UNIT-2:IoTArchitecture (6Hrs)
• IoT Layered Architecture
• Architectural and building block of IoT
• Networking and Communication
- Wired & Wirelessconnectivity and technology
- IoTand Wireless Sensor Network
• NFC
• RFID
• ZigBee.
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What is RFID?
• RFID= Radio Frequency IDentification.
• An ADC(Automated Data Collection) technology
that:
- uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a
reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track..
- Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact
between reader/ scanner and the tagged item.
- Performs the operation using low cost components.
- Attempts to provide unique identification and backend
integration that allows for wide range of applications.
• Other ADCtechnologies: Bar codes, OCR.
2
RFID?
• A technology that employs a microchip with
an antenna that broadcasts its unique
identifier and location to receivers.
• Employs a microchip called a smart tag,
broadcasts unique 96-bit identifier to receiver.
• Receiver relays the data to a computer.
RFIDvs. Bar Codes
• Does not require human to manually pass
item over scanner.
• More accurate inventory count.
• Can be incorporated into product, person,
animal.
• Can track each individual item.
RFID system components
6
RFIDComponents
• 3 Components
- Transceiver –Tag Reader
- Transponder –RFID tag
- Antenna
RFIDHardware
Magnetic / Inductive Coupling ICor microprocessor
Transceiver
RFID
Tag Reader
Tag
antenna
antenna
RFIDHardware
Propagation Coupling ICor microprocessor
Transceiver
RFID
Tag Reader
Tag
antenna
antenna
RFID systems: logical view
11
12
Product
et ONS Information
e rn Internet
Int Server (PML Format)
A ntenna
RF
Write data Items w ith Reader Read Trans act ion A pplication
to RF tags RF Tags Manag er Data Store Systems
A ntenna
Trading
Partner
EDI / Systems
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 XML
Tag/Item 10
Relationship
Database 9
Tag Interfaces RFIDMiddleware Other Systems
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RFID t ags: Smart labels
A paper label
with RFID inside
an antenna,
printed, etched
or stamped ...
…and a chip …on a substrate
attached to it e.g. a plastic
foil ...
RFID2005 IIT Bombay 11
Source: www.rfidprivacy.org
Some RFID tags
RFID2005 IIT Bombay 12
Source: www.rfidprivacy.org
RFID tags
•Tags can be attached to almost anything:
- Items, cases or palletsof products, high value goods
- vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel
•Passive Tags
- Do not require power –Draws from Interrogator Field
- Lower storage capacities (few bitsto 1 KB)
- Shorter read ranges(4 inches to 15 feet)
- Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tags
- Cost around 25 centsto few dollars
•Active Tags
- Battery powered
- Higher storage capacities (512 KB)
- Longer read range (300 feet)
- Typically can be re-written by RFInterrogators
- Cost around 50 to 250 dollars
RFID2005 IIT Bombay 13
Tag block diagram
Antenna
Power Supply
Mem ory
Control Logic Cells
Tx Modula tor (Finite Sta te
m a chine)
Rx
Dem odula tor
Ta g Integra ted Circuit (IC)
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RFID tag memory
• Read-only tags
- Tag IDisassigned at the factory during manufacturing
•Can never be changed
•No additional data can be assigned to the tag
• Write once, read many (WORM) tags
- Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing
•Tag is locked once data iswritten
•Similar to a compact disc or DVD
• Read/Write
- Tag data can be changed over time
•Part or all of the data section can be locked
RFID2005 IIT Bombay 15
RFID readers
• Reader functions:
- Remotely power tags
- Establish a bidirectional data link
- Inventory tags, filter results
- Communicate with networked server(s)
- Can read 100-300 tagsper second
• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as
- Entrance/exit
- Point of sale
• Readers can also be mobile/hand-held
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