Scilab Textbook Companion for

Elements of Electric Drives

by J. B. Gupta, R. Manglik & R. Manglik1

Created by
Rupin Joshi
Btech
Electrical Engineering
College Of Engineering Roorkee
College Teacher
Ankit Gupta
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya Potti

July 31, 2019

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Elements of Electric Drives

Author: J. B. Gupta, R. Manglik & R. Manglik

Publisher: S. K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi

Edition: 1

Year: 2011

ISBN: 978-93-5014-200-4

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 Electric Drives 5

3 Thyristor Control Of Electric Motors 42

3
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 Compare the annual cost of a group drive and

an individual drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exa 1.2 Find the value of stable operating point . . 6
Exa 1.3 Find the value of moment of inertia and power
developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 1.4 Find the value of moment of inertia and power
developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.5 Find the value of motor speed . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.6 Find the value of full load speed and full load
torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.7 Find the value of armature voltage drop at
full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.8 Find the value of speed . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.9 Find the value of speed . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.10 Find the Value of speed and torque . . . . . 10
Exa 1.12 Find the Value of torque developed and ter-
minal voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.13 Find the Value of rms voltage . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 1.14 Find the Value of Slip Frequency . . . . . . 12
Exa 1.15 Find the Value of maximum torque at one
half load and 25Hz frequency . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 1.16 Find the value of starting torque and slip and
ratio of maximum torque to full load torque 13
Exa 1.17 Find the value of starting torque . . . . . . 14
Exa 1.18 Find the value of ratio of starting current to
full load current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4
Exa 1.19 Find the value of Tap Position of auto trans-
former and Ratio of Starting torque to full
load torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 1.20 Find the value of Starting Current of motor
and Starting torque at 50 hertz and 10 hertz 16
Exa 1.21 Find the value of moment of inertia of drive 17
Exa 1.22 Find the value of Time in attaining full load
speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 1.23 Find the value of starting period . . . . . . 18
Exa 1.24 Find the value of energy dissipated . . . . . 18
Exa 1.25 Find the value of additional resistance . . . 19
Exa 1.26 Find the value of additional resistance . . . 20
Exa 1.27 Find the value of diverter resistance . . . . . 20
Exa 1.28 Find the value of Armature Current at 1000
rpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 1.29 Find the value of additional resistance . . . 21
Exa 1.30 Find the value of frequecncy of rotor currents
and slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 1.31 Find the value of available speed and maxi-
mum load delievered and ratio of mechanical
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 1.32 Find the value of Resistance to be added to
each slip ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 1.33 Find the value of Value of external resistance
and initial braking torque and Braking Torque
when speed reduced to 500 rpm . . . . . . . 24
Exa 1.34 Find the value of resistance and breaking torque 25
Exa 1.35 Find the value of Value of external resistance
and Braking Torque when speed reduced to
400 rpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 1.36 Find the value of Current Drawn and Value
of additional resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 1.37 Find the value of speed under regenerative
braking plugging and dynamic braking . . . 26
Exa 1.38 Find the value of speed . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 1.39 Find the reduction in flux and motor speed 28
Exa 1.40 Find the value of plugging torque . . . . . . 29

5
Exa 1.41 Find the value of initial braking torque in case
of plugging and dc dynamic braking . . . . . 29
Exa 1.42 Find the value of time taken and number of
revolutions in case of plugging and rheostatic
braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 1.43 Find the value of time taken and number of
revolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 1.44 Find the value of time taken . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 1.45 Find the value of final temperature rise and
heating time constant . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 1.47 Find the value of heating time constant and
final steady temperature rise and one hour
rating of motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 1.48 Find the half hour rating of the motor . . . 33
Exa 1.49 Find the running time of the motor . . . . . 34
Exa 1.51 Find out the continuous rating of the motor 34
Exa 1.52 Find the value of temperature rise and maxi-
mum steady state temperature rise and time
taken for increase in temperature . . . . . . 35
Exa 1.53 Find the value of load . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 1.54 Find the value of final temperature rise and
heating time constant . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 1.55 Find the value of maximum overload . . . . 36
Exa 1.56 Find the value of temperature rise . . . . . 37
Exa 1.57 Determine the suitable size of continuously
rated motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 1.58 Find the power rating of the motor . . . . . 38
Exa 1.59 Determine the kW rating of the motor . . . 38
Exa 1.61 Find the value of speed at the end of deceler-
ation period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 1.62 Determine the value of inertia of the flywheel 39
Exa 1.63 Find the value of weight of flywheel and time
taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 1.64 Find the value of moment of inertia . . . . . 40
Exa 1.65 Find the value of moment of inertia . . . . . 41
Exa 3.1 Find the efficiency and form factor and ripple
factor and transformer utilisation factor and
peak inverse voltage of thyristor . . . . . . . 42

6
Exa 3.2 Find the value of feild current and firing angle
and input power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 3.3 Find the value of speed of motor and motor
torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 3.4 Find the value of firing angle . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 3.5 Find the value of average load voltage and
load current and input paower factor . . . . 45
Exa 3.6 Find the value of motor armature current and
motor speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 3.7 Find the value of firing angle . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 3.8 Find the value of torque developed and motor
speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 3.9 Find the value of firing angle . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 3.10 Find the value of no load speed and firing angle 48
Exa 3.12 Find the value of average load voltage and av-
erage current and diode current and effective
input resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 3.13 Find the value of average load current and
firing angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 3.14 Find the value of frequency of switching pulse 50
Exa 3.15 Find the value of frequency . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 3.16 Find the range of speed control and duty cycle 51
Exa 3.17 Find the value of duty cycle of the chopper . 51
Exa 3.18 Find the value of power input and speed and
torque and maximum and minimum speed . 52
Exa 3.19 Find the value of Average voltage and power
dissipated and speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 3.20 Find the value of firing angle and power sup-
plied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 3.21 Find the value of pulse width . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 3.22 Find the value of motor torque . . . . . . . 54
Exa 3.23 Find average motor current and speed . . . 55
Exa 3.24 Find the value of armature current and firing
angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

7
 Chapter 1

Electric Drives

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Compare the annual cost of a group drive and an individual dri

1 // Exa : 1 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 C_g =60000; // i n Rs
6 D =0.12* C_g ; // i n Rs
7 E_c =75000; // i n kWh
8 C_e =4* E_c ; // i n Rs
9 C_t = D + C_e ; // i n Rs
10 C_id =18750*10; // i n Rs
11 AD =0.15* C_id ; // i n Rs
12 E_a =60000; // i n kWh
13 C_ea =4* E_a ; // i n Rs
14 C_total = AD + C_ea ; // i n Rs
15 disp ( C_t , ’ T o t a l a n n u a l c o s t i n c a s e o f g r o u p d r i v e (
i n Rs )= ’ ) ;
16 disp ( C_total , ’ T o t a l a n n u a l c o s t i n c a s e o f
i n d i v i d u a l d r i v e ( i n Rs )= ’ ) ;

8
 Scilab code Exa 1.2 Find the value of stable operating point

1 //Exam : 1 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 a =1;
6 b =1;
7 c = -30;
8 w_m =( - b + sqrt (( b ^2) -4* a * c ) ) /(2* a ) ; // s p e e d o f t h e
drive
9 t_l =0.5*( w_m ^2) ; // m o t o r i n g t o r q e
10 disp ( t_l , w_m , ’ s t a b l e o p e r a t i n g p o i n t= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Find the value of moment of inertia and power developed

1 //Exam : 1 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 J_m =0.4; // motor i n e r t i a ( i n Kg−m2)
6 J_l =10; // l o a d i n e r t i a ( i n Kg−m2)
7 a =0.1; // Teeth r a t i o o f g e a r
8 i =1/ a ;
9 N =1400;
10 pi =22/7;
11 n =0.90; // e f f i c e n c y o f motor
12 T_l =50; // Torque (N−m)
13 J = J_m + J_l /( i ^2) ; // T o t a l moment o f i n e r t i a r e f e r r e d
t o t h e motor s h a f t
14 T_L = T_l /( i * n ) ; // t o t a l e q u i v a l e n t t o r q u e r e f e r r e f t o
motor s h a f t
15 P = T_L *2* pi * N /60; // power d e v e l o p e d by motor
16 disp ( ceil ( P ) , ’ power d e v e l o p e d by motor ( i n Watt )= ’ ) ;

9
 Scilab code Exa 1.4 Find the value of moment of inertia and power developed

1 //Exam : 1 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 J_m =0.4; // motor i n e r t i a ( i n Kg−m2)
6 J_l =10; // l o a d i n e r t i a ( i n Kg−m2)
7 a =0.1; // Teeth r a t i o o f g e a r
8 N =1500;
9 pi =22/7;
10 n_t =0.88;
11 m =600; // w e i g h t
12 g =9.81;
13 f_r = m * g ; // f o r c e
14 w_m = fix (2* pi * N /60) ; // motor s p e e d
15 w =2; // u n i f o r m s p e e d o f w e i g h t l i f t i n g
16 n =0.9; // e f f i c e n c y o f motor
17 T_l =50; // Torque (N−m)
18 J = J_m +( a ^2) * J_l + m *(( w / w_m ) ^2) ; // T o t a l moment o f
i n e r t i a r e f e r r e d t o t h e motor s h a f t
19 T_L =( a * T_l / n ) + f_r * w /( n_t * w_m ) ; // t o t a l e q u i v a l e n t
t o r q u e r e f e r r e d t o motor s h a f t
20 p = T_L * w_m ; // power d e v e l o p e d by motor ( i n Watt )
21 P = p /1000; // power d e v e l o p e d by motor ( i n kWatt )
22 disp (J , ’ T o t a l t o r q u e r e f e r r e d t o motor s h a f t ( i n kg−
m2)= ’ )
23 disp ( T_L , ’ T o t a l e q u i v a l e n t Torque r e f e r r e d t o motor
s h a f t ( i n N−m)= ’ )
24 disp (P , ’ power d e v e l o p e d by motor ( i n kWatt )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Find the value of motor speed

