Course Title

CE-422 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(Steel Part)

1
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Design of Steel Bridge

Lecture # 2

2
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Design Lane
• The design lane has a width equal to the lesser of 3600 mm or
width of the traffic lane.
• Roadway widths from 6000 to 7200 mm shall have two design
lanes, each equal to one-half the roadway width.
• The number of design lanes is taken as the integer part of the
result when the clear roadway width in mm between curbs is
divided by 3600.
• If the design lanes are more than one, following reduction factor
[given in Table 3.6.1.1.2-1 of AASHTO LRFD BDS 7th Edition
2014] is applied on the live load force effect called Multiple
Presence Factor denoted by m.
Number of Loaded Lanes Multiple Presence Factor
1 1.20
2 1.00
3 0.85
>3 0.65
3
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Design Vehicular Live Load

• H20 means a highway truck with two axles and
weighing 20 tons.
• HS20 means a highway truck similar to H20 truck but
having a semi-trailer with one additional axle.
• H15 and HS15 are defined in a similar way.

H20 8 kips 32 kips HS20 8 kips 32 kips 32 kips

H15 6 kips 24 kips HS15 6 kips 24 kips 24 kips

4
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Design Vehicular Live Load

• The new specification uses HL93 (highway loading of 1993).
• In case of HL93 loading, the vehicular live load on the bridge
roadway consists of a combination of design truck (or design
tandem) and the design lane load.
• The design lane load shall occupy a width of 3000 mm
transversely within a design lane
• All design lanes must be loaded simultaneously by the truck
or tandem and the lane loads.
• The force effects from truck or tandem load shall be
subjected to dynamic load allowance of 33%, but force
effects from the design lane load shall not be subjected to a
dynamic load allowance.

5
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Design Vehicular Live Load

HL-93 Loading (Design Truck)

HL-93 Design Truck Showing Axle Loads

6
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Design Vehicular Live Load

HL-93 Loading
• The design truck or tandem shall be placed
transversely at 300 mm from the face of curb or
railing for the design of bridge overhang and 600 mm
from edge of the design lane for the design of all
other components.
• The design tandem shall consist of a pair of 110 kN
axles at a longitudinal spacing of 1200 mm with the
transverse center-to-center spacing of the wheels
being 1800 mm.
• The design lane load shall be 9.3 kN/m along the
length, having a width of 3000 mm.

7
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Design Vehicular Live Load

HL-93 Loading

Design Tandem Design Lane Load

8
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Pedistrian Loads
• A pedestrian load of 3600 N/m2 is used on all
sidewalks simultaneously with the vehicular
design live load.
• Separate bridges for pedestrian and bicycle
traffic should be designed for a live load of
4100 N/m2.
• The dynamic load allowance is not considered
for these loads.

9
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Dynamic Load Allowance: IM

Sources of Dynamic Effects
Hammering effect when wheels hit the discontinuities on the road surface
such as joints, cracks, and potholes.
Dynamic response of the bridge due to vibrations induced by traffic
Actual calculation of dynamic effects is very difficult and involves a lot of
unknowns. To make it simpler, we account for the dynamic effect of moving
vehicles by multiplying the static effect with a factor.
Add dynamic effect to the following loads:
• Design Truck
• Design Tandem
But NOT to these loads:
• Pedestrian Load
• Design Lane Load

10
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Pakistan Code Of Practice Loading For

Highway Bridges (1967)
The highway loading according to the Pakistan Code of
Practice for Highway Bridges consists of Class A, Class
B and Class AA loadings.

