APPENDIX A

to
Committee Report
 116TH CONGRESS, 2ND SESSION
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
COMMITTEE ON ETHICS

IN THE MATTER OF ALLEGATIONS RELATING TO

REPRESENTATIVE MATT GAETZ

FEBRUARY 3, 2020

Mr. BROWN, from the Investigative Subcommittee, submitted the following

REPORT

To the Committee on Ethics

 INVESTIGATIVE SUBCOMMITEE

Anthony Brown, Maryland Michael Guest, Mississippi

Chairman Ranking Member

Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois John W. Rose, Tennessee

REPORT STAFF

Thomas A. Rust, Chief Counsel/Staff Director

Brittney Pescatore, Director of Investigations

C. Ezekiel Ross, Counsel

Danielle Appleman, Investigator
Caroline Taylor, Investigative Clerk

ii
 CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY...................................................................................... 2
III. HOUSE RULES, LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER STANDARDS OF
CONDUCT ................................................................................................................. 2
IV. FACTS ........................................................................................................................ 3
V. ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 7
A. THE ISC DID NOT FIND THAT REPRESENTATIVE GAETZ’S ACTIONS CONSTITUTE
WITNESS TAMPERING OR OBSTRUCTION OF CONGRESS. ........................................... 7
B. THE ISC FOUND THAT REPRESENTATIVE GAETZ’S ACTIONS DID NOT REFLECT
CREDITABLY UPON THE HOUSE. ............................................................................... 9
VI. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 11

APPENDIX A: EXHIBITS TO INVESTIGATIVE SUBCOMMITTEE REPORT

iii
 116TH CONGRESS, 2ND SESSION
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
COMMITTEE ON ETHICS

IN THE MATTER OF ALLEGATIONS RELATING TO

REPRESENTATIVE MATT GAETZ

FEBRUARY 3, 2020

REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATIVE SUBCOMMITTEE

I. INTRODUCTION

On June 25, 2019, an Investigative Subcommittee (ISC) was formed, pursuant to House
Rule XI, clause 3(b)(2) and Committee on Ethics (Committee) Rule 16(d), to investigate
allegations that Representative Matt Gaetz sought to threaten, intimidate, harass, or otherwise
improperly influence President Donald Trump’s former attorney, Michael Cohen, in connection
with Mr. Cohen’s testimony before the House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oversight
Committee). The investigation arose out of a post (or “tweet”) made by Representative Gaetz, on
the social media platform Twitter, the day before Mr. Cohen was set to testify before the Oversight
Committee. Representative Gaetz removed the tweet on the same day he posted it, before Mr.
Cohen’s testimony.

In a complaint filed with the Committee, one of Representative Gaetz’s colleagues alleged
that Representative Gaetz’s post regarding Mr. Cohen was a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512, the
federal witness tampering statute. 1 Federal law prohibits witness tampering in connection with a
congressional proceeding, as well as obstruction of Congress, when done with the requisite
criminal intent. The ISC, however, did not find sufficient evidence to conclude that
Representative Gaetz violated the witness tampering or obstruction of Congress statutes.

Representative Gaetz’s actions nevertheless raise concerns. Members of Congress should

safeguard the work of the House of Representatives. By making statements that were reasonably
perceived as threats to a witness, the day before that witness was scheduled to testify in a
congressional hearing, Representative Gaetz instead risked interfering with that work.

Based on its review, the ISC determined that Representative Gaetz acted in a manner that
was inconsistent with the standards set for Members of Congress and his actions did not reflect
creditably upon the House of Representatives. The ISC, accordingly, found that Representative
Gaetz violated House Rule XXIII, clause 1 of the Code of Official Conduct and recommends that
the Committee admonish Representative Gaetz for his tweet.

1
Exhibit 1.
 II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On March 13, 2019, the Committee received a letter from Representative Kathleen Rice
requesting an investigation into allegations involving Representative Gaetz. 2 On March 26, 2019,
the Chairman and Ranking Member of the Committee, pursuant to House Rule XI, clause 3(j) and
Committee Rule 16(a), determined that the letter submitted by Representative Rice met the
Committee’s requirements for what constitutes a complaint.

On March 26, 2019, the Committee sent a request for information to Representative Gaetz
pursuant to Committee Rules 16(c) and 18(a), to investigate allegations that Representative Gaetz
sought to threaten, intimidate, harass, or otherwise improperly influence Mr. Cohen, in connection
with Mr. Cohen’s testimony before a congressional committee. On April 17, 2019, Representative
Gaetz responded to the Committee’s request for information in part, but declined to answer certain
questions. On May 13, 2019, the Committee requested an interview with Representative Gaetz,
but Representative Gaetz declined the Committee’s interview request “[d]ue to pending matters
before the Florida bar.” 3 The Committee explained to Representative Gaetz that its ability to
resolve the complaint would be hindered without his testimony, and if it was unable to dispose of
the complaint by the rule-based deadline of June 24, 2019, House and Committee Rules would
require the Committee to establish an ISC to review the complaint. Representative Gaetz still
declined to provide testimony and, on June 25, 2019, an ISC was formed pursuant to House Rule
XI, clause 3(b)(2), and Committee Rule 16(d).