10
 1 // Exa : 1 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =220; // i n v o l t s
6 V_1 =200; // i n v o l t s
7 N =1000; // i n rpm
8 I =100; // i n a m p e r e s
9 R_a =0.1; // i n ohms
10 E_b =V - I * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
11 I_1 = I ; // i n a m p e r e s
12 E_b1 = V_1 - I_1 * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
13 N_1 = N * E_b1 / E_b ;
14 disp ( ceil ( N_1 ) , ’ Motor Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.6 Find the value of full load speed and full load torque

1 // Exa : 1 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =230; // i n v o l t s
6 R_sh =230; // i n ohms
7 R_a =0.5; // i n ohms
8 I_sh = V / R_sh ; // i n a m p e r e s
9 I_lo =3; // i n a m p e r e s
10 I_ao = I_lo - I_sh ; // i n a m p e r e s
11 E_bo =V - I_ao * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
12 N_o =1000; // i n rpm
13 I_lf =23; // i n a m p e r e s
14 I_af = I_lf - I_sh ; // i n a m p e r e s
15 E_bf =V - I_af * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
16 Phy_ratio =0.98;
17 N_f = N_o *( E_bf / E_bo ) / Phy_ratio ;
18 disp ( ceil ( N_f ) , ’ F u l l Load Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;

11
19 T_f =9.55* E_bf * I_af / N_f ;
20 disp ( T_f , ’ F u l l l o a d Torque ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Find the value of armature voltage drop at full load

1 // Exa : 1 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =440; // i n v o l t s
6 N_o =2000; // i n rpm
7 E_bo =440; // i n v o l t s
8 N_f =1000; // i n rpm
9 N_h =1050; // i n rpm
10 E_bf = E_bo * N_f / N_o // i n v o l t s
11 E_b = E_bo * N_h / N_o ; // i n v o l t s
12 v =( E_b - E_bf ) *2;
13 disp (v , ’ Armature v o l t a g e d r o p a t f u l l l o a d ( i n v o l t s
)= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Find the value of speed

1 // Exa : 1 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =230; // i n v o l t s
6 N1 =750; // i n rpm
7 R =10; // i n ohms
8 I_a =30; // i n a m p e r e s
9 N2 = N1 *(( V + I_a * R ) / V ) ^ -1;
10 disp ( int ( N2 ) , ’ Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ )

12
 Scilab code Exa 1.9 Find the value of speed

1 // Exa : 1 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =200; // i n v o l t s
6 I_1 =20 // i n a m p e r e s
7 R_a =0.5; // i n ohms
8 E_b1 =V - I_1 * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
9 N1 =700; // i n rpm
10 I_2 = sqrt (1.44) * I_1 ; // i n a m p e r e s
11 E_b2 =V - I_2 * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
12 N2 = N1 *( E_b2 / E_b1 ) *( I_1 / I_2 ) ;
13 disp ( int ( N2 ) , ’ ( a ) Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
14 I_3 =10; // i n a m p e r e s
15 E_b3 =V - I_3 * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
16 N3 = N1 *( E_b3 / E_b1 ) *( I_1 / I_3 ) ;
17 disp ( ceil ( N3 ) , ’ ( b ) Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Find the Value of speed and torque

1 // Exa : 1 . 1 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =230; // i n v o l t s
6 I_1 =90; // i n a m p e r e s
7 R_a =0.08; // i n ohms
8 R_se =0.05; // i n ohms
9 R_m = R_a + R_se ; // i n ohms
10 R =1.5; // i n ohms

13
11 E_b1 =V - I_1 *( R_m + R ) ; // i n v o l t s
12 E_2 =180; // i n v o l t s
13 N2 =700; // i n rpm
14 N1 = N2 *( E_b1 / E_2 ) ;
15 disp ( ceil ( N1 ) , ’ Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
16 T =9.55* E_b1 * I_1 / N1 ;
17 disp (T , ’ Torque ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.12 Find the Value of torque developed and terminal voltage

1 // Exa : 1 . 1 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
6 f =50; // i n h e r t z
7 N_s =120* f / P ; // i n rpm
8 V =400/ sqrt (3) ; // i n v o l t s
9 R2 =4; // i n ohms
10 R1 =1.5; // i n ohms
11 X1 =4; // i n ohms
12 X2 =4; // i n ohms
13 N =1350; // i n rpm
14 s =( N_s - N ) / N_s ; // s l i p
15 T =(3* V ^2*4/ s ) /(((( R1 +( R2 / s ) ) ^2) +(( X1 + X2 ) ^2) ) *(2* %pi *
N_s /60) ) ; // i n newton−m e t e r
16 N1 =900; // i n rpm
17 s1 =( N_s - N1 ) / N_s ; // s l i p
18 T1 = T *( N1 / N ) ^2;
19 disp ( T1 , ’ Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
20 V1 = V * sqrt (( N1 / N ) ^2*( s1 / s ) *(((( R1 +( R2 / s1 ) ) ^2) +(( X1 + X2
) ^2) ) ) /((( R1 +( R2 / s ) ) ^2) +(( X1 + X2 ) ^2) ) ) ;
21 disp ( V1 , ’ T e r m i n a l V o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )= ’ ) ;
22 // Answer g i v e n i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s worng a s t h e
t o r q u e e q u a t i o n i s n o t m u l t i p l i e d by R2

14
23 disp ( ’ Answer g i v e n i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s worng a s t h e
t o r q u e e q u a t i o n i s n o t m u l t i p l i e d by R2 ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.13 Find the Value of rms voltage

1 // Exa : 1 . 1 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
6 f =50; // i n h e r t z
7 N_s =120* f / P ; // i n rpm
8 s_f =0.05; // s l i p
9 N = N_s *(1 - s_f ) ; // i n rpm
10 V =415; // i n v o l t s
11 s_m =0.1; // s l i p c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o maximum s l i p
12 N1 =1350; // i n rpm
13 s_fn =( N_s - N1 ) / N_s ; // f u l l l o a d s l i p
14 V1 = V * sqrt (( N1 / N ) *( s_f / s_m ) *(8/5) ) ;
15 disp ( V1 , ’ RMS V o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.14 Find the Value of Slip Frequency

1 // Exa : 1 . 1 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 f1 =2; // i n h e r t z
6 f =50; // i n h e r t z
7 s_m =0.1;
8 V =400; // i n v o l t s
9 s1 =0.04; // s l i p
10 s2 =(0.2095 - sqrt ((0.2095) ^2 - s1 ) ) /2;

15
11 f_n = s2 *40;
12 disp ( f_n , ’ S l i p F r e q u e n c y ( i n H e r t z )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.15 Find the Value of maximum torque at one half load and 25Hz fr

1 // Exa : 1 . 1 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 R1 =0.02; // i n ohms
6 X1 =0.1; // i n ohms
7 X2 = X1 ; // i n ohms
8 // T r a t i o i s d e f i n e d a s t h e r a t i o o f maximum t o r q u e
a t one−h a l f l o a d and 25 Hz f r e q u e n c y t o maximum
t o r q u e a t r a t e d v o l t a g e and f r e q u e n c y
9 T_ratio =( R1 + sqrt ( R1 ^2+( X1 + X2 ) ^2) ) /(2*( R1 + sqrt ( R1
^2+(( X1 + X2 ) ^2) /4) ) ) ;
10 disp ( T_ratio , ’ maximum t o r q u e a t one−h a l f l o a d and
25 Hz f r e q u e n c y = ’ ) ;
11 disp ( ’ t i m e s t h e maximum t o r q u e a t r a t e d v o l t a g e
and f r e q u e n c y ( T max ) ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.16 Find the value of starting torque and slip and ratio of maxim

1 // Exa : 1 . 1 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 s_f =0.04; // f u l l l o a d slip
6 I_ratio =6; // R a t i o o f S t a r t i n g current to f u l l load
current
7 T_ratio = I_ratio ^2* s_f ; // R a t i o o f S t a r t i n g t o r q u e t o
f u l l load torque

16
 8 disp ( T_ratio , ’ ( a ) S t a r t i n g Torque = ’ ) ;
9 disp ( ’ times the f u l l l o a d t o r q u e ( T f ) ’ );
10 s_max = sqrt (( I_ratio ^2 -1) /(625 - I_ratio ^2) ) ;
11 disp ( s_max , ’ ( b ) S l i p a t which Maximum t o r q u e o c c u r s=
’ );
12 T_rm =(1/2) *(( s_f / s_max ) +( s_max / s_f ) ) ;
13 disp ( T_rm , ’ ( c ) R a t i o o f maximum t o r q u e t o f u l l l o a d
t o r q u e= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.17 Find the value of starting torque

1 // Exa : 1 . 1 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 I_ratio =8; // R a t i o o f short c i r c u i t current to f u l l
load current
6 s_f =0.04; // f u l l l o a d s l i p
7 T_r1 = I_ratio ^2* s_f ;
8 disp ( T_r1 , ’ ( a ) S a r t i n g Torque when s t a r t e d by means
o f d i r e c t s w i t c h i n g= ’ ) ;
9 disp ( ’ times the f u l l l o a d t o r q u e ’ );
10 T_r2 = I_ratio ^2* s_f /3;
11 disp ( T_r2 , ’ ( b ) S a r t i n g Torque when s t a r t e d by s t a r −
d e l t a s t a r t e r= ’ );
12 disp ( ’ times the f u l l l o a d t o r q u e ’ );
13 K = sqrt (3/8) ; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m e r
14 T_st = K ^2* I_ratio ^2* s_f ;
15 disp ( T_st , ’ (C) S t a r t i n g Torque = ’ ) ;
16 disp ( ’ times the f u l l l o a d t o r q u e ’ );

Scilab code Exa 1.18 Find the value of ratio of starting current to full load curr

