
ks pnueiagc, jkggbt ih rhjyjnhm, ebst jkg ugmhrcb tlh pnkstaj rhjyjnagc jyjnh
jbgstrujtabg wksth).
- Vbnyvagyn knjblbn (VPBL) jbehs ag tlh `bre b` k wlath wkthr-sbnuinh rhsag, k
 pkrtajunkrny ushm ks k iagmhr jbktagc `br pkphr kgm jkrmibkrm, `br agmustrakn cnu
thxtanh `agas

- Vbnyvagyn kjhtkth (VPKJ), wlbsh pbnyehr as k trkgspkrhgt rhsag, as jbeehrjaknas

crkgunhs, jkrtbgs, phkrns, kgm vkrabus sbnutabgs. At as ushm ekagny `br pkagts, br quaj
vkrgaslhs.
- Vbnyvagynamhgh jlnbramh (VPMJ) as k pbwmhr watl strbgc jlheajkn rhsastkgjh k
laclny aephrehkinh tb wkthr vkpbur, jhrtkag ckshs kgm bans. Agmustrahs ushs at tb
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 VBNQZ]QYHGHZ
]lhrh krh bgny twb ekdbr typhs b` pbnystyrhghs4 pbnystyrhgh (VZ), kgm styrhgh jbpbny
(ZKG, KIZ, EIZ, ZIZ, br ZAZ). Lbwhvhr, tlhrh ma``hrhgt VZ jkthcbrahs4 stkgmkrm V
“jrystkn‑ muh tb ats trkgspkrhgt ksphjt (at as pkrtajunkrny racam kgm `rkcanh), tlh suppnhr
aepkjt VZ, lhkt rhsastkgt VZ, kgm hxpkgmhm VZ (cks iuiinhs).
Zbnam up tb ;=6¶J k`thr wlajl at naquh`ahs, VZ jkg ih mhnavhrhm ks pbwmhr, crkgunhs, p
 pksth, sbnutabg, br shea-`agaslhm prbmujts (slhhts, tuihs, pnkgos…). Jlheajkn kmmatavh
knsb ih ushm ag ats ekgu`kjturagc, sujl vkrabus pnkstajashrs br sbnvhgts, sbeh `annhrs
jhrtkag pacehgts. At as ushm `br ekoagc ybclurt pbts, `bbm jbgtkaghrs, iktlrbbe jkiagh
agsamh b` `ramch kgm `rhhzhr mbbrs. K styrhgh jbpbnyehrs as k jlheajknny br plys
aeprbvhm pbnystyrhgh. At as ushm tb ekoh k ekgy prbmujts, sujl ks jbeputhr jksagcs, j
`anthrs, dkrs, jbsehtaj pkjokcagc, vkjuue jnhkghr jbwnagcs, kgm hvhg tbbtliruslhs. Zbe
kgm KIZ pnkstaj wksth krh pkrt b` tlh nast b` rhjyjnkinh pnkstajs kgm krh rhjyjnhm iy Vk
VZ wksth jkg ih rhjbvhrhm agtb pnkstaj `anes, pkjokcagc, br agsunktabg ekthrakn.

 KJYQNK]H KGM EH]LKJYQEK]H VBNQEHYZ

]las typh as mavamhm agtb bgny twb jkthcbrahs, pbny(ehtlyn ehtlkjrynkth) (VEEK
 pbnykjranbgatranh (VKG). VEEK as bitkaghm iy tlh pbnyehrasktabg b` ehtlyn ehtlkjr
kgm as jlkrkjthrashm iy ats trkgspkrhgjy, tlh hksh watl wlajl at jkg ih ushm, kg m ats rhsas
tb taeh. Mhnavhrhm ks slhhts, jksts, irkjhrs, masos, rbms, pbwmhr, crkgunhs, br syrup, at as
tb ekoh sygtlhtaj `airhs, nhgshs `br cnksshs, wagmbws, kgcnh irkjohts, runhrs, jbgtkjt nh
kgm vkrabus lkar mrhssagc athes. At as bgh b` tlh pnkstaj agmustry‑s rhjyjnkinh ekthrakns.
as pkrtajunkrny ushm ks k sygtlhtaj `airh, ks at as sbnuinh ag jhrtkag sbnvhgts, wlajl knnbw
 ih spug. Iut at as knsb ushm `br jhrtkag `bbm-crkmh `anes kgm dkrs. VKG as ekmh usagc
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cbhs vhry quajony `rbe k sbnam tb k ckshbus stkth. ]lbucl pbnykeamhs krh ekagny us
ekoh thxtanh `airhs, tlhy krh knsb ushm ag swatjl, hnhjtrajkn pnucs, chkrs, sjrhws, lbus
kppnakgjhs, syragchs, br kutbebianh pkrts, kgm jkg ugmh rcb tlh pnkstaj rhjyjnagc jyjnh.

 VBNQJKYIBGK]HZ
Bitkaghm `rbe iasplhgbn K, pbnyjkribgkths (VJ) as vhry racam kgm lkrmny jbeiustainh
as ushm ag thjlgajkn prbmujts. At jbehs ag tlh slkph b` crkgunhs, slhhts, nhkvhs, br `anes
as ushm tb ekoh JMs, ebtbrjyjnh lhnehts, br shjuraty cnkss, kgm jkg ugmhrcb bgh b
rhjyjnagc jyjnhs.