The ISC met a total of six times in the instant matter. In total, the ISC reviewed over 160
pages of materials and obtained additional information from the Florida Bar. The ISC also
interviewed Representative Gaetz. 4

The ISC carefully considered all of the evidence presented, including Representative
Gaetz’s submissions, oral remarks, and testimony in resolving the matter. On January 28, 2020,
the ISC unanimously voted to issue the following report to the Committee, pursuant to Committee
Rule 19(g).

III. HOUSE RULES, LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT

An individual violates the federal witness tampering statute if that individual “knowingly
uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly persuades another person, or attempts to do so . . . with

2
Id.
3
Representative Gaetz told the ISC that he believed the Florida bar review deserved his “full and complete
attention,” and he was concerned that “engaging too directly with the Ethics Committee on these matters through an
interview could negatively impact the results of that bar investigation.” ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
4
Representative Gaetz’s delayed cooperation served to extend the investigation longer than necessary. The ISC
attempted to unsuccessfully set up an interview with Representative Gaetz when it was first impaneled, and at the
conclusion of the Florida Bar inquiry, the ISC contacted Representative Gaetz and scheduled an interview, with
questioning to be led by the Committee’s professional non-partisan staff, consistent with the Committee’s
longstanding practice. Representative Gaetz appeared on the scheduled date but declined to answer questions from
Committee staff, and his interview was postponed until he agreed to answer questions from staff.

2
intent to influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding,” or
“intentionally harasses another person and thereby hinders, delays, prevents or dissuades any
person from attending or testifying in an official proceeding[.]” 5

An individual violates the obstruction of Congress statute if the individual:

corruptly, or by threats or force, or by any threatening letter or communication

influences, obstructs, or impedes or endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede the
due and proper administration of the law under which any pending proceeding is
being had before any department or agency of the United States, or the due and
proper exercise of the power of inquiry under which any inquiry or investigation is
being had by either House, or any committee of either House or any joint committee
of the Congress[.] 6

House Rule XXIII, clause 1 states that “[a] Member . . . of the House shall behave at all
times in a manner that shall reflect creditably on the House.”

IV. FACTS

Representative Gaetz has served as Representative for the First District of Florida since
January 3, 2017. He is currently a Member of the Committee on Armed Services and the
Committee on the Judiciary.

On February 26, 2019, Representative Gaetz drafted and posted a tweet on the social media
platform Twitter from his unofficial Twitter account, @mattgaetz. 7 The post stated:

Hey @MichaelCohen212 – Do your wife & father-in-law know about your

girlfriends? Maybe tonight would be a good time for that chat. I wonder if she’ll
remain faithful when you’re in prison. She’s about to learn a lot… 8

The username @MichaelCohen212 belongs to Michael Cohen, the former personal

attorney to the President. Mr. Cohen was scheduled to testify before the Oversight Committee on
February 27, 2019, the day after Representative Gaetz’s tweet. Representative Gaetz did not have
a pre-existing relationship with Mr. Cohen prior to sending his tweet. 9 In fact, Representative
Gaetz had never spoken to Mr. Cohen directly or contacted Mr. Cohen via social media prior to
his February 26, 2019, tweet. 10

Representative Gaetz testified that, approximately one to three days prior to his tweet, he
received information regarding Mr. Cohen from two individuals. 11 According to Representative

5
See 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b); 18 U.S.C. § 1512(d).
6
See 18 U.S.C. § 1505.
7
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz (testifying that he drafted and posted the tweet to the account himself).
Representative Gaetz maintains a separate official Twitter account, @RepMattGaetz.
8
Exhibit 2.
9
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
10
Id.
11
Id.