17
 1 // Exa : 1 . 1 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P =10*7355; // i n w a t t s
6 V =400; // i n v o l t s
7 pf =0.8 // power f a c t o r
8 Eff =0.9; // e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r u n i t
9 I_f = P /( sqrt (3) * V * pf * Eff ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
10 I_sc =7.2; // i n a m p e r e s
11 I_sc1 = I_sc *400/160; // i n a m p e r e s
12 I_st = I_sc1 /3; // S t a r t i n g c u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )
13 I_r = I_st / I_f ;
14 disp ( I_r , ’ R a t i o o f s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t t o f u l l l o a d
c u r r e n t= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.19 Find the value of Tap Position of auto transformer and Ratio

1 // Exa : 1 . 1 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P_o =50*1000; // i n VA
6 s_f =0.05; // s l i p
7 V =400; // i n v o l t s
8 I_f = P_o /( sqrt (3) * V ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
9 Z =0.866; // i n ohms / p h a s e
10 I_sc = V /( sqrt (3) * Z ) ; // S h o r t C i r c u i t c u r r e n t ( i n
amperes )
11 I_st =100; // S u p p l y c u r r e n t a t s t a r t ( i n a m p e r e s )
12 K = sqrt ( I_st / I_sc ) ;
13 disp ( K *100 , ’ Tap P o s i t i o n o f a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r ( i n %)= ’
);
14 I_ratio = I_sc / I_f ;
15 T_r = K ^2* I_ratio ^2* s_f ;

18
16 disp ( T_r , ’ R a t i o o f S t a r t i n g t o r q u e t o f u l l l o a d
t o r q u e = ’ );

Scilab code Exa 1.20 Find the value of Starting Current of motor and Starting torq

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =440/ sqrt (3) ; // i n v o l t s
6 R_s =2; // i n ohms
7 R_r =2; // i n ohms
8 f =50; // i n h e r t z
9 X_s =3; // i n ohms
10 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
11 X_r =3; // i n ohms
12 R_o1 = R_s + R_r ; // E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e o f motor a s
r e f e r r e d t o s t a t o r ( i n ohms )
13 X_o1 = X_s + X_r ; // // E q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e o f motor a s
r e f e r r e d t o s t a t o r ( i n ohms )
14 I_st = V /( sqrt ( R_o1 ^2+ X_o1 ^2) ) ; // S t a r t i n g c u r r e n t ( i n
amperes )
15 P_cu =3* I_st ^2* R_r ; // Copper l o s s ( i n w a t t s )
16 P2 =7446; // i n w a t t s
17 N_s =120* f / P ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed ( i n rpm )
18 T_st =9.55* P2 / N_s ; // S t a r t i n g Torque ( i n Newton−m e t e r )
19 disp ( I_st , ’ S t a r t i n g C u r r e n t o f motor a t 50 H e r t z ( i n
a m p e r e s )= ’ ) ;
20 disp ( T_st , ’ S t a r t i n g Torque o f motor a t 50 h e r t z ( i n
Newton−m e t e r s )= ’ ) ;
21 V1 = V *10/50; // i n v o l t s
22 X_o2 = X_o1 *10/50; // i n ohms
23 I_st1 = V1 /( sqrt ( R_o1 ^2+ X_o2 ^2) ) ; // S t a r t i n g c u r r e n t (
i n amperes )
24 P_2 =3* I_st1 ^2* R_r ; // Copper l o s s ( i n w a t t s )

19
25 N_s1 =120*10/ P ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed ( i n rpm )
26 T_st2 =9.55* P_2 / N_s1 ; // S t a r t i n g Torque ( i n Newton−
meter )
27 disp ( I_st1 , ’ S t a r t i n g C u r r e n t o f motor a t 10 H e r t z (
i n a m p e r e s )= ’ ) ;
28 disp ( T_st2 , ’ S t a r t i n g Torque o f motor a t 10 h e r t z ( i n
Newton−m e t e r s )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.21 Find the value of moment of inertia of drive

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 T_m =100; // Motor Torque ( i n Newton−m e t e r )
6 T_l =30; // Load Torque ( i n Newton−m e t e r )
7 alpha =2* %pi *10; // i n a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n ( i n r a d / s e c
ˆ2)
8 J =( T_m - T_l ) / alpha ;
9 disp (J , ’ Moment o f i n e r t i a o f d r i v e ( i n Kg−mˆ 2 ) ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.22 Find the value of Time in attaining full load speed

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P_o =37.5*1000; // i n w a t t s
6 N =500; // i n rpm
7 T_l = P_o *60/(2* %pi * N ) ; // F u l l l o a d t o r q u e ( i n Newton−
meter )
8 T_st =(1.1+1.4) * T_l /2; // A v e r a g e S t a r t i n g Torque ( i n
Newton−m e t e r s )

20
 9 T_a = T_st - T_l ; // t o t a l a v a i l a b l e torque for
acceleration
10 J =20; // Moment o f I n e r t i a ( i n Kg−mˆ 2 )
11 t1 = J *2* %pi * N /(60* T_a ) ;
12 disp ( t1 , ’ Time i n a t t a i n i n g f u l l l o a d s p e e d ( i n
s e c o n d s )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.23 Find the value of starting period

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P_o =37.5*1000; // i n w a t t s
6 N =500; // i n rpm
7 T_l = P_o *60/(2* %pi * N ) ; // F u l l l o a d t o r q u e ( i n Newton−
meter )
8 T_m =2* T_l ; // Torque d e v e l o p e d by motor d u r i n g
starting
9 T_a = T_m - T_l ; // t o t a l a v a i l a b l e t o r q u e f o r
acceleration
10 E =37.5*660*9.81; // S t o r e d e n e r g y o f machine
11 J = E *2/(2* %pi * N /60) ^2; // Moment o f i n e r t i a ( i n Kg−mˆ 2 )
12 alpha = T_a / J ; // a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n ( i n r a d / s e c ˆ 2 )
13 t =(2* %pi * N /60) / alpha ;
14 disp (t , ’ S t a r t i n g P e r i o d ( i n s e c o n d s )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.24 Find the value of energy dissipated

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

21
 5 V =220; // i n v o l t s
6 I =20; // i n ampers
7 R =1; // i n ohms
8 P_o = V *I - I ^2* R ; // Motor Output ( i n w a t t s )
9 w =200; // i n r a d i a n s / s e c o n d
10 T_l = P_o / w ; // Load Torque ( i n N−m)
11 J =5; // kg−mˆ2
12 t_st =2.5; // i n s e c o n d s
13 alpha = w / t_st ; // a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n ( i n r a d / s e c o n d
ˆ2)
14 K =( J * alpha + T_l ) / I ^2;
15 W_st =( J * R * w / K ) +( T_l * R * t_st / K ) ;
16 disp ( W_st , ’ Energy D i s s i p a t e d ( i n w a t t s )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.25 Find the value of additional resistance

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 I_l1 =22; // i n a m p e r e s
6 V =220; // i n v o l t s
7 R_sh =100; // i n ohms
8 R_a =0.1; // i n ohms
9 I_sh = V / R_sh ; // i n a m p e r e s
10 I_a1 = I_l1 - I_sh ; // a r m a t u r c u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )
11 E_b1 =V - I_a1 * R_a ; // Back Emf ( i n v o l t s )
12 N1 =1000; // i n rpm
13 I_a2 =0.8*19.8; // i n a m p e r e s
14 R =(218.416 -(800*218.02/1000) ) / I_a2 ;
15 disp (R , ’ V a l u e o f a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
16 I_a3 =0.64* I_a1 ; // i n a m p e r e s
17 R3 =(218.7328 -(800*218.02/1000) ) / I_a3 ;
18 disp ( R3 , ’ V a l u e o f a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ )
;

22
 Scilab code Exa 1.26 Find the value of additional resistance

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 I_1 =50; // i n a m p e r e s
6 V =500; // i n v o l t s
7 N_ratio =0.5; // Speed R a t i o
8 E_b1 = V ; // Back Emf ( i n v o l t s )
9 T_ratio = N_ratio ^3; // Torque r a t i o
10 I_2 = I_1 * sqrt ( T_ratio ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
11 R =( E_b1 -( I_2 * N_ratio * E_b1 / I_1 ) ) / I_2 ;
12 disp (R , ’ V a l u e o f a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.27 Find the value of diverter resistance

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 N_ratio =1.2; // Speed R a t i o
6 // From S a t u r a t i o n Curve
7 I_ratio =0.65; // f e i l d c u r r e n t r a t i o corresponding to
8 3 . 3% o f f u l l l o a d v a l u e o f f l u x t o 65% o f f u l l
load value of flux
8 I_a_ratio = N_ratio ; // Armature c u r r e n t r a t i o
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 8 3 . 3% o f f u l l l o a d v a l u e o f f l u x
t o 65% o f f u l l l o a d v a l u e o f f l u x
9 R_ratio = I_ratio /( I_a_ratio - I_ratio ) ;
10 disp ( R_ratio , ’ V a l u e o f D i v e r t e r r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
= ’ );

23
11 disp ( ’ times the S e r i e s F e i l d R e s i s t a n c e ( R se ) ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.28 Find the value of Armature Current at 1000 rpm

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 I_ab =800; // Armature c u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )
6 N1 =1000; // i n rpm
7 N2 =500; // i n rpm
8 I = I_ab * N1 / N2 ;
9 disp (I , ’ Armature C u r r e n t a t 1 0 0 0 rpm ( i n a m p e r e s )= ’
)

Scilab code Exa 1.29 Find the value of additional resistance

1 // Exa : 1 . 2 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 f =50; // i n h e r t z
6 P =4; //No . o f p o l e s
7 N_s =120* f / P ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed ( i n rpm )
8 N =1440; // F u l l l o a d s p e e d ( i n rpm )
9 s1 =( N_s - N ) / N_s ; // F u l l l o a d S l i p
10 N2 =1200; // i n rpm
11 s2 =( N_s - N2 ) / N_s ; // s l i p
12 R2 =0.25; // ohms p e r p h a s e
13 R =( s2 * R2 / s1 ) - R2 ;
14 disp (R , ’ V a l u e o f a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;