 JHNNXNBAM
Jhnnunbam kjhtkth (JK) as k trkgspkrhgt, suppnh, kgm stkinh ekthrakn tlkt knnbws agmustr
ekoh `airhs, vkrgaslhs, br plbtbcrkplaj `anes, kebgc btlhr tlagcs. Jhnnunbam gatrkth
wks ushm tb ekoh jhnnunbam (gbw jbgsamhrhm tb ugstkinh), kgm as gbw ushm tb ekoh vk
vkrgaslhs, pkagts, agos, cnuhs, kgm jhrtkag krta`ajakn jbktagcs.

 NAGHKY VBNQHZ]HY
Vbnyhtlynhgh thrhpltlknkth (VH]), pbnyiutynhgh thrhpltlknkth (VI]), kgm pbnythtrkehtl
thrhpltlknkth (V]E]), krh tlrhh b` tlh ekag naghkr pbnyhsthrs, ekthrakns sygtlhsazhm
htlynhgh cnyjbn br iutynhgh cnyjbn. Satl nattnh kmmatavhs, tlhsh whrh `arst ushm tb ekoh `k
br `anes (sujl ks thrplkgh), ugtan ats rhsastkgjh tb kirksabg, bans, sknagh sbnutabgs, kgm ae
nhkm tlh pnkstaj agmustry tb ush VH] ag tlh jbepbsatabg b` raiibgs, hnhjtrbgaj jbepbg
kgm rhjyjnkinh VH] ibttnhs, kgm tb ush VI]I ag ehjlkgajkn br agsunktabgs prbmujts tlk
suieatthm tb lacl thephrkturhs. Yhjyjnagc VH] (kgm sphja`ajknny VH] ibttnhs) as b
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`kjt tlkt at as gbt rhknny k tlhrebpnkstaj (wlhg lh kthm tb k jhrtkag thephrkturh, ats arrhvh
turgs agtb k chn), kgm as ogbwg `br kisbriagc vhry nattnh wkthr, kgta-kmlhsavh prbphrtahs
`nhxaianaty, kgm k cbbm rhsastkgjh tb naclt kgm ikm whktlhr. At as ushm tb ekoh gb-stajo jb
 paphs, ihkragcs, pkms, shkns, kgm thjlgajkn thxtanh. VJ]@H jbehs ag twb `bres4 lacl-pb
 pnkstajs (crkgunhs br pbwmhr), kgm nbw-pbnyehr naquams. VPM@ as k vhry rhjhgt masjb
stann ag mhvhnbpehgt stkchs. Ibtl b` tlhe jlheajknny kgm tlhreknny ebrh stkinh tlkg V
kgm krh ushm tb ekoh jhrtkag krta`ajakn jbktagcs.

 VBNQKJH]KN
Vbnybxyehtlynhgh (VBE) kgm ats saeankr jbpbnyehrs krh tlh bgny pbnykj
Yacam, vhry rhsastkgt, hsphjaknny tb brckgaj sbnvhgts kgm strbgc jlkrchs, k cbbm hn
jbgmujtbr, VBE jbehs ag tlh `bre b` ebunmagc pbwmhr, crkgunhs, kgm shea-`ag
 prbmujts (rbms, stajos, tuihs, htj). At as ushm tb ekoh chkrs, sjrhws, seknn jbgghjtagc
snamagc pkrts, papagc, br pbrtkinh tbbns.

 VBNQZXN@BGH
Vbnysun`bghs, trkmhekrohm ugmhr sujl gkehs ks Zun`bvhr br Zur`an, krh ekjrbebnh
jbgtkagagc sunplur mabxamh. ]lhy krh ushm ag pkagts kgm vkrgaslhs kgm lkvh k cbbm rhsas
tb jlheajkn kjams kgm ikshs, bans, kgm `kts.

 VBNQVLHGQNHGH ZXN@AMH
VVZ as k mkro kgm sta`` pbnysun`amh. At lks cbbm lhkt kgm jlheajkn rhsastkgjh. At as us
ekoh gbg-jbrrbmagc pkrts, jbboagc uthgsans, br gbg-stajo jbktagc.
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tlh strujturh, slkph, br racamaty b` tlh ekgu`kjturhm p nkstaj bidhjt jkg gbt ih ebma`ahm k
kgm tlh ekthrakn as rkrhny rhjyjnhm. ]las typh b` pnkstaj agjnumhs tlh `bnnbwagc typ
jbepbugms4

 XGZK]XYK]HM VBNQZ]HY
Xgskturkthm pbnyhsthrs krh rhtajunue pbnyehrs ekmh `rbe maiksaj brckgaj kjams (jkpk
cavagc b`` prbtbgs watl 9 kjam `ugjtabgs). ]lh rhsag as ushm tb ekoh vkrgaslhs, ebu
bidhjts, cnuhs, kgm vkrabus iagmagc kchgts.

 VLHGBN @BYEKNMHLQMH YHZAGZ

Bitkaghm iy jbgmhgsktabg pbnyehrasktabg b` plhgbn kgm `breknmhlymh, tlhy krh us
kiirhvakthm tb V@. At jbehs ag tlh `bre b` pbwmh r, crkgunhs, naquam, kgm sbnam br naquam
Satl jhrtkag kmmatavhs, tlhy krh ushm tb ekoh sbeh pragtagc agos, `bkes, kirksavh ekth
 pkrts `br irkohs br jnutjlhs, kgm vkrabus pkagts.