3
Gaetz, he confirmed with his two sources that the information he received was based on their
personal knowledge before sending the aforementioned tweet. 12 Representative Gaetz also
explained that the individuals who provided him the information neither instructed nor suggested
that he post the information on social media. 13 He told the ISC he did not seek out the information
regarding Mr. Cohen himself, but declined to provide further information about the identity of his
two sources or his discussions with those individuals because he had promised them
confidentiality. 14

The same day he posted the tweet referencing Mr. Cohen, Representative Gaetz stated in a
floor speech: “I think it is entirely appropriate for any Member of this body to challenge the
truthfulness, veracity and character of people who have a history of lying and have a future that
undoubtedly contains nothing but lies. That is the story of Michael Cohen.” 15

Later that evening, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi tweeted, “I encourage all Members
to be mindful that comments made on social media or in the press can adversely affect the ability
of House Committees to obtain the truthful and complete information necessary to fulfill their
duties.” 16 Representative Gaetz responded to Speaker Pelosi’s tweet stating:

Speaker, I want to get the truth too. While it is important 2 create context around
the testimony of liars like Michael Cohen, it was NOT my intent to threaten, as
some believe I did. I’m deleting the tweet & I should have chosen words that better
showed my intent. I’m sorry. 17

Representative Gaetz removed the tweet from his Twitter account on the same day he posted it.
He testified he did so because he was uncomfortable with any perception that he intended to
threaten Mr. Cohen or smear his family. 18 Representative Gaetz explained to the ISC that,
following news coverage of his tweet and the response from Speaker Pelosi, he came to the
conclusion that “the tweet did not conform to my own standard that I maintain for myself and for
my conduct.” 19

Mr. Cohen testified before the Oversight Committee on February 27, 2019.20
Representative Gaetz is not a Member of the Oversight Committee. 21 Representative Gaetz
appeared at the Oversight Committee hearing room on the day of Mr. Cohen’s testimony and told

12
Id.
13
Id.
14
Id.
15
165 Cong. Rec. H2220 (daily ed. Feb. 26, 2019) (statement of Representative Gaetz).
16
Exhibit 3.
17
Exhibit 4.
18
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
19
Id.
20
Mr. Cohen had previously postponed his testimony, citing “threats” against his family by the President and his
lawyer. See Zachary Basu, Michael Cohen postpones House testimony, blames Trump ‘threats,’ Axios (Jan. 23,
2019), https://www.axios.com/michael-cohen-postpones-house-oversight-testimony-781c61ee-57ee-4129-8fd8-
80bb61eb39cb.html.
21
Representative Gaetz told the ISC that he had attended public Oversight Committee hearings on more than one
occasion prior to Mr. Cohen’s testimony. ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.

4
reporters he was there to “ask questions.” 22 According to Representative Gaetz, he attended the
hearing to observe Mr. Cohen’s veracity in person. 23 He also offered suggestions regarding
questions to Oversight Committee members. 24

In both public and private communications following his initial tweet, Representative
Gaetz maintained that his intent was to challenge Mr. Cohen’s truthfulness and not to discourage
his testimony. Representative Gaetz informed the Committee, through his written response, that
his tweet was intended “to pose a question to Mr. Cohen for his response, public consumption, and
to cast him in an untruthful light to the American people,” and that “[t]he purpose of the tweet was
never to threaten, intimidate, harass or otherwise improperly influence Mr. Cohen in connection
with his testimony before a Congressional Committee.” 25 Representative Gaetz also made similar
statements to the press. 26 Representative Gaetz told the ISC that it “never occurred” to him that
his tweet would impact Mr. Cohen’s willingness to testify, or the substance of his testimony. 27

On the afternoon of February 27, 2019, the Florida Bar announced that it had opened an
investigation into Representative Gaetz. 28 Representative Gaetz reached out to an individual who
advised him to contact Mr. Cohen and Mr. Cohen’s attorney. 29 The individual suggested that
Representative Gaetz tell Mr. Cohen and his attorney that he was “upset at what was transpiring,”
“would never threaten anyone,” and that, “[i]n retrospect, [the tweet] was poorly written and you
wish you u didn’t send it.” 30 The individual added, “[t]hat’s a CYA.” 31 Representative Gaetz
generally took the advice. The same day, he sent a message to Mr. Cohen and Mr. Cohen’s
attorney stating:

Mr. Cohen, this is Congressman Matt Gaetz. I am writing to personally tell you
I’m sorry for the tweet that I sent which many believe was threatening to you. It
was never ever ever my intent to threaten you in any way. While you don’t know
me, that is not who I am and how I operate. I do not wish any harm to you or your
family. I was upset at what was transpiring and chose my words poorly. I will
work to be better, as I know you said today you will as well. Have a good evening
– Matt. 32

22
See Daniel Chaitin & Naomi Lim, Matt Gaetz shows up to 'ask questions' at Michael Cohen hearing after
threatening tweet, Washington Examiner (Feb. 27, 2019), https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/matt-gaetz-
shows-up-to-ask-questions-at-michael-cohen-hearing-after-threatening-tweet.
23
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz (noting the value of observing body language and other cues from
witnesses when evaluating the evidence they provide).
24
Id.; Exhibit 5.
25
Exhibit 5.
26
See Exhibit 6 (Stating “I’m testing the truthfulness of Michael Cohen. That should still be allowed in congress.
Let’s find out all the people Cohen lied to;” and “[i]t’s witness testing, not tampering. We still are allowed to test
the truthfulness and character of witnesses.”).
27
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
28
Steve Contorno, Matt Gaetz Under investigation by the Florida Bar for Tweet at Michael Cohen, Tampa Bay
Times (Feb. 27, 2019), https://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2019/02/27/matt-gaetz-under-investigation-
by-the-florida-bar-for-tweet-at-michael-cohen/.
29
Exhibit 7.
30
Id.
31
Id.
32
Exhibit 8.