24
 Scilab code Exa 1.30 Find the value of frequecncy of rotor currents and slip

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 f =50; // i n h e r t z
6 P1 =6; //No . o f p o l e s
7 P2 =4; //No . o f p o l e s
8 N_sc =120* f /( P1 + P2 ) ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed ( i n rpm )
9 s =0.02; // s l i p
10 N = N_sc *(1 - s ) ; // A c t u a l Speed ( i n rpm )
11 N_s =120* f / P1 ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed o f 6− p o l e motor
12 s1 =( N_s - N ) / N_s ;
13 f1 = s1 * f ;
14 disp ( f1 , ’ F r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r c u r r e n t o f 6− p o l e motor
( i n H e r t z )= ’ ) ;
15 disp ( s1 , ’ S l i p r e f f e r e d t o 6− p o l e s t a t o r f e i l d = ’ ) ;
16 N_s2 =120* f1 / P2 ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed o f 4− p o l e motor
17 s2 =( N_s2 - N ) / N_s2 ;
18 f2 = s2 * f1 ;
19 disp ( f2 , ’ F r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r c u r r e n t o f 4− p o l e motor
( i n H e r t z )= ’ ) ;
20 disp ( s2 , ’ S l i p r e f f e r e d t o 4− p o l e s t a t o r f e i l d = ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.31 Find the value of available speed and maximum load delievered

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 f =50; // i n h e r t z

25
 6 P1 =6; //No . o f p o l e s
7 P2 =4; //No . o f p o l e s
8 N_s1 =120* f / P1 ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed o f 6− p o l e motor
9 N_s2 =120* f / P2 ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed o f 4− p o l e motor
10 N_sc1 =120* f /( P1 + P2 ) ; // C o n c a n t e n a t e d Speed o f s e t
when c u m u l a t i v e l y compounded ( i n rpm )
11 N_sc2 =120* f /( P1 - P2 ) ; // C o n c a n t e n a t e d Speed o f s e t
when d i f f e r e n t i a l l y compounded ( i n rpm )
12 disp ( ’ A v a i l a b l e S p e e d s ( i n rpm ) a r e : ’ ) ;
13 disp ( N_s1 , ’ ’ ) ;
14 disp ( N_s2 , ’ ’ ) ;
15 disp ( N_sc1 , ’ ’ ) ;
16 disp ( N_sc2 , ’ ’ ) ;
17 P_o =15; // i n HP
18 disp ( P_o , ’ Maximum Load which can be d e l i e v e r e d ( i n
HP)= ’ ) ;
19 r = P1 / P2 ;
20 disp (r , ’ R a t i o o f M e c h a n i c a l Power Output ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.32 Find the value of Resistance to be added to each slip ring

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 f =50; // i n h e r t z
6 V =440; // i n v o l t s
7 P_o =110*1000; // i n w a t t s
8 P =24; //No . Of P o l e s
9 N_s =120* f / P ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed ( i n rpm )
10 N =245; // i n rpm
11 s_f =( N_s - N ) / N_s ; // F u l l l o a d Speed
12 T_f = P_o /(2* %pi * N /60) ; // F u l l l o a d Torque ( i n N−m)
13 R =0.04; // i n ohms
14 R2 = R /2; // R o t o r r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e ( i n ohms )

26
15 K =1.25; // r a t i o o f s t a t o r t u r n s t o r o t o r t u r n s
16 R_2 = R2 * K ^2; // R o t o r r e s i s t a n c e r e f f e r e d t o s t a t o r ( i n
ohms )
17 X_2 = sqrt ((( V ^2* R_2 *1.2/( T_f *500* %pi ) ) - R_2 ^2) *(1/ R2 )
^2) ; // i n ohms
18 s =( N_s -175) / N_s ; // s l i p a t 175 rpm
19 T = T_f *175^2/ N ^2; // Torque a t 175 rpm ( i n N−m)
20 b = -( V ^2* s *60/( T *2* %pi * N_s ) ) ;
21 a =1;
22 c =( s * X_2 ) ^2;
23 R_n =( - b + sqrt ( b ^2 -4* a * c ) ) /(2* a )
24 R_ext =( R_n - R_2 ) / K ^2;
25 disp ( R_ext , ’ R e s i s t a n c e t o be added t o e a c h s l i p r i n g
( i n ohms )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.33 Find the value of Value of external resistance and initial br

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 I_f =100; // i n a m p e r e s
6 V =220; // i n v o l t s
7 N =1000; // i n rpm
8 T_f = V * I_f /(2* %pi * N /60) ; // F u l l l o a d t o r q u e (N−m)
9 E_bf = V ; // Back emf ( i n v o l t s )
10 V_a = V + E_bf ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s a r m a t u r e ( i n v o l t s )
11 I_b =2* I_f ; // b r a k i n g c u r r e n t
12 R =( V_a / I_b ) ; // i n ohms
13 disp (R , ’ V a l u e o f e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
14 T_b = T_f * I_b / I_f ;
15 disp ( T_b , ’ I n i t i a l B r a k i n g Torque ( i n N−m)= ’ ) ;
16 E_b1 = E_bf *500/ N ; // i n v o l t s
17 I_b1 =( V + E_b1 ) / R ; // i n a m p e r e s
18 T_b1 = T_f * I_b1 / I_f ;

27
19 disp ( T_b1 , ’ B r a k i n g Torque when s p e e d r e d u c e d t o 500
rpm ( i n N−m)= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.34 Find the value of resistance and breaking torque

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P_o =17.6*1000; // i n w a t t s
6 Eff =0.8; // E f f i c i e n c y
7 V =220; // i n v o l t s
8 I_f = P_o /( V * Eff ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
9 I_af = I_f ; // i n a m p e r e s
10 R_a =0.1; // i n ohms
11 N =1200; // i n rpm
12 T_f = P_o /(2* %pi * N /60) ; // F u l l l o a d t o r q u e (N−m)
13 E_bf =V - I_af * R_a ; // Back emf ( i n v o l t s )
14 V_a = V + E_bf ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s a r m a t u r e ( i n v o l t s )
15 I_b =2* I_f ; // b r a k i n g c u r r e n t
16 R =( V_a / I_b ) - R_a ; // i n ohms
17 disp (R , ’ V a l u e o f e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
18 E_b1 = E_bf *400/ N ; // i n v o l t s
19 I_b1 =( V + E_b1 ) /( R + R_a ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
20 T_b1 = T_f * I_b1 / I_f ;
21 disp ( T_b1 , ’ B r a k i n g Torque when s p e e d r e d u c e d t o 400
rpm ( i n N−m)= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.35 Find the value of Value of external resistance and Braking To

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;

28
 4 close ;
5 V =220; // i n v o l t s
6 P_o =400*9.81*2.5; // ( i n w a t t s )
7 Eff =0.85; // e f f i c i e n c y o f motor
8 Eff_h =0.8
9 P_in = P_o /( Eff * Eff_h ) ; // i n w a t t s
10 I = P_in / V ; // i n a m p e r e s
11 disp (I , ’ C u r r e n t Drawn ( i n a m p e r e s )= ’ ) ;
12 P_out = P_o * Eff * Eff_h ; // i n w a t t s
13 R = V ^2/ P_out ;
14 disp (R , ’ V a l u e o f a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.36 Find the value of Current Drawn and Value of additional resis

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 T =245; // i n N−m
6 N =250; // i n rpm
7 P_in = T *2* %pi * N /60; // i n w a t t s
8 // C o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e v a l u e o f P i n we f o u n d I =27.5
A and E=233 V from t h e g i v e n c u r v e shown i n f i g
.1.102
9 E =233; // i n v o l t s
10 I =27.5; // i n a m p e r e s
11 r = E / I ; // r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t
12 R =r -1; // E x t e r n a l R e s i s t a n c e t o be i n s e r t e d ( i n ohms )
13 disp (R , ’ E x t e r n a l R e s i s t a n c e t o be i n s e r t e d ( i n ohms )
=’)

Scilab code Exa 1.37 Find the value of speed under regenerative braking plugging a

29
 1 // Exa : 1 . 3 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P_o =45*1000; // i n w a t t s
6 R_a =0.2; // i n ohms
7 V =500; // i n v o l t s
8 Eff =0.9; // E f f i c i e n c y
9 I_lf = P_o /( V * Eff ) ; // Rated L i n e c u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )
10 R_sh =200; // i n ohms
11 I_sh = V / R_sh ; // Shunt f e i l d C u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )
12 I_af = I_lf - I_sh ; // Armature c u r r e n t on f u l l l o a d ( i n
Amperes )
13 E_f =V - I_af * R_a ; // emf i n d u c e d ( i n v o l t s )
14 N_f =600; // i n rpm
15 E1 = V + I_af * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
16 N1 = E1 * N_f / E_f ;
17 disp ( N1 , ’ Speed u n d e r r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g ( i n rpm )= ’ )
;
18 E2 = I_af *(5.5+ R_a ) -V ; // i n v o l t s
19 N2 = E2 * N_f / E_f ;
20 disp ( N2 , ’ Speed u n d e r p l u g g i n g ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
21 E3 = I_af *(2.6+ R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
22 N3 = E3 * N_f / E_f ;
23 disp ( N3 , ’ Speed u n d e r dynamic b r a k i n g ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.38 Find the value of speed

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =230; // i n v o l t s
6 I_a =100; // i n a m p e r e s
7 R_a =0.05; // i n ohms

30
 8 E_b =V - I_a * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
9 N =870; // i n rpm
10 T = E_b * I_a /(2* %pi * N /60) ; // t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d ( i n N−m)
11 T_l =400; // i n N−m
12 I_an = I_a * T_l / T ; // i n a m p e r e s
13 E = V + I_an * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
14 N1 = N * E /230;
15 disp ( N1 , ’ Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.39 Find the reduction in flux and motor speed