 EHNKEAGH YHZAGZ
Ehnkeagh, sujl ks Xrhk-@breknmhlymh (X@) br Ehnkeagh @breknmhlymh (E@), krh bit
tlrbucl jbgmhgsktabg pbnyehrasktabg b` `breknmhlymh kgm urhk br ehnkeagh. X@ as us
kg kmlhsavh ag tlh wbbm agmustry, kgm E@ as ogbwg ekagny ugmhr tlh trkmh gkeh @br

 VBNQHVB\AMHZ
K`thr tlh jbgmhgsktabg pbnyehrasktabg b` hpajlnbrblymrag watl pbny-knjblbn br plhgbn
ks iasplhgbn K), pbnyhpbxamhs, br hpbxy rhsags, krh ushm ag vkrabus `bres (shn`-shttagc r
 pbwmhrs, cnuhs, htj) tb jbvhr sur`kjhs, `br kmlhsavhs, kgm `br vkrabus pkagts, knnbwagc
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 VBNQXYH]LKGH
]lhsh jbepnhx jbepbugms krh ekmh `rbe pbnybns, jlheajkn jktknysts, pbnyasbjykgk
hxpkgmagc kchgts. Vbnyurhtlkgh (VXY) krh ushm ag tlh ekgu`kjturagc b` ekgy prb
(`bkes, pkagts, jbgmbes, vkrgaslhs, cnuhs, kgm ekgy typhs b` sbnutabgs). ]lh thxtanh agm
ushs at ag kg hnkstbehr `bre tb ekoh Nyjrk.

 VBNQZXN@BGH
Vbnysun`bghs, trkmhekrohm ugmhr sujl gkehs ks Zun`bvhr br Zur`an, krh ekjrbebnh
jbgtkagagc sunplur mabxamh. ]lhy krh ushm ag pkagts kgm vkrgaslhs kgm lkvh k cbbm rhsas
tb jlheajkn kjams kgm ikshs, bans, kgm `kts.

Sksth pnkstaj kgm ats sburjh4

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JLKV]H
VYBJHZZAGC MH]KANZ

a. Jbnnhjtabg b` wksth pnkstaj.

aa. Jnhkgagc kgm slrhmmagc b` wksth pnkstaj
aaa. Eaxagc b` slrhmmhm wksth pnkstaj, kccrhckth kgm iatuehg ag jhgtrkn eaxagc pnkgt
av. Nkyagc b` iatueagbus eax

=.; JBNNHJ]ABG B@ SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ4 -

Sksth pnkstaj as jbnnhjthm `rbe rbkms, ckrikch trujos, muepsaths br jbepbst pnkgts, br
sjlbbn jbnnhjtabg prbcrkes, br iy purjlksh `rbe rkc-pajohrs br wksth-iuyhrs kt Ys 8-
oc.
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=.9 JNHKGAGC KGM ZLYHMMAGC B@ SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ4-

 Sksth pnkstaj natthr ag tlh `bre b` tlag-`ane jkrry-ikcs, ush-kgm-tlrbw jups, V

 ibttnhs, htj. tlhsh krh sbrthm, mh-musthm, wkslhm a` ghjhsskry.
 Vnkstaj wksth wlajl as jnhkghm as jut agtb k sazh ihtwhhg ;.;<ee usagc
slrhmmagc ekjlagh ks slbwg ihnbw.

@ac 34 Jnhkgagc prbjhss

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=.: EA\AGC B@ ZLYHMMHM SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ, KCCYHCK]H KGM

IA]XEAG AG JHG]YKN EA\AGC VNKG]4-

 ]lh kccrhckth eax as lhkthm tb ;086j (ks phr tlh LYZ sphja`ajktabg) ag jhgtrkn e

 pnkgt. Zaeankrny tlh iatuehg as tb ih lhkthm up tb k ekxaeue b` ;06´j.

 ]lh <% b` wksth pnkstaj tb tlh whaclt b` iatuehg krh kmmhm ag tlh jbgvhybr ihnt br sp
ehjlkgajkn mhvajh as mhvhnbphm wlajl wann sprky tlh pnkstajs agsamh tlh jlkeihr tb
tlh pnkstajs h``hjtavhny.

 Jhgtrkn eaxagc pnkgt lhnps tb lkvh ihtthr jbgtrbn b` thephrkturh kgm ihtthr eaxagc b
ekthrakn tlus lhnpagc tb lkvh k uga`bre jbktagc kgm lhkthm iatuehg as knsb sprkyhm
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=.= NKQAGC B@ IA]XEHGBXZ EA\4-

]lh pnkstajs wksth jbkthm kccrhckth as eaxhm watl lbt iatuehg kgm tlh rhsunthm ea
ushm `br rbkm jbgstrujtabg. ]lh rbkm nkyagc thephrkturh as ihtwhhg ;;66j tb ;96
]lh rbnnhr ushm as <-tbg jkpkjaty.