5
Representative Gaetz also sent a copy of the message to the individual who had advised him to
send it. 33 Representative Gaetz testified that his message to Mr. Cohen was not an attempt to cover
himself but was reflective of his own views. 34

Mr. Cohen thanked Representative Gaetz for his message. 35 On or around March 3, 2019,
Representative Gaetz met with Mr. Cohen’s lawyer to discuss the matter further. 36

On August 16, 2019, a grievance committee of the Florida Bar found “no probable cause”
and dismissed the complaint against Representative Gaetz. 37 The grievance committee noted,
however, that Representative Gaetz’s tweet was “unprofessional, reckless, insensitive, and
demonstrated poor judgment.” 38 The grievance committee concluded that, “[w]hile
[Representative Gaetz’s] conduct in this instance did not warrant formal discipline, . . . it was not
consistent with the high standards of [its] profession, and . . . [his] actions do not reflect favorably
on [Representative Gaetz] as a member of The Florida Bar. 39

When asked by the ISC if he felt his conduct was consistent with the standards for a
Member of Congress, Representative Gaetz explained:

it was not consistent with my own standards, and that really is where the inquiry
stops for me. I am not comfortable with the language I used, with the reference that
I deployed in this tweet, and that’s why, by virtue of inconsistency with my own
standards, I deleted it and apologized publicly and privately. . . . And so I stopped
my own analysis with the conclusion that I acted improperly regarding my own
standards. I am sorry for doing so, and that’s why I deleted the tweet and
apologized both publicly and privately. 40

33
Exhibit 7.
34
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
35
Exhibit 8 (“Congressman Gaetz, I cannot thank you enough for your message. The tweet, sadly, has only made a
bad situation worse . . . not only for my wife but for my children as well . . . We all make mistakes especially in this
crazy partisan time. Thank you again for your text and I hope that the tweet does not cause you any harm.”).
36
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
37
Exhibit 9.
38
Id.
39
Id.
40
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.

6
 V. ANALYSIS

On June 28, 2019, pursuant to Committee Rule 16(d), the Committee established this ISC
and forwarded the full complaint against Representative Gaetz to the ISC for its consideration.
The ISC reviewed the information in the complaint and considered whether Representative Gaetz’s
tweet and related conduct violated the federal witness tampering statute or related rules, laws and
standards of conduct, including the obstruction of Congress statute and the Code of Official
Conduct.
The ISC did not find sufficient evidence to conclude that Representative Gaetz operated
with the requisite intent necessary to violate the applicable witness tampering and obstruction of
congress statutes. The ISC did find that Representative Gaetz acted in a manner that did not reflect
creditably upon the House of Representatives and thus fell short of the standards of conduct
applicable to a Member of Congress.
A. THE ISC DID NOT FIND THAT REPRESENTATIVE GAETZ’S ACTIONS
CONSTITUTE WITNESS TAMPERING OR OBSTRUCTION OF CONGRESS.

“Whoever knowingly uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly persuades another person,

or attempts to do so . . . with intent to influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in
an official proceeding” violates 18 U.S.C. § 1512, the federal witness tampering statute. 41 The
witness tampering statute also prohibits the lesser offense of intentionally harassing a witness in
an attempt to dissuade the witness from testifying. 42

For a communication to be considered a threat, intimidation, or “corrupt persuasion,” 43 it

need not be explicit and overt, if it can be reasonably inferred the witness would be threatened,
intimidated, or persuaded to testify untruthfully by the words. 44 Likewise, “[t]he success of an
attempt or possibility thereof is irrelevant; the statute makes the endeavor a crime.” 45 The witness
tampering statute covers both coercive and, in some cases, non-coercive communications. 46 Under
the statute, the obstructive conduct must have “a relationship in time, causation, or logic with the
[official] proceedings; in other words, the endeavor must have the natural and probable effect of