1 // Exa : 1 . 3 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 I_a1 =100; // i n Amperes
6 V =230; // i n v o l t s
7 R_a =0.1; // i n ohms
8 E_b1 =V - I_a1 * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
9 N1 =500; // i n rpm
10 N2 =800; // i n rpm
11 x =( V - sqrt (( V ^2) -4*10*352) ) /(2*10) ;
12 disp ( ’ Flux i s r e d u c e d by ’ ) ;
13 disp ( x ^ -1 ,) ;
14 disp ( ’ t i m e s t o g e t motor s p e e d o f 800 rpm ’ ) ;
15 I_a2 = I_a1 * x ; // i n a m p e r e s
16 E_b2 =V - I_a2 * R_a ; // i n v o l t s
17 T_2 = E_b2 * I_a2 *60/(2* %pi * N2 ) ; // i n N−m
18 T_3 =800; // i n N−m
19 I_a3 = I_a2 * T_3 / T_2 ; // i n Amperes
20 E_b3 = V + I_a3 * R_a ; // i n a m p e r e s
21 N3 = E_b3 * N2 / E_b2 ;
22 disp ( ceil ( N3 ) , ’ Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;

31
 Scilab code Exa 1.40 Find the value of plugging torque

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 f =50; // i n h e r t z
6 P =4; // Number o f p o l e s
7 N_s =120* f / P ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed ( i n rpm )
8 s_f =0.05; // F u l l l o a d S l i p
9 N_f = N_s *(1 - s_f ) ; // F u l l l o a d s p e e d ( i n rpm )
10 P_d =30*1000; // i n w a t t s
11 T_f = P_d /(2* %pi * N_f /60) ; // I n N−m
12 s_2 =2 - s_f ; // S l i p a t p l u g g i n g
13 T_p =( s_2 / s_f ) * T_f *(1+16* s_f ^2) /(1+16* s_2 ^2) ;
14 disp ( T_p , ’ P l u g g i n g Torque ( i n N−m)= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.41 Find the value of initial braking torque in case of plugging

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 R2 =0.5; // i n ohms
6 X2 =2.4; // i n ohms
7 a =0.5; // r a t i o
8 s_f =0.05; // s l i p
9 f =50; // i n h e r t z
10 P =8; // Number o f P o l e s
11 R_2 = R2 * a ^2; // i n ohms
12 X_2 = X2 * a ^2; // i n ohms
13 s =2 - s_f ; // S l i p d u r i n g P l u g g i n g

32
14 N_s =120* f / P ; // i n rpm
15 V =400/ sqrt (3) ; // i n v o l t s
16 R_L =2; // i n ohms
17 R_1 =0.1; // i n ohms
18 X_1 =0.6; // i n ohms
19 I_2 = V / sqrt ((( R_1 +( R_2 + R_L ) / s ) ^2) +( X_1 + X_2 ) ^2) ; // i n
amperes
20 T_b =3*60* I_2 ^2*( R_2 + R_L ) /(2* %pi * N_s * s ) ;
21 disp ( int ( T_b ) , ’ I n i t i a l B r a k i n g Torque ( i n N−m)= ’ ) ;
22 E_2 = V * sqrt ((( R_2 / s_f ) ^2+( X_2 ^2) ) /((( R_2 / s_f ) + R_1 ) ^2)
+1.2^2) / sqrt (3) ;
23 S =1 - s_f ; // S l i p d u r i n g b r e a k i n g
24 I_2b = E_2 / sqrt (( X_2 ^2) +(( R_L + R_2 ) / S ) ^2) ;
25 T_bn =3*60* I_2b ^2*( R_2 + R_L ) /(2* %pi * N_s * S ) ;
26 disp ( T_bn , ’ I n i t i a l B r a k i n g Torque d u r i n g dc dynamic
b r a k i n g ( i n N−m)= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.42 Find the value of time taken and number of revolutions in cas

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 J =630; // i n kg−mˆ2
6 T_f =1.4*9.81; // i n N−m
7 T_e =165*9.81; // i n N−m
8 T_b = T_e + T_f ; // i n N−m
9 Beta = T_b / J ; // i n r a d / s e c ˆ2
10 f =50; // i n h e r t z
11 P =8; // no o f p o l e s
12 N_s =120* f / P ; // i n rpm
13 w_1 =2* %pi * N_s /60; // i n r a d / s e c
14 t = w_1 / Beta ;
15 disp (t , ’ Time t a k e n t o s t o p t h e motor ( i n s e c o n d s )= ’ )
;

33
16 n = w_1 ^2/(2* %pi * Beta *2) ;
17 disp (n , ’ Number o f r e v o l u t i o n s made= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.43 Find the value of time taken and number of revolutions

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P_o =37.5*1000; // i n Watts
6 N =750; // i n rpm
7 Eff =0.9; // E f f i c i e n c y
8 V_L =400; // i n V o l t s
9 pf =0.85; // Power F a c t o r
10 R_b =2.5; // i n ohms
11 T_f = P_o *60/(2* %pi * N ) ; // i n N−m
12 I_L = P_o /( sqrt (3) * V_L * pf * Eff ) ; // i n Amperes
13 I_b = V_L /( sqrt (3) * R_b ) ; // i n Amperes
14 T_E = T_f * I_b / I_L ; // i n N−m
15 T_i_total = T_f + T_E ; // i n N−m
16 w =2* %pi * N /60; // i n r a d / s e c
17 K = T_E / w ;
18 J =20; // kg−mˆ2
19 t =( J / K ) * log (( T_f + K * w ) / T_f ) ;
20 disp (t , ’ Time t a k e n ( i n S e c o n d s )= ’ ) ;
21 n =(1/(2* %pi * K ) ) *((( J / K ) *( T_f + K * w ) *(1 - exp ( - K * t / J ) ) ) -
T_f * t ) ;
22 disp (n , ’ Number o f R e v o l u t i o n s Made= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.44 Find the value of time taken

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 4
2 clc ;

34
 3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 E =240; // i n v o l t s
6 R =15; // i n ohms
7 N =1500; // i n rpm
8 P = E ^2/ R ; // i n Watts
9 T_b = P *60/(2* %pi * N ) ; // i n N−m
10 T_e = T_b ;
11 w_1 =2* %pi * N /60; // i n r a d / s e c
12 K = T_e / w_1 ;
13 J =20; // kg−mˆ2
14 t =( J / K ) * log ( w_1 /62.832) ;
15 disp (t , ’ Time t a k e n t o b r i n g motor from 1 5 0 0 rpm t o
600 rpm ( i n s e c o n d s )= ’ ) ;
16 T_f =1.5*9.81; // i n N−m
17 t_o =( J / K ) * log (( T_f + T_e ) /( T_f +( T_e *600/1500) ) ) ;
18 disp ( t_o , ’ Time t a k e n f o r f a l l o f s p e e d i f t h e r e
e x i s t f r i c t i o n a l t o r q u e ( i n s e c o n d s )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.45 Find the value of final temperature rise and heating time con

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 d =0.65; // i n m e t e r s
6 l =1; // i n m e t e r s
7 P_o =12*735.5; // i n w a t t s
8 Eff =0.9; // E f f i c i e n c y
9 P_in = P_o / Eff ; // i n w a t t s
10 P_L = P_in - P_o ; // i n w a t t s
11 m =400; // i n kg
12 C_p =700; // i n J /Kg/ C e l c i u s
13 alpha =12; // i n w a t t s /mˆ2/ C e l c i u s
14 S = %pi * d * l ; // i n mˆ2

35
15 Theta = P_L /( S * alpha ) ; // i n C e l c i u s
16 t = m * C_p /( S * alpha ) ;
17 disp ( Theta , ’ F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r r i s e ( in degree c e l c i u s
)= ’ ) ;
18 disp ( ceil ( t ) , ’ H e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t ( i n s e c o n d s )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.47 Find the value of heating time constant and final steady temp

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 theta_1 =20; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
6 theta_2 =34; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
7 t = -1/ log (( theta_2 / theta_1 ) -1) ; // i n h o u r s
8 disp (t , ’ H e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t ( i n h o u r s )= ’ ) ;
9 theta_F = theta_1 /(1 - exp ( -1/ t ) ) ;
10 disp ( theta_F , ’ F i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( i n
d e g r e e c e l c i u s )= ’ ) ;
11 theta_f = theta_F /(1 - exp ( -1/ t ) ) ;
12 x = sqrt (2*( theta_f / theta_F ) -1) ;
13 disp ( ’ one h o u r r a t i n g o f motor i s ’ ) ;
14 disp (x , ’ t i m e s f u l l l o a d r a t i n g ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.48 Find the half hour rating of the motor

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P =25; // i n KW
6 t =1.5; // i n h o u r s
7 P_L = sqrt ((((1/(1 - exp ( -0.5/ t ) ) ) *1.9) -0.9) * P ^2) ;

36
 8 disp ( P_L , ’ H a l f h o u r r a t i n g o f a 25KW Motor ( i n KW)= ’
)

Scilab code Exa 1.49 Find the running time of the motor

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 t =60; // i n m i n u t e s
6 theta_F =20; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
7 P_L1 =2.5625; // T o t a l l o s s e s a t P KW
8 P_L2 =7.25; // T o t a l l o s s e s a t 2P KW
9 theta_f = theta_F * P_L2 / P_L1 ; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
10 t_o = t * log (1/(1 -( theta_F / theta_f ) ) ) ;
11 disp ( t_o , ’ Time o f o p e r a t i o n ( i n m i n u t e s )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.51 Find out the continuous rating of the motor

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 Eff =0.8; // E f f i c i e n c y
6 P1 =400; // i n w a t t s
7 t1 =60; // i n m i n u t e s
8 t2 =15; // i n m i n u t e s
9 P = sqrt ((((2.5625/(1 - exp ( - t2 / t1 ) ) ) -1) ^( -1) ) *( P1 / Eff )
^2) ;
10 disp (P , ’ C o n t i n u o u s R a t i n g o f Motor ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;