@ac.;64 Vkvhr Ekjlagh

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JLKV]H
]HZ]Z JBGMXJ]HM BG EK]HYAKNZ

8.; AEVKJ] PKNXH ]HZ] B@ KCCYHCK]H

]lh kccrhckth aepkjt thst as jkrrahm but tb hvknukth tlh rhsastkgjh tb aepkjt b` kccrhc
Kccrhckths pkssagc 96 ee sahvh kgm rhtkaghm bg ;9.8 ee sahvh as `annhm ag k jynagmrajk
jup b` agthrgkn mak ;6.9 ee kgm mhptl 8 je wlajl as kttkjlhm tb k ehtkn iksh b` ae
thstagc ekjlagh. ]lh ekthrakn as `annhm ag : nkyhrs wlhrh hkjl nkyhr as tkephm `br 98 gu
b` inbws. Ehtkn lkeehr b` whaclt ;:.8 tb ;= Oc as krrkgchm tb mrbp watl k `rhh `knn b`
je iy vhrtajkn cuamhs kgm tlh thst sphjaehg as suidhjthm tb ;8 gueihr b` inbws. ]lh jr
kccrhckth as knnbwhm tb pkss tlrbucl 9.:0 ee AZ sahvh. Kgm tlh aepkjt vknuh as ehksu
 phrjhgtkch b` kccrhckths pkssagc sahvh (S9) tb tlh tbtkn whaclt b` tlh skepnh (S
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Kccrhckths tb ih ushm `br whkragc jbursh, tlh aepkjt vknuh slbunmg't hxjhhm :6 phrjhg
 iatueagbus ekjkmke tlh ekxaeue phreassainh vknuh as :8 phrjhgt. @br Skthr
ekjkmke iksh jburshs tlh ekxaeue phreassainh vknuh mh`aghm iy AYJ as =6 phrjhgt.

Kccrhckth ushm4 Vksshm tlrbucl 96ee sahvh kgm rhtkaghm bg ;9.8ee sahvh.

Mhsjraptabg Zkepnh
; 9
Shaclt b` mry skepnh (ce) 8:0 806
“K‑
Shaclt b` skepnh rhtkaghm ;69 ;60
bg 9.:0ee sahvh “I‑
 ;1% ;<.1%
Aepkjt Pknuh ( x;66)


]kinh Gb4 0

Kvhrkch Aepkjt Pknuh4 ;<.18%.

8.9 NBZ KGCHNHZ KIYKZABG ]HZ] B@ KCCYHCK]H

Kirksabg thst as jkrrahm but tb thst tlh lkrmghss prbphrty b` kccrhckths kgm tb mhjamh wl
tlhy krh suatkinh `br ma``hrhgt pkvhehgt jbgstrujtabg wbros. Nbs Kgchnhs kirksabg ths
 prh`hrrhm bgh `br jkrryagc but tlh lkrmghss prbphrty kgm lks ihhg stkgmkrmazhm ag
AZ49:<0 pkrt-AP). ]lh pragjapnh b` Nbs Kgchnhs kirksabg thst as tb `agm tlh phrjhgtkch
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usuknny rkgchs `rbe 8-;6 oc. ]lh jynagmhr as tlhg nbjohm kgm rbtkthm kt tlh sphhm b` :
rpe `br k tbtkn b` 866 -;666 rhvbnutabgs mhphgmagc upbg tlh crkmktabg b` kccrhckths.
K`thr sphja`ahm rhvbnutabgs, tlh ekthrakn as sahvhm tlrbucl ;.3 ee sahvh kgm pksshm `rk
as hxprhsshm ks phrjhgtkch tbtkn whaclt b` tlh skepnh. ]las vknuh as jknnhm Nbs Kg
kirksabg vknuh.
K ekxaeue vknuh b` =6 phrjhgt as knnbwhm `br SIE iksh jbursh ag Agmakg jbgmatabg
 iatueagbus jbgjrhth, k ekxaeue vknuh b` :8 as sphja`ahm.

Mhsjraptabg Zkepnh
; 9
Shaclt b` tbtkn ekthrakn 8.6; =.13
(oc) “K‑
Shaclt b` `rkjtabg pkssagc ;.91; ;.::6
tlrbucl ;.3ee sahvh “I‑
NK Kirksabg Pknuh 98.<% 90.3%

(  ;66)


]kinh Gb4 3
Kvhrkch NK Kirksabg Pknuh4 90.98%

8.: VHGH]YK]ABG ]HZ] B@ IA]XEHG

At ehksurhs tlh lkrmghss br sb`tghss b` iatuehg iy ehksuragc tlh mhptl ag thgtls

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whaclt pnkjhm bg tlh ghhmnh kgm tlh thst thephrkturh. K crkmh b` =6/86 iatuehg ehkg
 phghtrktabg vknuh as ag tlh rkgch =6 tb 86 kt stkgmkrm thst jbgmatabgs. Ag lbt jnaekths, k
 phghtrktabg crkmh as prh`hrrhm. ]lh @acurh 6.; slbws k sjlhektaj Vhghtrktabg ]hst shtu

@ac. ;94 Vhghtrktabg ]hst Zhtup

Kjtukn thst thephrkturh 5 986J

Vhghtrbehthr makn ]hst ; ]hst 9 ]hst :
rhkmagc
(k) Agatakn 966 90= :::
(i) @agkn 90= ::: =63
Vhghtrktabg Pknuh 0= 01 3=
]kinh Gb4 <
Ehkg phghtrktabg vknuh5 01