41
See 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b).
42
18 U.S.C. § 1512(d); 18 U.S.C. § 1505. Harassment has been interpreted to mean conduct that would “badger,
disturb or pester.” United States v. Wilson, 796 F.2d 55, 58-59 (4th Cir. 1986).
43
Several courts have interpreted “corrupt persuasion” to cover any attempt to convince a witness to engage in a
course of behavior with respect to an official proceeding that is “motivated by an inappropriate or improper
purpose.” See United States v. Khatami, 280 F.3d 907, 912 (9th Cir. 2002); United States v. Thompson, 76 F.3d
442, 452 (2d Cir. 1996). Compare United States v. Farrell, 126 F.3d 484, 489 (3d Cir. 1997) (construing the word
“corruptly” to mean “more culpability is required for a statutory violation than that involved in the act of attempting
to discourage disclosure in order to hinder an investigation”).
44
See United States v. Freeman, 208 F.3d 332, 338 (1st Cir. 2000); United States v. Edlind, 887 F.3d 166, 174 (4th
Cir. 2018), (citing United States v. Edwards, 869 F.3d 490, 503 (7th Cir. 2017)); United States v. Miller, 562 F.
App'x 272, 298 (6th Cir. 2014); United States v. Johnson, 903 F.2d 1084, 1087-88 (7th Cir.1990).
45
United States v. Wilson, 796 F.2d at 57 (4th Cir. 1986).
46
See United States v. Khatami, 280 F.3d 907 (9th Cir. 2002) (non-coercive attempts to persuade witnesses to lie to
investigators violate witness tampering statute).

7
interfering with” the official proceeding. 47 It is well established that a congressional hearing
constitutes an “official proceeding” under the witness tampering statute. 48

An individual violates 18 U.S.C. § 1505, the obstruction of Congress statute, if the

individual

corruptly, or by threats or force, or by any threatening letter or communication

influences, obstructs, or impedes or endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede the
due and proper administration of the law under which any pending proceeding is
being had before any department or agency of the United States, or the due and
proper exercise of the power of inquiry under which any inquiry or investigation is
being had by either House, or any committee of either House or any joint committee
of the Congress. 49

The intent to improperly influence witness testimony is an essential element of both the
witness tampering statute and the obstruction of Congress statute. 50 Accordingly, to find a
violation of either statute, the actions in question must have been taken with the intent to influence
or prevent testimony in the connected official proceeding. 51

The ISC did not find sufficient evidence to conclude that Representative Gaetz engaged in
witness tampering or obstruction of Congress as defined by law. To find witness tampering or
obstruction of Congress, the ISC must reject Representative Gaetz’s stated reasons for his actions
and find that his true intent was to prevent or alter Mr. Cohen’s testimony. 52 Representative
Gaetz’s actions and statements after he posted his tweet, as well as his testimony to the ISC
regarding his intent, counsel against a finding that Representative Gaetz intended to influence Mr.
Cohen’s testimony and obstruct or tamper with the Oversight Committee’s proceeding.

Representative Gaetz publicly stated that it was not his intent to threaten Mr. Cohen on the
same day his tweet was posted, and he has consistently made such assertions in public and private
since his tweet was posted. 53 Representative Gaetz indicated it “never occurred” to him that his
conduct could influence Mr. Cohen’s testimony, 54 and the ISC found no direct nor circumstantial
evidence to the contrary. 55 Although his words were, as he himself has acknowledged, “inartful,”

47
See United States v. Reich, 479 F.3d 179, 185 (2d Cir. 2007) (citations and quotations omitted).
48
18 U.S.C. § 1515(a)(1)(B) (“As used in sections 1512 and 1513 of this title and in this section, the term ‘official
proceeding’ means . . . a proceeding before the Congress.”); see e.g., United States v. Ring, 628 F.Supp.2d 195, 223
(D.D.C. 2009) (“The term ‘official proceeding’ includes proceedings before federal judges, grand juries, and
Congress.”).
49
See 18 U.S.C. § 1505.
50
United States v. Suarez, 617 F. App'x 537, 542 (6th Cir. 2015) (holding that “[t]here is no dispute that intent is
an essential element of” attempted witness tampering under § 1512); United States v. Quattrone, 441 F.3d 153, 174
(2d Cir. 2006) (element of § 1505 requires “a wrongful intent or improper motive to interfere with an agency
proceeding”).
51
18 U.S.C. § 1512; 18 U.S.C. § 1505.
52
See Suarez, 617 F. App'x at 542 (finding intent was an essential element of the witness tampering statute).
53
E.g., Exhibit 4; ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
54
ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
55
See United States v. Balzano, 916 F.2d 1273, 1291 (7th Cir. 1990) (“Although it is difficult to find direct evidence
in the record of the defendants' intent to intimidate and retaliate against [the witness], direct evidence of intent is

8
Representative Gaetz has consistently maintained that his goal was to impact the public’s view of
Mr. Cohen by questioning his character and veracity, not to impact Mr. Cohen’s willingness to
testify or the substance of his testimony. 56

Likewise, the ISC did not find that Representative Gaetz’s attendance during Mr. Cohen’s
testimony before the Oversight Committee involved the requisite intent to establish witness
tampering or obstruction of Congress. Representative Gaetz provided “information, question
suggestions and advice to members of the Oversight Committee, including Mr. Jordan, Mr.
Meadows, Mr. Comer, Mr. Massie and others” during the Oversight hearing. 57 Members of
Congress are free to attend open congressional hearings for Committees upon which they do not
sit—as are the general public.

