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IS 14793 : 2013

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Indian Standard
INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE AND OBSERVATION
OF THE INSTRUMENTS FOR VIBRATION STUDIES
OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKES ON HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES AND MACHINES — CODE OF PRACTICE
( First Revision )

ICS 17.160; 93.160

© BIS 2013
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

August 2013 Price Group 5

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Hydraulic Structures Instrumentation Sectional Committee, WRD 16

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Hydraulic Structures Instrumentation Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources Division
Council.
Vibration refers to the mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be periodic or
random. The vibrations may be measured as displacement, velocity or acceleration with the help of displacement
gauges, velocity pick-ups and accelerometers respectively. Displacement measurements require a stable reference
structure close to the vibrating structure and it may be many a times impracticable to have one especially for
hydraulic structures. Velocity pick-ups suffer from poor response to high frequency vibrations and are bulky for
certain applications. The accelerometers hence are the most preferred. They are proven in respect of versatility,
ruggedness, accuracy and dynamic response. Accelerometers employ piezoelectric elements, force balance
techniques or strain gauge based elements. Therefore, the signal conditioners suitable for the particular type of
accelerometers have to be provided. For the purpose of recording and analysis of data, a computerized signal
analyzer with sufficient disk storage capacity completely replaces the earlier techniques of recording on multi-
channel instrumentation tape recorders and analyzing on a tunable band pass filter type frequency analyzers.
Battery operated signal analyzers are common now-a-days.
This standard covers requirements of the accelerometers, signal conditioning and signal processing equipment for
the application of vibration studies.
This standard was first published in 2000 however, the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard
decided to revise it based on the experience gained since then as well as considering technological development
in the field. New clause for safety criteria has also been incorporated in this standard.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given at Annex A.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated expressing the result of test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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IS 14793 : 2013

Indian Standard
INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE AND OBSERVATION
OF THE INSTRUMENTS FOR VIBRATION STUDIES
OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKES ON HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES AND MACHINES — CODE OF PRACTICE
( First Revision )

1 SCOPE 3.1.2 Constructional Details

1.1 This standard recommends instruments essential There are number of technologies on which
for observation of vibrations arising from hydraulic accelerometers are based, however the technology in a
structures and machines. Vibration studies are piezoelectric accelerometer is that an electrical charge
conducted on hydraulic machines namely pumps, is developed when subject to dynamic stresses. In a
hydro-turbines, on civil structures namely dams, divide piezoelectric accelerometer, a heavy mass (seismic
walls, bridges, power houses, foundations and on other mass) pre-loaded by a shift spring, rests on the stack of
parts namely gates, penstocks, trash-racks, etc. It further piezoelectric discs. When the assembly is subjected to
covers the details on installation of accelerometers and vibration the mass exerts a dynamic force on the disc
procedure for observations of the vibration with the which develops a variable charge proportional to force
help of associated instrumentation containing signal and hence to acceleration. Figure 1 shows
conditioner and signal processor. constructional details of an accelerometer.
1.2 Vibration due to earthquake is beyond the scope of
this standard.

2 REFERENCE
The standard listed below contain provisions which
through reference in this text constitute provisions of
this standard. At the time of publication, the edition
indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision
and parties to agreements based on this standard is
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying
the most recent edition of the standard indicated below:
IS No. Title
14881 : 2001 Method for blast vibration
monitoring – Guidelines

3 INSTRUMENTATION

3.1 Accelerometers
3.1.1 Selection
Accelerometers are designed to measure vibration over
a given frequency range. Once the particular
frequencies of interest for a machine are known, an
accelerometer may be selected. Typically, an
accelerometer for measuring machine vibration shall FIG. 1 CONSTRUCTIONAL D ETAILS OF
have a frequency range from 1 or 2 Hz to 8 or 10 kHz. ACCELERATOMETER

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3.1.3 Performance Characteristics 3.1.3.3 Dynamic range

3.1.3.1 Sensitivity The dynamic range is the range of magnitudes of
accelerations over which the accelerometer output is
A piezoelectric accelerometer is electrically analogous
directly proportional to the acceleration amplitude
to a capacitor shunted by a high resistance and also a
applied. The lower magnitude is limited by the
voltage source or a charge source. The piezoelectric
mounting, cable length, environmental conditions and
accelerometer thus has two sensitivities namely, charge
amplifier noise level. The higher magnitude for
sensitivity and voltage sensitivity. The voltage
sensitivity is expressed as mv/m/s and charge sensitivity continuous accelerations is much higher than the
as pc/m/s. These two are related by, accelerations encountered in practice.