Standard Weight of
Truck/Tank Truck/Tank W
(kN)
Class A 275

Class B 165

Military Tank 700

11
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Class A & B Trucks

1.2 19.8 1.0 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0
19.8
0.40 W 0.10 W 0.40 W 0.25 W 0.25 W 0.25 W 0.25 W 0.10 W
EACH EACH EACH EACH

AXLE LOADS AND DISTANCES FOR CLASS A & B TRUCKS

J BL
WHEEL IN LONGITUDINAL
VIEW
1830 J + BT BT
150 + BT/2
TRANSVERSE POSITION OF TRUCKS

12
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
STEEL BRIDGES
Class AA Tank Loading

3.66 m
7.3 m
91.0 m MIN. 91.0 m MIN.

W = 700kN
LONGITUDINAL TANK VIEW

W = 700kN

3660 mm
W/2 W/2

3660 mm
W/2 W/2

840 mm 1220 mm 840 mm

PLAN VIEW OF TANK

840 mm 1220 mm 840 mm

PLAN VIEW OF TANK

13
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Class A & B Trucks

Table . Ground Contact Dimensions.
Axle Load Longitudinal Tire Transverse Tires
Contact Length Contact Width
BL BT
(kN) (mm) (mm)

110.4 255 510

66.4, 69.0 205 380

27.6 150 205

41.5 150 305

16.6 125 180

14
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Design of Steel Bridge
Class A & B Trucks

Table . Design Transverse Spacing Between Trucks (J).

Clear Road Width Distance - J For Most Critical

Rw Design Condition
(m) (mm)

5.0 or less 0

5.0 to 5.5 800 (Rw - 5)

5.5 to 7.3 400 + 450 (Rw - 5.5)

Above 7.3 1210

15
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Design of Steel Bridge
Mercedes Benz Truck

W = 250 kN

W/3 2/3 W 0.43 W 0.43 W

5.62 m 4.85 m 4.14 m

FRONT AXLE REAR AXLE TRAILER AXLES

Fig. Axle Loads For Mercedes Benz Truck.

16
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Design of Steel Bridge
Distribution of live load
• The truck loads on the bridge deck are moving at
different locations along the width and length of
the slab.
• When these loads occupy certain critical
positions, maximum forces occur in the members.
• For approximate design of the deck, usually one-
dimensional analysis is carried out considering
only the girder.
• In such cases, it becomes very important to find
the effect of loads along the lateral direction of
the member.
17
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Distribution of live load (cont….)

• Estimating contribution of the transversely placed

loads (with respect to direction of traffic movement)
over the centerline of a particular member, spanning
along the length of the bridge, is called lateral
distribution of loads.
• Thus, by the lateral distribution, equivalent loads are
obtained at the members.
• These equivalent loads are then placed along the
length of the member according to the criteria of
maximum forces in case of moving loads.
• Maximum force effects are then obtained from this
longitudinal distribution of the loads.
18
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Distribution of live load (cont….)

MAIN SUPPORTING MEMBER

STRINGER

STRINGER
FLOOR BEAM

FLOOR BEAM
STRINGER

STRINGER

MAIN SUPPORTING MEMBER

19
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Design of Steel Bridge
Distribution of live load (cont….)

• However, for beams or slab strips placed transverse

to the traffic direction, longitudinal distribution of
loads is to be performed first to get the equivalent
loads.
• These equivalent loads are then placed transversely
at suitable locations to get extreme forces.
• This method of performing manual 1-D analysis is
called Approximate Method of Analysis.

20
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Design of Steel Bridge
Conditions For Approximate Method
• Spacing of beams, S, should be between1.1 and 4.9
m.
• Thickness of deck slab, ts, should be between 110 and
300 mm.
• Length of beam should be between 6.0 and 73.0 m.
• Number of longitudinal beams in the cross-section, Nb,
should be greater than or equal to 4.
• The deck cross-section should be one of the standard
types given in the AASHTO Specification.
• The width of deck should be constant.

21
 CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Design of Steel Bridge
Conditions For Approximate Method (cont…..)

• Beams should be parallel and should have

approximately the same stiffness.
• The roadway part of the overhang, de, does not
exceed 910 mm.
• The given expressions are only applicable to concrete
deck on steel or concrete beams.

22