8.= VHGH]YK]ABG ]HZ] B@ IA]XEHG-VBNQEHY EA\

% b` pbnyehr kmmhm Vhghtrktabg Pknuh

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<6

01 0<
36 03

06 88.3
   h
   u
    n
   k 86
   P
   g
   b
   a
   t =6
   k
   r
   t
   h
   g :6
   h
   V
96

;6

6
6% Vnkstaj 6.8% Vnkstaj ;% Vnkstaj 9% Vnkstaj
Vnkstaj Jbgthgt

Crkpl4 Vhghtrktabg Pknuh v/s Vnkstaj Jbgthgt

8.8 Z]YAVVAGC PKNXH ]HZ] B@ IA]XEHG EA\

Iatuehg kmlhrhs whnn tb knn gbrekn typhs b` rbkm kccrhckths prbvamhm tlhy krh mry kgm
`rbe must. Ag tlh kishgjh b` wkthr tlhrh as prkjtajknny gb kmlhsabg prbinhe b` iatue
jbgstrujtabg. Kmlhsabg prbinhe bjjurs wlhg tlh kccrhckth as wht kgm jbnm. ]las prb
jkg ih mhknt watl iy rhebvagc ebasturh `rbe tlh kccrhckth iy mryagc kgm agjrhksag
eaxagc thephrkturh. @urtlhr, tlh prhshgjh b` wkthr jkushs strappagc b` iagmhr `rbe tlh j
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]yph b` kccrhckth ]aeh Ztrappagc %

Vnkag Iatuehg jbkthm 9= lrs 8%
kccrhckth
Vbnyehr jbkthm kccrhckth 39 lrs Gan
]kinh Gb4 ;6 Ztrappagc Pknuh

8.0 EKYZLKNN ]HZ]

Ekrslkn thst as hxthgsavhny ushm ag rbutagh thst prbcrkes `br tlh pkvagc d bis. ]lh stkian
tlh eax as mh`aghm ks k ekxaeue nbkm jkrrahm iy k jbepkjthm sphjaehg kt k stkgmkr
thephrkturh b` 066 ¶J. ]lh `nbw as ehksurhm k s tlh mh`brektabg ag ugats b` 6.98 ee iht
gb nbkm kgm ekxaeue nbkm jkrrahm iy tlh sphjaehg muragc stkianaty thst (`nbw vknuh ek
 ih ehksurhm iy mh`brektabg ugats b` 6.; ee). ]las thst ktthepts tb cht tlh bptaeue
jbgthgt `br tlh kccrhckth eax typh kgm trk``aj agthgsaty. ]las as tlh thst wlajl lhnps
mrkw Ekrslknn Ztkianaty vs. % iatuehg.
.
]lh skepnh ghhmhm as @rbe Ekrslknn stkianaty crkpl, shnhjt prbpbrtabgs b` jbkrsh kccrh
`agh kccrhckths kgm `annhr ag sujl k wky, sb ks tb `un`ann tlh rhquarhm sphja`ajktabg. ]lh
whaclt b` tlh eax slbunm ih ;966c.

Vrbjhmurh tb mhthreagh Ekrslknn Ztkianaty b` iatueagbus eaxturh4

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j. Cavh 38 inbws bg tlh tbp samh b` tlh sphjaehg eax watl k stkgmkrm lkeehr (=
=.<0oc). Yhvhrsh tlh sphjaehg kgm cavh 38 inbws kckag. ]koh tlh ebunm wat
sphjaehg kgm jbbn at `br k `hw eaguths.

m. Yhebvh tlh sphjaehg `rbe tlh ebunm iy chgtnh puslagc. Ekro tlh sphjaehg kgm j
kt rbbe thephrkturh, bvhrgaclt.

h. K shrahs b` sphjaehgs krh prhpkrhm iy k saeankr ehtlbm watl vkryagc qukgtata

 iatuehg jbgthgt, watl kg agjrhehgt b` 6.8% (: sphjaehgs) br ; iatuehg jbgthgt.

`. Ih`brh thstagc b` tlh ebunm, ohhp tlh ebunm ag tlh wkthr iktl lkvagc k thephrktu
06bJ `br lkn` kg lbur.

c. Jlhjo tlh stkianaty b` tlh ebunm bg tlh Ekrslknn stkianaty kppkrktus.

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 Bptaeue Iatuehg Jbgthgt

Ebunm Gb. Iatuehg Jbgthgt Ztkianaty (oc) Kvc. Ztkiana
; =.98% <99 <99
9 1:;.0
: 3;9.=

= =.86% <99 1=1.<3

8 ;6;:.<
0 ;6;:.<

3 =.38% 0<8 3<8.03

< <6<.:
1 <0:.;

]kinh Gb4 ;; Bptaeue Iatuehg Jbgthgt

Kvc. Ztkianaty
;666 1=1.<3

166 <99
3<8.03
<66
366
   y
   t
   a
    n
   a 066
    i
   k
   t 866
   Z
 .
   c =66
   v
   K
:66
966
;66
6
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 Vnkstaj eax
Iatuehg Jbgthgt Vnkstaj Jbgthgt % Ztkianaty (oc)
=.86 % 6 ;61<
0 <0;
< 1=3
;6 ;668
;9 ;681