Voltage sensitivity = 3.1.3.4 Sensitivity of accelerometers to unwanted

parameters
Charge sensitivity The accelerometers are also sensitive to many other
Accelerometer capacitance + Cable capacitance unwanted physical parameters namely temperature,
The charge output of accelerometer is independent of sound, strain at the base surface, magnetism and
cable length, however the voltage output depends upon transverse accelerations. These sensitivities cause error
the cable length. Therefore, the charge output is in measurements. The acceptable sensitivities on these
preferred and hence the amplifier associated with accounts are as follows:
piezoelectric accelerometer is invariably a charge Temperature sensitivity : 1 pc/°C
amplifier. Accelerometer sensitivity is generally of the Acoustic sensitivity : 0.01 pc at 154 db sound
order of 10 pc/m/s. pressure level
3.1.3.2 Frequency response Surface strain sensitivity : 0.03 pc/microstrain
Magnetic sensitivity : 10 pc/Tesla magnetism
The frequency response is defined as the variation of Transverse sensitivity : 4 percent
accelerometer signal with reference to frequency of a
sinusoidal vibration. The accelerometer signal is fairly 3.2 Signal Conditioner
constant over the desired frequency range. The natural
resonance frequency of an accelerometer corresponds with 3.2.1 Configurational Details
natural frequency of the seismic mass. Up to a frequency The signal conditioner comprises of electronic circuits
of 1/5th of the natural resonance frequency the variation comprising of the pre-amplifier as charge amplifier, low
in accelerometer signal is generally within 6 percent. pass-high pass filters runs, integrators and peak detectors,
On the lower end of the frequency spectrum rather than etc. These circuits are built around operational amplifiers.
accelerometer the charge amplifier’s frequency The frequency response and gains of amplifier, choice
response becomes the limiting factor. The phase of acceleration, velocity and displacement are switch
response is one of the significant characteristics in selectable. Signal conditioner is provided with meter
respect of transient and shock performance of the indication for RMS, peak values and is powered through
accelerometer. The upper frequency limitation should line supply or built in battery pack. Figure 2 shows
be at least 1 000 Hz. schematic of a signal conditioner.

FIG. 2 PIEZOELECTRIC ACCELEROMETER AND SIGNAL CONDITIONER

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3.2.2 Performance Characteristics sensitivity. The dynamic range would be most affected
by noise level at the low end for the maximum
3.2.2.1 Amplification
sensitivity. A dynamic range of the order of minimum
The gain of the amplifier is expressed in mv/pc and 50 dB would be required.
with 1 mv/pc gain termed as 0 db, amplifier with gain
variation of the order of 100 db is required. 3.3 Signal Processor

3.2.2.2 Frequency response 3.3.1 Evolution

The frequency response of the signal conditioner is The aim of vibration measurements should be to assess
adjusted by means of the low pass and high pass filter peak or RMS value of the vibration parameters and the
associated with the amplifier. The low frequency cut- frequency at which they occur. Since the vibration
off at minimum 0.2 Hz and high frequency cut-off at phenomenon would be random in nature to assess, its
minimum 1 000 Hz or beyond is required for the measurement needs to be carried out and measurement
applications. The filter roll off, of the order of minimum data analyzed on line. The earlier vibration measuring
12 db/octave is required for sufficient rejection of equipment contained an electronic tunable band pass
unwanted frequencies. filter and frequency spectrum strip chart recorder
connected to the accelerometer and the signal
3.2.2.3 Integration conditioner. The signal conditioner with meter
The output of pre-amplifier corresponding to acceleration indication still prevails owing to suitability for routine
is integrated to produce output corresponding to velocity monitoring applications. However, the electronic band
which when integrated in turn produces output bass filter and frequency spectrum recorder have now
corresponding to displacement. These integrators are, in been replaced by computerized signal processor
fact, a pair of -20 db/octave cut-off low pass filters so that equipment. This standard elaborates only the signal
they produce outputs exactly corresponding to velocity processor, being relevant today.
and displacement. These filters are built around operational 3.3.2 Configurational Details
amplifier as active filter for good accuracies.
The signal processor is an microcomputer based
3.2.2.4 Meter indication equipment. It essentially consists of analog input section,
The signal conditioner should be provided with panel CPU, CRT display, floppy drives and output section and
meter indication of the vibration parameters for on-line keys to perform various functions under microprocessor
monitoring and would also be helpful for setting up of control. The microcomputer with the help of stored
instruments for experiments involving analyzers. The programmes and functional keys controls the operation
meter indication is both RMS and peak value selectable. of the equipment besides conducting the signal processing.
The crest factor for RMS detector should be less than 3 A multi-channel inputs two or four channel versions with
and the time constant for the RMS as well as peak multiple display is required for the application. Figure 3
detector should be in the range of 1 to 10 s. shows schematic of a signal processor.