37
 Scilab code Exa 1.52 Find the value of temperature rise and maximum steady state t

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 theta_1 =50; // i n d e g r e e C e l c i u s
6 theta_F =80; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
7 t =0.75; // i n h o u r s
8 theta = theta_F *(1 - exp ( -1/ t ) ) ;
9 disp ( theta_F , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e a f t e r 1 hour ( i n
d e g r e e c e l c i u s )= ’ ) ;
10 theta_f = theta_F /(1 - exp ( -1/ t ) ) ;
11 disp ( theta_f , ’ S t e a d y s t a t e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e a t 1
h o u r r a t i n g ( i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s )= ’ ) ;
12 T = - t * log (1 -( theta_1 / theta_f ) ) ;
13 disp (60 - T *60 , ’ Time t a k e n t o i n c r e a s e t e m p e r a t u r e
from 50 t o 80 d e g r e e c e l c i u s ( i n m i n u t e s )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.53 Find the value of load

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 P_cont =100; // i n KWs
5 Eff =0.8; // E f f i c i e n c y
6 T_1 =50; // i n m i n u t e s
7 T_2 =70; // i n m i n u t e s
8 t_1 =10; // i n m i n u t e s
9 t_2 =10; // i n m i n u t e s
10 r =(1 - exp ( -(( t_1 / T_1 ) +( t_2 / T_2 ) ) ) ) /(1 - exp ( - t_1 / T_1 ) ) ;
// r= t h e t a f / t h e t a F
11 P_L =2.5625; // L o s s e s a t 100 KW Load
12 P_L1 = Eff * P_cont ; // i n Kws
13 P = sqrt ((( P_L * r ) -1) * P_L1 ^2) ;

38
14 disp (P , ’ V a l u e o f Load i n KW d u r i n g l o a d p e r i o d= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.54 Find the value of final temperature rise and heating time con

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 theta_1 =20; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
6 theta_2 =30; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
7 t_1 =30; // i n m i n u t e s
8 t_2 =60; // i n m i n u t e s
9 t = -( t_2 - t_1 ) / log (( theta_2 / theta_1 ) -1) ; // i n m i n u t e s
10 theta_F = theta_1 /(1 - exp ( - t_1 / t ) ) ;
11 disp (t , ’ H e a t i n g Time Contant ( i n m i n u t e s )= ’ ) ;
12 disp ( theta_F , ’ F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e R i s e ( i n D e g r e e
C e l c i u s )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.55 Find the value of maximum overload

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 theta_1 =30; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
6 theta_2 =40; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
7 t_1 =1; // i n h o u r s
8 t_2 =2; // i n h o u r s
9 x =( theta_2 / theta_1 ) -1;
10 theta_F = theta_1 /(1 - x ) ; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
11 theta_f =50/(1 - x ) ; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
12 P_L =25; // i n KWs
13 P = P_L * sqrt ( theta_f / theta_F ) ;

39
14 disp (P , ’ Maximum O v e r l o a d ( i n KWs)= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.56 Find the value of temperature rise

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 theta_1 =20; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
6 theta_2 =35; // i n d e g r e e c e l c i u s
7 t_1 =1/2; // i n h o u r s
8 t_2 =1; // i n h o u r s
9 t = -( t_2 - t_1 ) / log (( theta_2 / theta_1 ) -1) ; // i n m i n u t e s
10 theta_F = theta_1 /(1 - exp ( - t_1 / t ) ) ;
11 theta = theta_F *(1 - exp ( -2/ t ) ) ;
12 disp ( theta , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e R i s e A f t e r 2 h r s ( i n D e g r e e
C e l c i u s )= ’ ) ;
13 theta_F1 = theta_F *0.8; // i n D e g r e e C e l c i u s
14 t_o =0.8* t ; // i n h o u r s
15 theta_o = theta_F1 *(1 - exp ( -1/ t_o ) ) ;
16 disp ( theta_o , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e R i s e from c o l d A f t e r 1 h r
a t f u l l l o a d ( i n D e g r e e C e l c i u s )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.57 Determine the suitable size of continuously rated motor

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P_1 =100; // i n KWs
6 P_2 =50; // i n KWs
7 t_1 =10; // i n m i n u t e s
8 t_2 =8; // i n m i n u t e s

40
 9 t_3 =5; // i n m i n u t e s
10 t_4 =4; // i n m i n u t e s
11 P = sqrt ((( t_1 * P_1 ^2) +( t_2 * P_2 ^2) ) /( t_1 + t_2 + t_3 + t_4 ) ) ;
12 disp (P , ’ R a t i n g Of C o n t i n u o u s l y Rated Motor ( i n KWs)=
’ );
13 disp ( ’ Adequate r a t i n g o f motor =70 Kws ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.58 Find the power rating of the motor

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 T_1 =240; // i n N m
6 T_2 =140; // i n N−m
7 T_3 =300; // i n N−m
8 T_4 =200; // i n N−m
9 t_1 =20; // i n m i n u t e s
10 t_2 =10; // i n m i n u t e s
11 t_3 =10; // i n m i n u t e s
12 t_4 =20; // i n m i n u t e s
13 T = sqrt ((( t_1 * T_1 ^2) +( t_2 * T_2 ^2) +( t_3 * T_3 ^2) +( t_4 * T_4
^2) ) /( t_1 + t_2 + t_3 + t_4 ) ) ;
14 N =720; // i n rpm
15 P = T *2* %pi * N /60;
16 disp (P , ’ Power r a t i n g o f Motor ( i n KWs)= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.59 Determine the kW rating of the motor

1 // Exa : 1 . 5 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

41
 5 t =90; // i n s e c o n d s
6 T_eq = sqrt (40750/ t ) ; // i n Kg−m
7 N =750; // i n rpm
8 P = T_eq *9.81*2* %pi * N /60;
9 disp (P , ’ Power R a t i n g Of Motor ( i n Kws )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.61 Find the value of speed at the end of deceleration period

1 // Exa : 1 . 6 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 T_l =100*9.81; // i n N−m
6 t =10; // i n s e c o n d s
7 J =1000; // kg−mˆ2
8 f =50; // i n h e r t z
9 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
10 N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm ) ;
11 s =0.06; // s l i p
12 w_s = s * N_s *2* %pi /60; // s l i p s p e e d ( i n r a d / s e c )
13 K = w_s /(50*9.81) ;
14 T_m = T_l - T_l * exp ( - t /( K * J ) ) ;
15 N_sn = K * T_m *60/(2* %pi ) ; // i n rpm
16 N = N_s - N_sn ;
17 disp (N , ’ Speed a t t h e end o f d e c e l e r a t i o n p e r i o d ( i n
rpm )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.62 Determine the value of inertia of the flywheel

1 // Exa : 1 . 6 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

42
 5 P_o =500*735.5; // i n w a t t s
6 N_o =40; // i n rpm
7 s_f =0.12;
8 N_f = N_o *(1 - s_f ) ; // f u l l l o a d s p e e d ( i n rpm )
9 T_f = P_o /(2* %pi * N_f /60) ; // F u l l l o a d t o r q u e (N−m)
10 T_m =2* T_f ; // Motor t o r q u e ( i n N−m)
11 T_l =41500*9.81; // Load t o r q u e ( i n N−m)
12 t =10; // s e c o n d s
13 w_s = s_f * N_o *2* %pi /60; // s l i p s p e e d ( i n r a d / s e c )
14 K = w_s / T_f ;
15 J = - t /( K * log (1 -( T_m / T_l ) ) ) ;
16 disp (J , ’ Moment o f I n e r t i a ( i n Kg−mˆ 2 )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.63 Find the value of weight of flywheel and time taken

1 // Exa : 1 . 6 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 P_o =50*1000; // i n w a t t s
6 f =50; // i n h e r t z
7 s_f =0.04; // s l i p
8 P =6; // no . o f p o l e s
9 N_s =120* f / P ; // S y n c h r o n o u s Speed ( i n rpm )
10 N_f = N_s *(1 - s_f ) ;
11 T_f = P_o /(2* %pi * N_f )

Scilab code Exa 1.64 Find the value of moment of inertia

1 // Exa : 1 . 6 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

43
 5 T_L =600; // i n N−m
6 T_m =450; // i n N−m
7 N =600; // i n rpm
8 w_o =2* %pi * N /60; // i n r a d / s e c
9 s =0.08; // s l i p
10 w = s * w_o ; // i n r a d / s e c
11 K = w / T_m ; // Torque c o n s t a n t
12 J =( -10/ K ) / log (0.25) ; // i n Kg−mˆ2
13 J_m =10; // i n Kg−mˆ2
14 J_F =J - J_m ;
15 disp ( J_F , ’ Moment Of I n e r t i a Of F l y w h e e l ( i n Kg−mˆ 2 )=
’ );

Scilab code Exa 1.65 Find the value of moment of inertia

1 // Exa : 1 . 4 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

44
 Chapter 3

Thyristor Control Of Electric

Motors

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Find the efficiency and form factor and ripple factor and tran

1 // Exa : 3 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =120; // i n V o l t s
6 V_dc =40.5; // i n v o l t s
7 V_rms =76.1; // i n v o l t s
8 R =10; // i n ohms
9 I_dc = V_dc / R ; // i n Amperes
10 I_rms = V_rms / R ; // i n Amperes
11 P_dc = V_dc * I_dc ; // i n w a t t s
12 P_ac = V_rms * I_rms ; // i n w a t t s
13 Eff = P_dc / P_ac ; // i n p e r u n i t
14 disp ( Eff , ’ ( a ) E f f i c i e n c y ( i n Per U n i t =) ’ ) ;
15 K_f = V_rms / V_dc ; // i n p e r u n i t
16 disp ( K_f , ’ ( b ) Form F a c t o r ( i n Per U n i t =) ’ ) ;
17 Y = sqrt ( K_f ^2 -1) ;
18 disp (Y , ’ ( c ) R i p p l e F a c t o r ( i n Per U n i t =) ’ ) ;
19 T_f = P_dc /( V * I_rms ) ;