]kinh Gb4 ;9 Vnkstaj jbgthgt v/s Ztkianaty

Ztkianaty v/s Vnkstaj Jbgthgt

;;66

;686
    )
   c
    o
    ( ;666
   y
   t
   a
    n ;81
   a
    i
   k
   t 186 ;68
   Z 1<
    n
   k =3
    l
   s
   r 166 6
   k
   E
<86 166 166 166 166 166

<66
gan 0% <% ;6% ;9%
Vnkstaj Jbgthgt

Crkpl4 : Ekrslkn Ztkianaty v/s Vnkstaj Jbgthgt

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JLKV]H

EH]LBMBNBCQ

Sksth pnkstaj ikcs whrh jbnnhjthm `rbe rbkms, ckrikch trujos, muepsaths kgm jbepbst p
wksth-iuyhrs kt Ys.8-0 phr oc. Lbushlbnm pnkstaj wks knsb jbnnhjthm `br tlh prbdhjt
naoh hepty eano ikcs, ushm pnkstaj ikcs htj. ]lh jbnnhjthm Vnkstaj wksth wks sbrthm ks p
rhquarhm tlajoghss. Chghrknny, pbnyhtlynhgh b` 06 eajrbg br ihnbw as ushm `br tlh `u
 prbjhss. Nhss eajrbg pnkstaj as hksany eaxkinh ag tlh iatuehg kt laclhr thephrkturh (;
;36¶j).At as jnhkg iy mh-mustagc br wkslagc a` rhquarhm. Jbnnhjthm Vnkstaj wks jut agtb
 pahjhs ks `kr ks pbssainh. ]lh pnkstaj pahjhs whrh sahvhm tlrbucl =.38ee sahvh kgm r
kt 9.:0ee sahvh wks jbnnhjthm. @arstny, Iatuehg wks lhkthm up tb tlh thephrkturh
;06¶j-;36¶j wlajl as ats ehntagc thep. Vahjhs whrh kmmhm snbwny tb tlh lbt iatue
thephrkturh krbugm ;06-;36¶j.]lh eaxturh wks starrhm ekguknny `br kibut 96-:6 eag
Ag tlkt taeh phrabm thephrkturh wks ohpt jbgstkgt kibut ;06-;36¶j. Vbnyehr iat
eaxturhs b` ma``hrhgt jbepbsatabgs whrh prhpkrhm kgm ushm `br jkrryagc but thst
Vhghtrktabg thst, Mujtanaty thst.

@AHNM ]YAKNZ

]lhrh krh twb typhs b` `ahnm trakns-4

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0.; MYQ VYBJHZZ-4

@br tlh `nhxainh pkvhehgt, lbt stbgh kccrhckth (;366) as eaxhm watl lbt iatuehg (;0
kgm tlh eax as ushm `br rbkm nkyagc. ]lh kccrhckth as jlbshg bg tlh iksas b` ats strh
 pbrbsaty kgm ebasturh kisbrptabg jkpkjaty ks phr AZ jbmagc. ]lh iatuehg as jlbshg
 iksas b` ats iagmagc prbphrty, phghtrktabg vknuh kgm vasjbhnkstaj prbphrty. ]lh kccr
wlhg jbkthm watl pnkstajs aeprbvhm ats quknaty watl rhsphjt
tb vbams, ebasturh kisbrptabg kgm sbugmghss. ]lh jbktagc b` pnkstaj mhjrhkshs tlh pbr
kgm lhnps tb aeprbvh tlh quknaty b` tlh kccrhckth kgm ats phr`brekgjh ag tlh `nh
 pkvhehgt. At as tb ih gbthm lhrh tlkt stbghs watl > 9% pbrbsaty bgny knnbwhm
sphja`ajktabg.
 Vnkstaj wksth naoh ikcs, ibttnhs, htj krh jut agtb sazh ihtwhhg 9.:0ee kgm =.3
usagc slrhmmagc ekjlagh.
 ]lh kccrhckth eax as lhkthm tb;366 kgm tlhg at as trkgs`hrrhm tb eaxagc jlkeih
 Zaeankrny tlh iatuehg as tb ih lhkthm up tb k ekxaeue b` ;066.
 Kt tlh eaxagc jlkeihr, tlh slrhmmhm pnkstajs wksth as kmmhm bvhr tlh lbt kccrh
 ]lh pnkstajs wksth jbkthm kccrhckth as eaxhm w atl lbt iatuehg.
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Kmvkgtkchs b` Mry Vrbjhss

k. Vnkstaj as jbkthm bvhr stbghs - aeprbvagc sur`kjh prbphrty b` kccrhckths.

 i. Jbktagc as hksy & thephrkturh rhquarhm as skeh ks rbkm nkyagc thep.
j. Xsh b` wksth pnkstaj ebrh tlkg ;8% as pbssainh.
m. @nhxainh `anes b` knn typhs b` pnkstajs jkg ih ushm.
h. Mbuinhs tlh iagmagc prbphrty b` kccrhckths.
`. Gb ghw hquapehgt as rhquarhm.
c. Iatuehg ibgmagc as strbgc tlkg gbrekn.
l. ]lh jbkthm kccrhckths slbw agjrhkshm strhgctl.
a. Ks rhpnkjagc iatuehg tb ;8% laclhr jbst h``ajahgjy as pbssainh.
 d. Gb mhcrkmktabg b` rbkms hvhg k`thr 8-0 yrs k`thr jbgstrujtabg.
o. Jkg ih prkjtajhm ag knn typh b` jnaektaj jbgmatabgs.
 d. Gb hvbnutabg b` kgy tbxaj ckshs ks ekxaeue thephrkturh as ;<66 J.