3.2.2.5 Dynamic range The recorder should have a filter for cancellation of
electrical noise which is common in most power plants
The amplifier gain should be switch selectable, each and at blasting sites. The recorder should have RS-232
setting corresponding to combination of range and port for data transfer.

Fig. Schematic of Signal Processor

F IG. 3 S CHEMATIC OF SIGNAL P ROCESSOR

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IS 14793 : 2013

3.3.3 Performance Characteristics the points selected are generally at the centre of the
walls, centre of girders, unsupported ends, etc,
3.3.3.1 Analog input characteristics
regardless of response of the structure to periodic or
A multi-channel (two or four channels), direct coupled random stimuli. For vibration measurements on gravity
inputs for simultaneous data acquisition is required. dams, the points selected generally are along the crest
The inputs are direct coupled so that the lowest of the dam, inside galleries at suitable elevation.
frequency in the measured vibrations are not limited. However, an approximate estimate of the response of
The input impedance of the order of mega ohms or the structure helps in deciding the points of
greater and frequency response beyond 1 000 Hz is measurement.
required for the applications. The input section needs
5 INSTALLATION METHODS
to contain an antialiasing filter with facility for selection
of cut-off frequency with keys. 5.1 Mounting Methods for Accelerometers
3.3.3.2 Analysis functions The mounting of an accelerometer affects its frequency
response. The mounted natural frequency is dependent
The following analysis functions are often required in
directly on the mounting. The higher the stiffness, the
vibration assessment work:
more the mounted natural frequency approaches its
a) Amplitudes and peaks in time domain. maximum. The least stiff mounting accelerometer is
b) Instantaneous and average frequency magnetic mounting and the highest stiffness is using a
spectrum, cross spectrum, coherence, transfer high tensile setscrew tightened to the flat surface. Other
function, power spectral density. mounting methods come in between these two
extremes. Stud mounting, quick fit mounting, adhesive
c) Orbits, nyquist diagrams, probability density
mounting, magnetic mounting, mounting with wax are
functions, auto-correlation, cross-correlation,
commonly used methods of mounting.
time averaging.
d) Arithmetic and calculus functions. 5.1.1 Adhesive Mounting

3.3.3.3 Other processing facilities The simplest method of accelerometer mounting is by

sticking it to the object with the help of double sided
a) Weighting functions for frequency spectrum. adhesive disk or bees wax. It is important to ensure
b) Transient capture and storage with preset that the site chosen for the accelerometer is ground flat
delays. for at least an area larger than the base of the slight
c) Selection of frequency range and amplitude smear of silicone grease which shall ensure a stiff bond
range. between accelerometer and structure. Due to softening
of the adhesive the contact of accelerometer with the
d) Display formatting with markers, cursors, text
object may be detached and also the adhesive method
editing, etc.
of mounting needs smooth, clean, oil-free surface of
e) Manual control by keyboard and disk data the object which may not always be available.
processing.
5.1.2 Mounting Threads
3.3.3.4 Storage and presentation of results
The secure most mounting is possible by threading the
The results of processing available on CRT display accelerometer to the test object. The accelerometer
should be stored on floppy diskettes/hard disk and manufacturers always provide them with a threaded
should be presented on a plotter or printer. hole at the base and accessories such as mounting studs
or mounting magnets with matching threaded
4 POINTS OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
protrusions at the top. For installations on metallic
The vibration measurements are not always possible object mounting with the help of magnets would suffice.
on the most pertinent parts namely runner blades or The vibrations in two (X, Y) or three directions (X, Y, Z)
wicket gates of a hydro-turbine, bearings in rotating at point are to be measured either with a three
parts or flapper of a valve, etc. Therefore, bearing directional accelerometer or by threading three
housing, valve body, etc, are considered measurement unidirectional accelerometers on a mild steel cube
points. For measurement of gate vibrations and welded to the part. For measurements on concrete parts
penstock vibrations, the accelerometers are installed a mild steel piece with threaded hole is grouted into
directly on them for example, on a centrally placed the concrete with the help of foundation bolts and the
girder of the gate. For vibrations measurement on accelerometers are mounted by means of studs. Figure
bridges, bridge piers, power houses, divide walls, etc, 4 shows mounting methods for accelerometers.