45
20 disp ( T_f , ’ ( d ) T r a n s f o r m e r U t i l i s a t i o n F a c t o r= ’ ) ;
21 P_iv = sqrt (2) * V ;
22 disp ( P_iv , ’ ( e ) Peak I n v e r s e V o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Find the value of feild current and firing angle and input pow

1 // Exa : 3 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha_f =0;
6 R_f =250; // i n ohms
7 K_f =0.8; // t o r q u e c o n s t a n t
8 R_a =0.2; // i n ohms
9 V_const =0.8; // i n v o l t / Amperes−r a d i a n / s e c
10 N =1000; // i n rpm
11 T_d =50; // I n Newton−m e t e r
12 V_rms =220; // i n v o l t s
13 V_f = int ( V_rms * sqrt (2) *(1+ cosd ( alpha_f ) ) / %pi ) ; //
Feild Ci rcu it Voltage ( in v o l t s )
14 I_f = V_f / R_f ; // i n Amperes
15 disp ( I_f , ’ ( a ) F e i l d C u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
16 I_a = T_d /( K_f * I_f ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
17 w =2* N * %pi /60; // i n r a d i a n / s e c
18 E_b = V_const * w * I_f ; // Back emf ( i n v o l t s )
19 V_a = E_b +( I_a * R_a ) ; // a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
20 alpha_a = acosd ((( V_a * %pi /( V_rms * sqrt (2) ) ) ) -1) ;
21 disp ( alpha_a , ’ ( b ) F i r i n g a n g l e o f t h e c o n v e r t e r ( i n
d e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;
22 P_o = int ( V_a * I_a ) ; // i n w a t t s
23 I =52.66; // i n a m p e r e s
24 pf = P_o /( V_rms * I ) ;
25 disp ( pf , ’ ( c ) Power f a c t o r o f t h e c o n v e r t e r= ’ )

46
 Scilab code Exa 3.3 Find the value of speed of motor and motor torque

1 // Exa : 3 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha_a =45; // i n d e g r e e s
6 V =230; // i n v o l t s
7 K =1.668; // K a ∗Phy ( i n v o l t / r a d i a n / s e c o n d )
8 R_a =0.2; // i n ohms
9 I_a =30; // i n a m p e r e s
10 V_a =2* V * sqrt (2) * cosd ( alpha_a ) / %pi ; // i n v o l t s
11 E_b = V_a -( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
12 w = E_b / K ; // i n r a d i a n / s e c o n d s
13 N = ceil ( w *60/(2* %pi ) ) ;
14 disp (N , ’ ( a ) Speed Of Motor ( i n rpm )= ’ )
15 T = K * I_a ;
16 disp (T , ’ ( b ) Motor Torque ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Find the value of firing angle

1 // Exa : 3 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 R_a =0.06; // i n ohms
6 N1 =875; // i n rpm
7 N2 =750; // i n rpm
8 V_rms =220; // i n v o l t s
9 V_dc =200; // i n v o l t s
10 I_a =150; // i n a m p e r e s
11 E_b1 = V_dc -( I_a * R_a ) ; // Back emf ( i n v o l t s )

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12 E_b2 = E_b1 *( N2 / N1 ) ; // i n v o l t s
13 V_a = E_b2 +( I_a * R_a ) ; // a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
14 alpha_a = acosd (( V_a * %pi /(2* V_rms * sqrt (2) ) ) ) ;
15 disp ( alpha_a , ’ F i r i n g a n g l e ( i n d e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Find the value of average load voltage and load current and in

1 // Exa : 3 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha =30; // i n d e g r e e s
6 V =230; // i n v o l t s
7 R =2; // i n ohms
8 V_avg =2* V * sqrt (2) * cosd ( alpha ) / %pi ; // i n v o l t s
9 I_avg = V_avg / R ; // i n a m p e r e s
10 disp ( V_avg , ’ ( a ) A v e r a g e Load V o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
11 disp ( I_avg , ’ ( b ) A v e r a g e Load C u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ )
12 I_rms = I_avg ; // i n a m p e r e s ( a s r i p p l e f r e e )
13 P = V_avg * I_avg ; // i n w a t t s
14 Q =2* V * sqrt (2) * I_avg * sind ( alpha ) / %pi ; // i n VAR
15 pf = cosd ( atand ( Q / P ) ) ;
16 disp ( pf , ’ ( c ) I n p u t Power F a c t o r ( l a g g i n g )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Find the value of motor armature current and motor speed

1 // Exa : 3 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha =60; // i n d e g r e e s
6 V =250; // i n v o l t s
7 T =140; // i n Newton−Meter

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 8 K_a =2.5; // motor v o l t a g e constant ( in Volt / radian / sec
)
9 R_a =0.2; // i n ohms
10 V_a =2* V * sqrt (2) * cosd ( alpha ) / %pi ; // i n v o l t s
11 I_a = T / K_a ; // i n a m p e r e s
12 disp ( I_a , ’ ( a ) Motor Armature C u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )= ’ )
;
13 E_b = V_a -( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
14 w = E_b * I_a / T ;
15 disp (w , ’ ( b ) Motor Speed ( i n r a d i a n / s e c )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Find the value of firing angle

1 // Exa : 3 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V_dc =220; // i n v o l t s
6 V =230; // i n v o l t s
7 I_a1 =10; // i n a m p e r e s
8 N1 =1500; // i n rpm
9 N2 =500; // i n rpm
10 N3 = -1000; // i n rpm
11 R_a =2; // i n ohms
12 E_b1 = V_dc -( I_a1 * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
13 E_b2 = E_b1 *( N2 / N1 ) ; // i n v o l t s
14 I_a2 = I_a1 /2; // i n a m p e r e s
15 V_a1 = E_b2 +( I_a2 * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
16 alpha_a1 = acosd (( V_a1 * %pi /(2* V * sqrt (2) ) ) ) ;
17 disp ( alpha_a1 , ’ ( a ) F i r i n g a n g l e ( i n d e g r e e s ) a t h a l f
t h e r a t e d t o r q u e= ’ ) ;
18 E_b3 = E_b1 *( N3 / N1 ) ; // i n v o l t s
19 I_a3 = I_a1 ; // i n a m p e r e s
20 V_a2 = E_b3 +( I_a3 * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
21 alpha_a2 = acosd (( V_a2 * %pi /(2* V * sqrt (2) ) ) ) ;

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22 disp ( alpha_a2 , ’ ( b ) F i r i n g a n g l e ( i n d e g r e e s ) a t
r a t e d motor t o r q u e= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.8 Find the value of torque developed and motor speed

1 // Exa : 3 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha_f =0; // i n d e g r e e s
6 alpha_a =30; // i n d e g r e e s
7 V =220; // i n v o l t s
8 I_a =40; // i n a m p e r e s
9 R_a =0.2; // i n a m p e r e s
10 K_t =1.12; // motor v o l t a g e c o n s t a n t ( i n V o l t / r a d i a n /
sec )
11 R_f =200; // i n ohms
12 V_f =2* V * sqrt (2) * cosd ( alpha_f ) / %pi ; // i n v o l t s
13 I_f = V_f / R_f ; // i n a m p e r e s
14 V_a =2* V * sqrt (2) * cosd ( alpha_a ) / %pi ; // i n v o l t s
15 E_b = V_a -( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
16 T_d = K_t * I_a * I_f ;
17 disp ( T_d , ’ ( a ) Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n N−m)= ’ ) ;
18 N = E_b *60/(2* %pi * K_t * I_f ) ;
19 disp ( ceil ( N ) , ’ ( b ) Motor Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.9 Find the value of firing angle

1 // Exa : 3 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 R_a =0.2; // i n ohms

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 6 alpha_f =0; // i n d e g r e e s
7 V =400; // i n v o l t s
8 R_f =250; // i n ohms
9 K =1.3; // V o l t s / Ampere−r a d i a n / s e c o n d
10 N =1200; // i n rpm
11 I_a =60; // i n a m p e r e s
12 V_f =3* sqrt (3) * V * sqrt (2) /( sqrt (3) * %pi ) ; // i n v o l t s
13 I_f = V_f / R_f ; // i n a m p e r e s
14 E_b = K * I_f *2* %pi * N /60; // i n v o l t s
15 V_a = E_b +( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
16 alpha_a = acosd (( V_a * %pi ) /(3* V * sqrt (2) ) ) ;
17 disp ( alpha_a , ’ F i r i n g A n g l e ( i n d e g r e e s )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.10 Find the value of no load speed and firing angle

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha_a =45; // i n d e g r e e s
6 R_a =0.2; // i n ohms
7 K =0.25; // i n v o l t s /rpm
8 V =400; // i n v o l t s
9 I_ao =5; // i n a m p e r e s ( no l o a d a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t )
10 N =1500; // i n rpm
11 I_a =100; // i n a m p e r e s
12 V_ao =3* sqrt (3) * V * sqrt (2) *(1+ cosd ( alpha_a ) ) /( sqrt (3) *
%pi *2) ; // i n v o l t s
13 E_bo = V_ao -( I_ao * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
14 N_o = E_bo / K ;
15 disp ( int ( N_o ) , ’ No−Load Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
16 E_b = N * K ; // i n v o l t s
17 V_a = E_b +( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
18 alpha_ao = acosd ((( V_a * %pi *2) /(3* V * sqrt (2) ) ) -1) ;
19 disp ( alpha_ao , ’ F i r i n g A n g l e ( i n d e g r e e s )= ’ )

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 Scilab code Exa 3.12 Find the value of average load voltage and average current an

