University of Engineering and Technology,
Peshawar, Pakistan
Computer Programming-II
Object Oriented Programming &
Data Structures
Lecture 2
Expression, Operands,
and Operators
By;
Dr. Muhammad Athar Javed Sethi
cout (See Out)
Console Output, console represents
computer display screen.
Part of iostream header file.
Quotes around string
Ends in semicolon
Syntax of cout is;
std::cout << const1/var1 << const2/var2;
cin (See In)
Console input, console represents
computer display screen.
Part of iostream header file.
When an input statement is executed
the computer waits to receive an input
from keyboard. When value is typed
and enter key is pressed value is
assigned to variable and control shifts
to the next line.
Ends in semicolon
Syntax of cin is;
std::cin >> var1;
Comment statement
Non executable statement.
Used to add remarks or comments.
Compiler ignores the comments given
in the program.
In c++ double slash “//” are used to
mark comment statement.
Another notation can also be used in
c++; comments or remarks are
enclosed within symbols „/*‟ and „*/‟
Escape sequence (control characters)
\n – new line (It moves the control to
the beginning of the next line)
endl manipulator has similar effect
\t - horizontal tab
\r - carriage return (it moves the cursor
to the beginning of the current line)
\a - sound bell
\b- backspace
Additional controls
\\ - print backslash
\" - print double quote
\‟ – print single quote
C++ Techniques
Variables
Operators
Decisions
Loops
Variables
A variable is a storage location
(identified by a memory address) paired
with an associated symbolic
name (an identifier), which contains
some quantity of information referred
to as a value.
Name and type must be declared before
use.
Explicit declaration.
Variables
Variables, can be declared anywhere in the
program.
However they are only visible to the program
within the block of code in which they are
defined.
int main() {
int x = 4;
if (x>3)
{
int y = 3;
}
return (0)
}
Values and Variables
Basic Types:
Integers (signed and unsigned)
short
int
Floating point numbers
float
double
Characters (char)
Boolean (bool)
Basic Types: int and float
Integers (int)
0 1 1000 -1 -10 666
Floating point numbers (float)
1.0 .1 1.0e-1 1e1
Basic Types: char
Characters (char)
’a’ ’z’ ’A’ ’Z’ ’?’ ’@’ ’0’ ’9’
Naming variables
Rules For Variables;
First character of variable name must be an alphabetic
character.
Underscore can be used as first character of variable name.
Blank space are not allowed in a variable name.
A good name for your variables is important.
int a,b;
int start_time;
double d;
int no_students;
/* These are
double course_mark;
not good names
/* This is a bit better */
*/
Ideally, a comment with each variable name helps
people know what they do.
case sensitive: x2 & X2 are different
Data Type Size Data storage range
16 bits (2 byte) -32768 to 32767
C++ Variable Covered Range
int
short int 16 bits (2 bytes) -32768 to 32767
long int 32 bits (4 bytes) -2147483648 to
2147483647
unsigned int 16 bits (2 bytes) 0 to 65535
unsigned long int 32 bits (4 bytes)
0 to 4294967295
float 32 bits (4 bytes) 3.4x10(-38) to
3.4x10(+38)
long float 64 bits (8 bytes) 1.7x10(-308) to
1.7x10(+308)
double 64 bits (8 bytes) 1.7x10(-308) to
1.7x10(+308)
long double 80 bits (10 bytes) 3.4x10(-4932) to
1.1x10(+4932)
char 8 bits (1 byte) In case of string
storage capacity is 1
byte to 65535 bytes
Expressions
A constant or variable by itself is an
expression
Combinations of constants and variables with
operators are also expressions
Examples
7 /* Constant */
x /* Variable */
x + 7 /* with operator */
x = x + 7 /* with operators */
x = x + 7; /* Simple statement */
Operators
+ = add
- = subtract
* = multiply
/ = division
% = modulus - remainder
Logical Operators
C++ defines these logical operators:
<, >, <=, >= and == (the equivalence
operator)
You can compare any variable.
Characters are compared based on
their ASCII values.
All answers will be true (not zero) or
false (0)
You can extend the logic with && (and),
! (not) and || (or).
More operators
== test equality x == y
= assignment x = y
!= not equal
>= greater than or equal
<= less than or equal
More operators
> greater than
< less than
no space between operators
= = is invalid == OK
& bitwise AND
| bitwise OR
~ bitwise NOT
Compound statements
&& and
|| or
! not
The If Statement
Syntax: if (expression) statement;
If the expression is true (not zero), the
statement is executed. If the
expression is false, it is not executed.
You can group multiple expressions
together with braces:
if (expression) {
statement 1;
statement 2;
statement 3;
}
The If/Else Statement
Syntax: if (expression) statement_1;
else statement_2;
If the expression is true, statement_1
will be executed, otherwise,
statement_2 will be.
if (myVal < 3)
std::cout << “myVal is less than 3.\n”;
else
std::cout << “myVal is greater than or
equal to 3.\n”;
Operators and Expressions
Addition x = y + z;
Subtraction x = y – z;
Multiplication x = y * z;
Real number division x = y / 3.14;
Integer division x = y / 10;
Logical AND if (x==1 && y==2)
Logical OR if (x==1 || y==2)
Logical NOT if (!x)
C++ Operators
More Identical operators:
Equal to if (x==10)
Not equal to if (x!=10)
Less than if (x<10)
Greater than if (x>10)
Less than / equal to if (x<=10)
Greater than / equal to if (x>=10)
C++ Operators
The increment Operator
Increment x++ or ++x
Decrement x–- or –-x
Compound Assignment Expression
x*=3 (multiply x by 3)
x+=5 (add 5 to x)
x-=10 (subtract 10 from 6)
x/=2 (halve x)
C++ Operators
There is a subtle difference between x++ and
++x.
++x will increment the variable before it does
anything else with it, x++ will increment after any
assignments.
x = 10; x = 10;
y = ++x; y = x++;
Here y is set to 11 Now y is set to 10
In the first two cases x is set to 11, but in the first
this is done before the assignment.
goto Statement
Unconditional control transfer
statement.
Used to transfer the control to a
specified label in the same program
without evaluating any condition
Syntax of the “goto” statement is;
goto label;
Label can be any name followed by colon
in the program.
Any word that can be used as a variable
name can be used as a label in c++.
If else
if(income > 17000)
std::cout << “pay tax”;
else
std::cout << “find a better
job”;
one of these statements always
execute
Multiple statements
if(x > y)
{
x = y + 4;
z = 2 + y;
}
Conditional operator
grade > 90 ? Std::cout <<
“passed”: std::cout“failed”;
condition to test >90
after question mark
1st statement if condition is true
2nd statement if condition is false
Equivalent structure
if(grade > 90)
std::cout << “passed”;
else
std::cout << “failed”;
Another conditional example
rate = (hours > 40) ? 3.50 : 0.25;
work > 40 hours
rate = $3.50 hour
else $0.25 hour