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FIG. 4 METHODS OF A CCELEROMETER INSTALLATION

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IS 14793 : 2013

5.1.3 Water-Proofing of a Mounting sensors are exposed to harsh environmental conditions,

like mechanical shock, temperature changes, humidity,
In case the point selected is underwater or is likely to
etc. Therefore a re-calibration cycle should be
be subjected to splashes of water, the accelerometer
established.
mounting needs to be made waterproof with a
waterproof housing onto it, through which the 6.1.3 For applications where high accuracy is required,
connecting cables are taken out. Figure 5 shows a the accelerometer should be recalibrated every time
recommended arrangement for the purpose. after use under severe conditions or at least every
2 years.
5.2 Equipment Locations and Cable Layouts
6.2 Instrument Check-Up
The signal conditioner/amplifier, signal processor,
plotter/printer should be kept in an enclosed shed Having completed the installation of accelerometers
having mains power connections, from which cables and having made electrical connections of the
should be laid up to the measurement point. The laying equipment before data collection, a thorough instrument
out cable plays an important part in the accelerometer check is very essential. Considering the sources of
mountings as cable whips contribute to error in vibrations, these would be repetitive in nature and signal
measurements arising from introduction of unwanted validity checks could be easily carried out during this
electrical inputs into the signal conditioning amplifier. phase. The following requires special attention:
The connecting cable should therefore be kept attached
a) To ensure that the mains supply frequency (50
to the test objects end, and as far as possible not let
Hz pick-up, d.c. off-set and low frequency)
free so that whipping due to wind should be avoided,
variations should be minimum possible to an
as shown in Fig. 4.
extent that does not affect measurement
5.3 Maintenance results.
b) The sensitivity ranges should be selected to
The accelerometer has no moving part subject to normal accommodate the signal within dynamic range
wear. Therefore, the output sensitivity does not require of the instruments.
periodic adjustments to correct for wear.
Figure 6 shows instrument set-up for vibration
An accelerometer has internal components which can
measurements.
be damaged from shock or overheating. When an
accelerometer is suspect, a simple test of the 6.3 Measurement Procedures
transducer’s bias voltage shall help determine whether
it should be removed from service. An accelerometer’s 6.3.1 Measurement Conditions
bias voltage is the d.c. component of the transducer’s The vibrations change according to various conditions
output signal. The bias voltage is measured with a d.c. to which the test part is subjected, for example gate
voltmeter across the transducer’s signal output and openings, electrical load on machine. For each different
common leads with power applied. At the same time, condition the signal validity may be checked as
the power supply voltage should also be checked to mentioned in 6.2 for the procedure for instrument
eliminate the possibility of improper power voltage check-up.
affecting the bias voltage level.
6.3.2 Measurement Time
6 EXPERIMENTAL DATA COLLECTION
A portable signal processor conducts on-line analysis.
6.1 Calibration However, the record time selection should be limited.
The frequency range, the frequency resolution and
6.1.1 Pre-Measurement Calibration
record length are interrelated as follows:
The accelerometer and amplifier performance
T = 1/fR,
characteristics are generally stable. These, however,
should be checked even on site. This should be carried where
out by reciprocity method for accelerometer using a T = record time; and
standard accelerometer, miniature vibration source and fR = frequency resolution
sensitivity comparator, and for charge amplifier by
= (2.56 × FMax )/ Nt ;
charge simulation method using a calibrator producing
known charge and a digital voltmeter. where
FMax = maximum anticipated frequency of
6.1.2 Under normal conditions, piezoelectric sensors
vibrations; and
are extremely stable and their calibrated performance
characteristics do not change over time. However, often Nt = samples in time.