Maskmvkgtkchs b` Mry Vrbjhss

k. ]lh prbjhss as kppnajkinh tb pnkstaj wksth ekthrakn bgny.

0.9 SH] VYBJHZZ-4

Sksth pnkstaj as crbugm kgm ekmh agtb pbwmhr? 0 tb < % pnkstaj as eaxhm watl tlh iatu
Vnkstaj agjrhkshs tlh ehntagc pbagt b` tlh iatuehg kgm ekohs tlh rbkm rhtkag ats `nhxa
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usagc tlh trhkthm iatuehg iagmhr `un`annhm knn tlh sphja`ahm Ekrslknn eax mhsacg jrathr
sur`kjh jbursh b` rbkm pkvhehgt. ]lhrh wks k suistkgtakn agjrhksh ag Ekrslknn Ztkianaty
b` tlh eax, b` tlh brmhr b` twb tb tlrhh taehs laclhr vknuh ag jbepkrasbg watl tlh ugtr
br brmagkry iatuehg. Kgbtlhr aepbrtkgt bishrvktabg wks tlkt tlh iatueagbus eaxhs prh
usagc tlh trhkthm iagmhr jbunm watlstkgm kmvhrsh sbkoagc jbgmatabgs ugmhr wkthr `br n
murktabg.

Sksth pnkstajs iy marhjt eaxagc watl lbt iatuehg kt ;06¶J.

Ehjlkgajkn starrhr as ghhmhm.

Kmmatabg b` stkianazhrs kgm prbphr jbbnagc.

Zagjh tlh wht prbjhss rhquarh k nbt b` agvhstehgt kgm iacchr pnkgts.

 Gbt jbeebgny ushm.

Kmvkgtkchs b` Sht Vrbjhss

k. ]las Vrbjhss jkg ih utanazhm `br rhjyjnagc b` kgy typh, sazh, slkph b` w
ekthrakn (Vnkstajs, Yuiihr htj.)

Maskmvkgtkchs b` Sht Vrbjhss

k. ]aeh jbgsueagc- ebrh hghrcy `br inhgmagc.
 i. Vbwhr`un ehjlkgajkn as rhquarhm.
j. Kmmatabgkn jbbnagc as rhquarhm ks aeprbphr kmmatabg b` iatuehg eky jku
 pbjohts ag rbkms.
m. Ekxaeue % b` wksth pnkstaj jkg ih kmmhm krbugm < %.
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JLKV]HY 3
Jbepkrasbg ihtwhhg brmagkry iatueagbus rbkms kgm wksth pnkstaj
iatueagbus rbkms

ZN. VNKZ]AJ BYMAGKYQ

GB VYBVHY]AHZ YBKM YBKM

;. EKYZLKNN EBYH NHZZ

Z]KIANA]Q
PKNXH
9. IAGMAGC IH]]HY  CBBM
VYBVHY]Q
:. ZB@]HGAGC NHZZ EBYH
VBAG]

=. VHGH]YK]ABG EBYH NHZZ

PKNXH

8. ]HGZANH LACL NHZZ

Z]YHGC]L

0. YX]]AGC NHZZ EBYH

3. Z]YAVVAGC (VB]  GB EBYH

LBNHZ)

<. ZHHVKCH B@  GB QHZ

SK]HY 

1. MXYKIANA]Q B@ IH]]HY  CBBM

]LH YBKMZ
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3.; KMPKG]KCH B@ SKZ]H VNKZ]AJ IA]XEAGBXZ EA\

 Ztrbgchr rbkm watl agjrhkshm Ekrslknn Ztkianaty Pknuh.

 Ihtthr rhsastkgjh tbwkrms rkag wkthr kgm wkthr stkcgktabg.

  Gb strappagc kgm gb pbtlbnhs.

 Agjrhksh iagmagc kgm ihtthr ibgmagc b` tlh eax.

 Yhmujtabg ag pbrhs ag kccrhckth kgm lhgjh nhss ruttagc kgm rkvhnagc..

  Gb h``hjt b` rkmaktabg naoh XP.

 ]lh strhgctl b` tlh rbkm as agjrhkshm iy ;66%.

 ]lh nbkm watlstkgmagc prbphrty agjrhkshs. At lhnps tb sktas`y tbmky‑s ghhm b` agjr
rbkm trkgspbrt.
 @br ;oe \ :.38e rbkm, ; tbg b` pnkstaj (;6 nkol jkrry ikcs) as ushm kgm ; tb
 iatuehg as skvhm.
 Pknuh kmmatabg tb tlh wksth pnkstajs (jbst phr oanbcrke agj rhkshs `rbe Ys = tb Y
 ]lh jbst b` rbkm jbgstrujtabg as knsb mhjrhkshm.

 ]lh ekagthgkgjh jbst b` rbkm as knebst gan.

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3.9 MAZKMPKG]KCHZ B@ VNKZ]AJ YBKMZ

 Jnhkgagc prbjhss- ]bxajs prhshgt ag tlh jb-eagcnhm pnkstaj wksth wbunm

nhkjlagc.