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha =0.4; // duty c y c l e
6 V_dc =200; // i n v o l t s
7 R =10; // i n ohms
8 V_a = alpha * V_dc ;
9 disp ( V_a , ’ ( a ) A v e r a g e Load V o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )= ’ ) ;
10 I = V_a / R ;
11 disp (I , ’ ( b ) A v e r a g e t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )= ’
);
12 I_d =0;
13 disp ( I_d , ’ ( c ) Diode C u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )= ’ ) ;
14 R_eff = R / alpha ;
15 disp ( R_eff , ’ ( d ) E f f e c t i v e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
=’)

Scilab code Exa 3.13 Find the value of average load current and firing angle

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V_dc =220; // i n v o l t s
6 V_a =250; // a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
7 R =10; // i n ohms
8 alpha =1 -( V_dc / V_a ) ;
9 I = V_a / R ;

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10 disp (I , ’ A v e r a g e Load C u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )= ’ )
11 disp ( alpha , ’ F i r i n g A n g l e ( i n d e g r e e s )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.14 Find the value of frequency of switching pulse

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V_dc =125; // i n v o l t s
6 V_a =200; // a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
7 T_on =1*10^ -3; // i n s e c o n d s
8 alpha = V_a /( V_a + V_dc ) ; // duty c y c l e
9 f = alpha / T_on ;
10 disp (f , ’ F r e q u e n c y Of S w i t c h i n g p u l s e ( i n h e r t z )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.15 Find the value of frequency

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha =0.25; // duty c y c l e
6 V =400; // i n v o l t s
7 L =0.5; // i n h e n e r y
8 I =10; // r i p p l e c u r r e n t ( i n a m p e r e s )
9 V_a = alpha * V ; // i n v o l t s
10 T_on = L * I /( V - V_a ) ; // i n s e c o n d s
11 T = T_on / alpha ; // i n s e c o n d s
12 f =1/ T ;
13 disp (f , ’ F r e q u e n c y ( i n h e r t z s )= ’ )

53
 Scilab code Exa 3.16 Find the range of speed control and duty cycle

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V_a =120; // i n v o l t s
6 I_a =20; // i n a m p e r e s
7 R_a =0.5; // i n ohms
8 K =0.05; // Motor c o n s t a n t ( i n v o l t s /rpm )
9 E_b = V_a -( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
10 N = E_b / K ; // i n rpm
11 disp ( ’ Range o f Speed C o n t r o l i s : ’ ) ;
12 disp ( ’ Lowest Speed ( i n rpm ) = 0 ’ ) ;
13 disp (N , ’ H i g h e s t Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
14 E_bo =0; // i n v o l t s
15 V_a1 = E_bo +( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
16 alpha = V_a1 / V_a ;
17 disp ( ’ Range o f duty c y c l e i s : ’ ) ;
18 disp ( alpha , ’ l o w e s t v a l u e o f duty c y c l e= ’ ) ;
19 disp ( ’ H i g h e s t v a l u e o f duty c y c l e= 1 ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.17 Find the value of duty cycle of the chopper

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =200; // i n v o l t s
6 I_a =100; // i n a m p e r e s
7 R_a =0.02; // i n ohms
8 N1 =940; // i n rpm

54
 9 N2 =500; // i n rpm
10 E_b1 =V -( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
11 E_b2 = E_b1 * N2 / N1 ; // i n v o l t s
12 V_a = E_b2 +( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
13 alpha = V_a / V ;
14 disp ( alpha , ’ Duty C y c l e Of The Chopper= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.18 Find the value of power input and speed and torque and maximu

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha =0.6; // duty c y c l e
6 alpha1 =0.1; // duty c y c l e
7 alpha2 =0.9; // duty c y c l e
8 V =400; // i n v o l t s
9 R_a =0.1; // i n ohms
10 K =4; // Motor C o n s t a n t ( i n V o l t s / r a d i a n s )
11 I_a =150; // i n Amperes
12 P_in = alpha * V * I_a /1000;
13 disp ( P_in , ’ ( a ) Power i n p u t ( i n K i l o −Watts )= ’ ) ;
14 V_a = alpha * V ; // i n v o l t s
15 E_b = V_a -( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
16 N =60* E_b /(2* %pi * K ) ;
17 disp ( int ( N ) , ’ ( b ) Motor Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
18 T = E_b * I_a *60/(2* %pi * N ) ;
19 disp (T , ’ ( c ) Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
20 E_b1 =( alpha1 * V ) -( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
21 N1 =60* E_b1 /(2* %pi * K ) ;
22 disp ( ceil ( N1 ) , ’ ( d ) Minimum Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ )
23 E_b2 =( alpha2 * V ) -( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
24 N2 =60* E_b2 /(2* %pi * K ) ;
25 disp ( ceil ( N2 ) , ’ Maximum Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ )

55
 Scilab code Exa 3.19 Find the value of Average voltage and power dissipated and sp

1 // Exa : 3 . 1 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 alpha =0.4; // duty c y c l e
6 R_b =7.5; // i n ohms
7 R_a =0.1; // i n ohms
8 I_f =1.5; // i n a m p e r e s
9 K =1.6; // V o l t a g e C o n s t a n t ( i n V/A−r a d / s e c )
10 I_a =150; // i n a m p e r e s
11 V_b =(1 - alpha ) * R_b * I_a ;
12 disp ( V_b , ’ ( a ) A v e r a g e V o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )= ’ ) ;
13 P_b = I_a ^2* R_b *(1 - alpha ) ;
14 disp ( P_b /1000 , ’ ( b ) Power D i s s i p a t e d ( i n k i l o −w a t t s )=
’ );
15 E_g = V_b +( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s
16 N =60* E_g /( K * I_f *2* %pi ) ;
17 disp ( int ( N ) , ’ ( c ) Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.20 Find the value of firing angle and power supplied

1 // Exa : 3 . 2 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 E_g = -163.53; // i n v o l t s
6 I_a =40; // i n a m p e r e s
7 R_a =0.2; // i n ohms
8 V =220; // i n v o l t s
9 V_a = E_g +( I_a * R_a ) ; // i n v o l t s

56
10 alpha_a = acosd ( V_a * %pi /(2* V * sqrt (2) ) ) ;
11 disp ( alpha_a , ’ F i r i n g A n g l e ( i n d e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;
12 P = V_a * I_a *( -1) ;
13 disp ( P /1000 , ’ Power S u p p l i e d ( i n K i l o −Watts )= ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.21 Find the value of pulse width

1 // Exa : 3 . 2 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 E_b =100; // i n v o l t s
6 I_a =25; // i n a m p e r e s
7 R =0.2; // ( R a+R s e ) i n ohms
8 V =220; // i n v o l t s
9 f =200; // i n h e r t z
10 V_a = E_b +( I_a * R ) ; // i n v o l t s
11 T_on = V_a /( V * f ) ;
12 disp ( T_on *1000 , ’ P u l s e Width ( i n m i l i −s e c o n d s ) ’ )

Scilab code Exa 3.22 Find the value of motor torque

1 // Exa : 3 . 2 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 N =1000; // i n rpm
6 V =240; // i n v o l t s
7 w =2* %pi * N /60; // i n r a d / s e c
8 alpha =30; // i n d e g r e e s
9 R =0.25; // i n ohms
10 K =0.025; // i n Nm/Aˆ2
11 disp ( ’ When c o n t r o l l e d t h r o u g h s e m i c o n v e r t e r ’ ) ;

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12 V_a1 = sqrt (2) * V *(1+ cosd ( alpha ) ) / %pi ; // i n v o l t s
13 I_a1 = V_a1 /( R +( K * w ) ) ;
14 disp ( I_a1 , ’ Armature C u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
15 T_1 = K * I_a1 ^2;
16 disp ( T_1 , ’ Motor Torque ( i n N−m)= ’ ) ;
17 disp ( ’ When c o n t r o l l e d t h r o u g h f u l l c o n v e r t e r ’ ) ;
18 V_a2 =2* sqrt (2) * V * cosd ( alpha ) / %pi ; // i n v o l t s
19 I_a2 = V_a2 /( R +( K * w ) ) ;
20 disp ( I_a2 , ’ Armature C u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
21 T_2 = K * I_a2 ^2;
22 disp ( T_2 , ’ Motor Torque ( i n N−m)= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.23 Find average motor current and speed

1 // Exa : 3 . 2 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 V =230; // i n v o l t s
6 V_dc = sqrt (2) * V *2/ %pi ; // i n v o l t s
7 T_L =30; // i n N−m
8 K_t =0.3; // t o r q u e c o n s t a n t ( i n N−m/Aˆ 2 )
9 I_a = sqrt ( T_L / K_t ) ;
10 disp ( I_a , ’ A v e r a g e Motor C u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
11 w =(207 - I_a ) /( K_t * I_a ) ; // i n r a d / s e c
12 N = w *60/(2* %pi ) ;
13 disp (N , ’ Speed ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.24 Find the value of armature current and firing angle

1 // Exa : 3 . 2 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;

58
 4 close ;
5 I_a1 =36; // i n a m p e r e s
6 N1 =400; // i n a m p e r e s
7 N2 =600; // i n a m p e r e s
8 alpha_1 =100; // i n d e g r e e s
9 V =675; // i n v o l t s
10 R =0.4; // i n ohms
11 V_a1 = sqrt (2) * V *(1+ cosd ( alpha_1 ) ) / %pi ; // i n v o l t s
12 E_b1 = V_a1 - I_a1 * R ; // i n v o l t s
13 I_a2 = I_a1 * N2 / N1 ; // i n a m p e r e s
14 E_b2 = E_b1 * I_a2 * N2 /( I_a1 * N1 ) ; // i n v o l t s
15 V_a2 = E_b2 +21.6; // / i n v o l t s
16 alpha = acosd (( V_a2 * %pi /( sqrt (2) * V ) ) -1) ;
17 disp ( I_a2 , ’ Armature c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
18 disp ( alpha , ’ F i r i n g a n g l e ( i n d e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;

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