B. THE ISC FOUND THAT REPRESENTATIVE GAETZ’S ACTIONS DID NOT

REFLECT CREDITABLY UPON THE HOUSE.

A Member need not violate federal law to violate the Rules of the House of
Representatives. House Rule XXIII, clause 1 states that “[a] Member . . . of the House shall behave
at all times in a manner that shall reflect creditably on the House.” Clause 1 is a purposely
subjective standard designed to “have a deterrent effect against improper conduct,” and provide
“the ability to deal with any given act or accumulation of acts which, in the judgment of the
committee, are severe enough to reflect discredit on the Congress.” 58 The provision serves “as a
safeguard for, the House as a whole.” 59

The Committee has previously found a Member in violation of House Rule XXIII, clause
1 for “inappropriate communications” with two House staffers that ran the risk of interfering with
one of the Committee’s investigations. 60 In that matter, the Committee noted that the Member’s
oral and written statements to her Chief of Staff “could be viewed as an attempt to shape [her
staffer’s] testimony to the Committee.” 61 The Member explained that it was not her intention to
influence the staffer’s testimony before the Committee, that her intention was instead to “relieve
[the staffer’s] anxiety,” and she apologized for acting “impulsively” by communicating with the
staffer. 62 The Committee concluded, “[r]egardless of [the Member’s] intentions, interference with
a Committee investigation is a very serious matter, and [the Member]’s actions here were clearly
improper and reflected very poor judgment on her part.” 63 The Committee went on to find that

usually unavailable. In general, it is necessary to prove intent through circumstantial evidence.’”) (quoting United
States v. Johnson, 903 F.2d 1084, 1087 (7th Cir. 1990)).
56
See ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
57
Exhibit 5.
58
See Ethics Manual at 13 (citing 114 Cong. Rec. 8778 (Apr. 3, 1968)).
59
Comm. on Standards of Official Conduct, Inquiry into the Operation of the Bank of the Sergeant-At-Arms of the
House of Representatives, H. Rept. 102-452, 102d Cong. 2d Sess. 22 (March 10, 1992) (citing H. Rept. 90-1176,
90th Cong. 2d Sess. 17 (1968).
60
See generally Comm. on Ethics, In the Matter of Allegations Relating to Representative Judy Chu, H. Rept. 113-
665, 113th Cong. 2d Sess. (2014) (hereinafter Chu).
61
See Chu at 8 (Representative Chu suggested comments for her Chief of Staff to “point that out” to a staffer
involved in issues under investigation by the Committee).
62
Id. at 9.
63
Id. at 11.

9
the Member violated House Rule XXIII, clause 1 “by not acting in a manner that ‘reflect[ed]
creditably on the House,’” and issued a reproval for her actions. 64

The Committee has also previously acknowledged that a Member’s failure “to exercise
reasonable judgment and restraint, [in] making public statements that risk[] impugning the
reputation of the House,” could support a finding of a violation of clause 1. 65 In the Medicare
Prescription Act matter, the Committee noted that “[w]hile some highly charged language or
exaggeration can be excused,” one Member “went too far by making statements that erode public
confidence in the integrity of this lawmaking institution.” 66

Regardless of his intentions, Representative Gaetz similarly failed to “exercise reasonable

judgment and restraint [in] making public statements,” 67 and Representative Gaetz’s statements
ran the risk of interfering with a Congressional investigation. 68 Representative Gaetz’s post was
perceived by some as a threat even if he did not intend for it to be. Indeed, Representative Gaetz
acknowledged that some people believed that he had threatened Mr. Cohen and that he was
uncomfortable with the perception that he had threatened Mr. Cohen. 69 This perception risked
disrupting the Oversight Committee’s work. Furthermore, the implication that damaging
information may be revealed that could affect Mr. Cohen’s family came at a time when Mr. Cohen
had previously postponed his testimony before Congress because of threats to his family. 70

Of course, not all engagement by Members of Congress with a witness or potential witness
in an official proceeding is impermissible. Conduct intended to “encourage, induce, or cause the
other person to testify truthfully” is not prohibited.71 Even witness “coaching” to assist a witness
in presenting evidence in the “best light,” is not unlawful, provided that it does not involve
coaching a witness to provide false or misleading testimony. 72 Furthermore, all parties to an
official proceeding have “a legitimate interest in discussing the case with the witnesses, testing
their recollections and helping them articulate the events in terms favorable to his case.” 73