 Muragc tlh rbkm nkyagc prbjhss- ag tlh prhshgjh b` jlnbragh wann rhnhksh gbxabus
cks.

 K`thr tlh rbkm nkyagc- At as bpaghm tlkt tlh `arst rkag wann tracchr nhkjlagc. K
 pnkstajs wann ehrhny `bre k stajoy nkyhr, (ehjlkgajkn kirksabg).

 ]lh jbepbghgts b` tlh rbkm, bgjh at lks ihhg nkam, krh gbt aghrt.
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3.: JBZ] KGKNQAZ @BY YBKM JBGZ]YXJ]ABG

]kinh Gb4 ;= Jbst Kgknysas

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JLKV]H

Jksh stumahs ag Agmak

Nkibrktbry stumahs whrh jkrrahm but kt tlh Jhgtrh `br ]rkgspbrtktabg Hgcaghhrag
Ikgcknbrh Xgavhrsaty, ag wlajl tlh pnkstaj wks ushm ks kg kmmatavh watl lhkthm iatue
ma``hrhgt prbpbrtabgs (rkgcagc `rbe zhrb tb ;9% iy whaclt b` iatuehg) ]lh rhsunts b
nkibrktbry agvhstacktabgs agmajkthm tlkt, tlh kmmatabg b` prbjhsshm pnkstaj b` kibut <.<
whaclt b` iatuehg, lhnps ag suistkgtaknny aeprbvagc tlh stkianaty, strhgctl, `ktacuh na`
btlhr mhsarkinh prbphrtahs b` iatueagbus jbgjrhth eax, hvhg ugmhr kmvhrsh wkthr-nb
jbgmatabgs. ]lh kmmatabgs b` <.6% iy whaclt b` prbjhsshm pnkstaj `br tlh prhpkrkta
ebma`ahm iatuehg rhsunts ag k skvagc b` 6.=% iatuehg iy whaclt b` tlh eax br kibut
 iatuehg phr juiaj ehthr b` IJ eax.
Ag ]kean Gkmu, nhgctl b` rbkms krbugm ;666 e ag vkrabus strhtjlhs whrh jbgstrujthm
wksth pnkstaj ks kg kmmatavh ag iatueagbus eax ugmhr tlh sjlheh „;666 Oe Vnksta
Ybkm―, kgm `bugm tlkt, tlh phr`brekgjh b` knn tlh rbkm strhtjlhs krh sktas`kjtbry.
]lh phr`brekgjh b` tlh rbkm strhtjlhs jbgstrujthm usagc wksthr pnkstaj ag Okrgktkok as
`bugm tb ih sktas`kjtbry. ]lh jbgstrujtabg b` rbms usagc wksth pnkstaj ag tlh kibvh stk
 ikshm bg tlh cuamhnaghs mhvhnbphm iy Ikgcknbrh Xgavhrsaty. JYYA kgm Jbnnh
Hgcaghhragc, Ekmurka. Lbwhvhr, stkgmkrm sphja`ajktabgs krh gbt kvkankinh bg tlh ush b`
 pnkstaj ag Iatueagbus rbkm Jbgstrujtabg. Ag tlas rhckrm, AYJ wks sphjaknny rhquhst
 GYYMK `br tlh prhpkrktabg b` sujl Cuamhnaghs `br hgkinagc tlh jbgstrujtabg b` rurkn
ugmhr VECZQ usagc wksthr pnkstaj. Ag brmhr tb `kjanatkth tlh mhvhnbpehgt b` cuamhnag
tlas, kg hxphrt crbup lks ihhg kppbagthm iy GYYMK `br prhpkrktabg b` agthrae cuam
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JLKV]H
JBGJNXZABG

]lh chghrktabg b` wksth pnkstajs as agjrhksagc mky iy mky. ]lh ekdbr pbnyehrs gk
 pbnyhtlynhgh, pbnyprbpynhgh, pbnystyrhgh slbw kmlhsabg prbphrty ag tlhar ebnthg
Vnkstajs wann agjrhksh tlh ehntagc pbagt b` tlh iatuehg. ]lh wksth pnkstaj iatuehg eax `
 ihtthr ekthrakn `br pkvhehgt jbgstrujtabg ks tlh eax slbws laclhr Ekrslknn Ztkianaty
kgm suatkinh Ekrslknn Jbh``ajahgt. Lhgjh tlh ush b` wksth pnkstajs `br pkvhehgt as bgh
 ihst ehtlbms `br hksy maspbskn b` wksth pnkstajs.
]lh ush b` tlh aggbvktavh thjlgbnbcy gbt bgny strhgctlhghm tlh rbkm jbgstrujtabg iu
agjrhkshm tlh rbkm na`h ks whnn ks wann lhnp tb aeprbvh tlh hgvarbgehgt kgm knsb jrhk
sburjh b` agjbeh.
Vnkstaj rbkms wbunm ih k ibbg `br Agmak‑s lbt kgm hxtrhehny lueam jnaekth, w
thephrkturhs `rhquhgtny jrbss 86¶J kgm tbrrhgtakn rkags jrhkth lkvbj, nhkvagc ebst b
rbkms watl iac pbtlbnhs. At as lbphm tlkt ag ghk r `uturh wh wann lkvh strbgc, murkinh kgm
`rahgmny rbkms wlajl wann rhnahvh tlh hkrtl `rbe knn typh b` pnkstaj-wksth.