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IS 14793 : 2013

6.3.3 Recording Observations due to operational constraints or equipment limitations,

therefore each condition and sub-condition as well as
The records of the measurements conducted should be
the points of measurements may be dated and time
kept in a tabular form. The table should bear at the
marked.
head all the pertinent details for example, reservoir
level, condition of gates, machine speed, head on Entries should be made in the record during
machines, load, etc, and date and time of experiment. observations for,
In case of simultaneous measurements on a number of
a) actual parameters value while using indicating
channels, all the locations form the columns and
instrument; and
measurement conditions form the rows. Many sub-
conditions within a condition are possible for example, b) file names, diskette identification numbers
a load on hydro-turbine with other unit at different load while using signal processor.
conditions. It is possible that the readings are not taken A typical vibration measurement record is given
simultaneously or in the order indicated by the table below:

Name of project :
Date :
Reservoir level :
Tail Race level :
Unit No. :
Gate opening :
Machine speed :

FIG. 5 WATER PROOF HOUSING FOR A CCELEROMETER

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6.3.4 Safety Criteria

For evaluation of the safety criteria for the structural
response to vibration (see IS 14881).

F IG. 6 I NSTRUMENT SET-UP FOR VIBRATION AND PRESSURE PULSATION M EASUREMENTS

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ANNEX A
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Hydraulic Structures Instrumentation Sectional Committee, WRD 16

Organization Representative(s)
Central Soil & Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI MURARI RATNAM (Chairman)
AIMIL Ltd, New Delhi SHRI S. P. GUPTA
SHRI SANJAY KUMAR (Alternate)
Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited, Hyderabad SHRI D. SUDARSHAN
Bhakra Beas Management Board, Nangal Township DIRECTOR (DAM SAFETY)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRI AJAY CHAURSIA
SHRI JALAJ PARASHAR (Alternate)
Central Soil & Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI S. L. GUPTA
SHRI R. K. MATHUR (Alternate)
Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune SHRI S. G. CHAPHALKAR
SHRI R. ALI (Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR (INSTRUMENTATION)
DIRECTOR EMBANKMENT (N&W) (Alternate)
Consulting Engineering Services (I) Ltd, New Delhi SHRI P. K. DATTA
SHRI R. S. DAS (Alternate)
Damodar Valley Corporation Ltd, Bihar CHIEF ENGINEER (CIVIL)
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (CIVIL) (Alternate)
Encardio-Rite Electronics Pvt Ltd, Lucknow SHRI AMOD GUJRAL
SHRI K. K. RAI (Alternate)
IIT, Roorkee, Uttarakhand DR R. P. SINGH
DR NAYAN SHARMA (Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad SHRI M. ASHOK KUMAR
SHRI A. MANOJ KUMAR (Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Gujarat, Vadodara DIRECTOR
Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra, Nasik RESEARCH OFFICER
ASSISTANT RESEARCH OFFICER (Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh CHIEF ENGINEER (Dam Design)
Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee CHIEF ENGINEER DESIGN
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (Alternate)
Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd, Karnataka CHIEF ENGINEER (CIVIL DESIGNS)
PROJECT ENGINEER DESIGNS (Alternate)
Kerala State Electricity Board, Kerala SHRI PHILIP ZACHARIAH
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (Alternate)
NHPC Ltd, Faridabad SHRI A. K. J AIN
SHRI H. V. S RUDRAPPA (Alternate)
NTPC Limited, Noida, U.P. SHRI R. C. SENAN
SHRI MADHUKAR AGARWAL (Alternate)
Pubic Works Deptt, Government of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu EIC, WRO AND CE (G1)
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (Alternate)
Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited, New Shimla SHRI BRIJESH KUMAR GUPTA
Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Chennai SHRI V. SANTHANAKRISHNAN
SHRI S. SIVAKUMAR (Alternate I)
SHRI V. GOPALAKRISHNAN (Alternate II)
Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited, Dehradun SHRI VYAS DEV AJMANI
SHRI N. K. MAHESHWARI (Alternate)

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Organization Representative(s)
Vasi Shums & Co Private Ltd, Mumbai SHRI Z. M. KARACHIWALA
In personal capacity (C-3/3188 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070) DR A. K. DHAWAN
BIS Directorate General SHRI J. C. ARORA, Scientist ‘F’ & Head (WRD)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)]

Member Secretary
Shri R. R. DASH
Scientist ‘C’ (WRD), BIS

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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
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Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: WRD 16 (503).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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