64
Id.
65
Comm. on Standards of Official Conduct, Investigation of Certain Allegations Related to Voting on the Medicare
Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, H. Rept. 108-722, 108th Cong. 2d Sess. 2 (2004)
(hereinafter Medicare Prescription Act).
66
Id. at 39.
67
Id. at 2.
68
See Chu at 9-11.
69
See Exhibit 4 (Rep. Gaetz tweeting a message to Speaker Pelosi that “it was NOT my intent to threaten, as some
believe I did.”); ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz (“After watching some of the news coverage and the
response from Speaker Pelosi, I reflected on the poor words that I chose and the involvement of someone’s family . .
. and I was not comfortable with any perception that I was trying to threaten Mr. Cohen or that I was trying to smear
his family.”).
70
See Zachary Basu, Michael Cohen postpones House testimony, blames Trump “threats,” Axios (Jan. 23, 2019),
https://www.axios.com/michael-cohen-postpones-house-oversight-testimony-781c61ee-57ee-4129-8fd8-
80bb61eb39cb.html.
71
18 U.S.C. § 1512(e).
72
United States v. Poppers, 635 F.Supp. 1034, 1037 (N.D. Ill 1986) (hereinafter Poppers).
73
United States v. Howard, 793 F.3d 1113, 1114 (9th Cir. 2015) (Kozinski, J. concurring, “[m]erely talking to a
potential witness, even about the subject of his likely testimony, is not illegal. The government does this again and
again with every potential witness, as long and as often as it wishes.”).

10
 However, a Member’s suggestions that someone may reveal personally damaging
information the day before a witness is scheduled to testify before Congress does not serve to
“encourage” or “induce” a witness to testify 74 but runs the risk of disrupting the testimony.

The Florida Bar grievance committee found Representative Gaetz’s tweet directed to Mr.
Cohen to be “unprofessional, reckless, insensitive, and [that it] demonstrated poor judgment.” 75
The grievance committee went on to state that “in light of the public nature of [Representative
Gaetz’s] comments, [his] actions do not reflect favorably on [Representative Gaetz] as a member
of The Florida Bar.” 76 Likewise, Representative Gaetz himself stated that he was “not comfortable
with the language I used,” that the tweet was inconsistent with his own standards, and that he
“acted improperly regarding [his] own standards.” 77

While it would be a poor use of resources for the Committee or its investigative
subcommittees to investigate every ill-conceived post on Members’ personal social media
accounts, the requirement that Members conduct themselves at all time in a manner that reflects
creditably on the House extends to their electronic communications. 78 Even in a fleeting tweet,
the wrong words can risk interference with a congressional proceeding. Members of the House
should be safeguarding the work of the House of Representatives, not engaging in activity that
may improperly interfere with it.

The ISC joins Representative Gaetz and the Florida Bar grievance committee in finding
that Representative Gaetz’s tweet to Mr. Cohen did not meet the standards by which Members of
Congress should govern themselves. Representative Gaetz’s tweet did not reflect creditably upon
the House and therefore stands in violation of House Rule XXIII, clause 1.

VI. CONCLUSION

While Representative Gaetz’s conduct did not violate the federal witness tampering and
obstruction of congress laws, he risked interfering with the work of the House when he made
statements that were reasonably perceived as threats to a witness, the day before that witness was
scheduled to testify in a congressional hearing. The ISC determined that Representative Gaetz
acted in a manner that was inconsistent with the standards set for Members of Congress and his
actions did not reflect creditably upon the House.

For the reasons discussed above, the ISC found that Representative Gaetz violated House
Rule XXIII, clause 1, and recommends that the Committee adopt this report and admonish
Representative Gaetz for his conduct.

74
18 U.S.C. § 1512(e).
75
Exhibit 9.
76
Id. (Statement from the Florida Bar “[w]hile your conduct in this instance did not warrant formal discipline, the
grievance committee believes it was not consistent with the high standards of our profession, and in light of the
public nature of your comments, your actions do not reflect favorably on you as a member of The Florida Bar.”).
77
See ISC Interview of Representative Gaetz.
78
See Comm. on Ethics Memorandum for all Members, Officers and Employees, Intentional Use of Audio-Visual
Distortions & Deep Fakes (Jan. 28, 2020).

11
APPENDIX A
to
Investigative
Subcommittee
Report
EXHIBIT 1
EXHIBIT 2
EXHIBIT 3
1/2/2020 Nancy Pelosi on Twitter: "I encourage all Members to be mindful that comments made on social media or in the press can adversely affect…

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I encourage all Members to be mindful that

comments made on social media or in the
press can adversely affect the ability of House
Committees to obtain the truthful and
complete information necessary to fulfill their
duties. goo.gl/jVGQD6

Nancy Pelosi  © 2020 Twitter

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COE.GAETZ.000054
EXHIBIT 4
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EXHIBIT 8
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EXHIBIT 9
 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA
(Before a Grievance Committee)

TO: Mr. Matthew Louis Gaetz II

c/o Mr. Henry Matson Coxe III
Respondent's Counsel
101 E. Adams Street
Jacksonville, FL 32202-3303

IN RE: Matthew Louis Gaetz II; The Florida Bar File No. 2019-00,418 (1B)

NOTICE OF NO PROBABLE CAUSE AND LETTER OF ADVICE

The grievance committee has found no probable cause in the referenced matter
against you and the complaint has been dismissed.

The grievance committee wants to make it clear, however, that this finding does not
indicate that the committee condones your conduct in this matter. While your
conduct in this instance did not warrant formal discipline, the grievance committee
believes it was not consistent with the high standards of our profession, and in light
of the public nature of your comments, your actions do not reflect favorably on you
as a member of The Florida Bar.

The grievance committee considered the following facts:

On February 26, 2019, the day before Michael Cohen was to testify before the
House Oversight Committee, you posted the following tweet:

Hey@MichaelCohen212- Do your wife & father-in-law

know about your girlfriends? Maybe tonight would be a
good time for that chat. I wonder if she'll remain faithful
when you're in prison. She's about to learn a lot...

Later that evening, on the House floor, you made comments regarding Mr. Cohen's
veracity in numerous matters, which were put into the Congressional Record.

You deleted your original tweet late that night after Speaker of the House Nancy
Pelosi posted a tweet inferring that it could harm the House Oversight Committee's
ability to "obtain the truthful and complete information necessary to fulfill their
duties." You responded to Speaker Pelosi's tweet by tweeting the following:

COE.GAETZ.000060
 Speaker, I want to get the truth too. While it is important
2 create context around the testimony of liars like
Michael Cohen, it was NOT my intent to threaten, as
some believe I did. I am deleting the tweet & I should
have chosen words that better showed my intent. I'm
sorry.

On February 27, 2019, you sent a text message to Mr. Cohen and his attorney
apologizing for your original tweet. You expressed that it was never your intent to
threaten Mr. Cohen "in any way," that you "chose [your] words poorly," and "will
work to be better." Mr. Cohen sent a courteous reply thanking you for your text and
stating that he "hope[d] that the tweet does not cause you any harm," and that he
would be happy to assist you if there were any consequences resulting from your
original tweet.

You then posted the following tweet:

I've personally apologized to @MichaelCohen212 4

referencing his private family in the public square.
Regardless of disagreements, family members should be
off-limits from attacks from representatives, senators &
presidents, including myself. Let's leave the Cohen
family alone.

As a member of The Florida Bar, you are governed by the Rules Regulating The
Florida Bar, not only when you are engaged in legal representation of a client, but
also in all your personal and business affairs outside the practice of law. You
should always be mindful that your actions are subject to The Florida Bar's Rules
Regulating The Florida Bar at all times.

As a member of The Florida Bar, you are also required to uphold the principles of
the Oath of Admission. This Oath includes standards of civility and states, in
pertinent part:

To opposing parties and their counsel, I pledge fairness,

integrity and civility, not only in court, but also in all
written and oral communications.

Your original tweet was posted on the eve of Mr. Cohen's public testimony. The
grievance committee believes your original tweet was unprofessional, reckless,
insensitive, and demonstrated poor judgment. The grievance committee, however,

COE.GAETZ.000061
 considered all the facts presented, including your prompt withdrawal of the tweet,
as well as your public and personal apologies to Mr. Cohen, his attorney, and the
Speaker of the House. The grievance committee also considered Mr. Cohen's reply
to your apology and his willingness to assist you as a mitigating factor.

The grievance committee hopes this letter will make you more aware of your
continuous obligation to uphold the professional standards of a lawyer in The
Florida Bar and, in the future, you will adjust your conduct accordingly.

This letter of advice does not constitute a disciplinary record against you for any
purpose and is not subject to appeal by you. See Rule Regulating The Florida Bar
3-7.4(k). Pursuant to The Florida Bar's records retention schedule, the computer
record and file will be disposed of one year from the date of closing.

Dated this day of ,2019.

First Judicial Circuit

Grievance Committee "B"

La , - y D Lori orona, Chair

cc: Olivia Paiva Klein, Bar Counsel

John Kenneth Reed, Investigating Member
Clifford C. Higby, Designated Reviewer

COE.GAETZ.000062