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Linguistic Elements in Discourse - Summ

Linguistic elements in discourse include: 1. Cohesion - the connections between elements in a text through words like pronouns. 2. Coherence - the overall fit and unity of ideas in a text. 3. Anaphoric and cataphoric references - words that refer back or forward to other elements mentioned earlier or later in the text. Lexical cohesion occurs through relationships between words based on their meanings, such as reiteration and collocation. These linguistic elements help create flow and understanding in written and spoken communication.

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82 views3 pages

Linguistic Elements in Discourse - Summ

Linguistic elements in discourse include: 1. Cohesion - the connections between elements in a text through words like pronouns. 2. Coherence - the overall fit and unity of ideas in a text. 3. Anaphoric and cataphoric references - words that refer back or forward to other elements mentioned earlier or later in the text. Lexical cohesion occurs through relationships between words based on their meanings, such as reiteration and collocation. These linguistic elements help create flow and understanding in written and spoken communication.

Uploaded by

Amine Bennezzar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linguistic Elements in

Discourse
1) Cohesion:
Is the connection that exists between elements in the text.

 Example:
Mary likes yellow apples. She eats them every day.

2) Coherence:
Is a state or situation in which all the parts or ideas fit together well so that they
form a united whole.
Example:
-Daughter: May I have more?
- Mother: Yes, sure!
In this example doesn't mention what exactly she wants, but through
the
Context of the situation knows that her daughter is speaking about

Anaphoric and Cataphotic reference:

A word or phrase that refers to something mentioned


earlier in the discourse.
Example:
went to the . was annoyed because was closed.
-In this example refers anaphoricaly to . And refers anaphoricaly
to the .

A word or phrase that refers to something mentioned later in


the discourse.
Example:
was there on the table. I'd never read and
I didn't intend to do so now.
- In this example: refers Cataphoricaly to .

Is used to identify individuals and things or objects which are


named at some other point in the text (through: pronouns & determiners).
Example:
didn’t have to change the world. could have chosen to
rule much as his predecessor did.

Is expressed through adjectives and adverbs and serves


to compare items within a text in term of identity or similarity.
Example:
Recognizing that his country had to change, Gorbachev could have become a cautious
modernizer in the Chinese fashion, promotion, economic reform and sponsoring new
technology while holding firm against political change. This did not happen.

Substitution and Ellipses:

Uses a word, a phrase to replace a word, a phrase used earlier.

There are 3 types of Substitution:

Nominal substitution: The / the can be used to replace nouns.


Example:
A: I have a blue bag.
B: I have the

Verbal substitution: verbs can be used to replace by .


Example:
Mohammed says . So you?

Clausal substitution: clauses can be replaced by / .


Example:
A: Is it ?
B: I think .

A form of substitution in which the original item is replaced by .


-Leaving words out because they are understood from the context.

There are 3 types of Ellipses:

Nominal Ellipses:
Example:
My play lot of sport. are energetic.

Verbal Ellipses:
Example:
A: you been working?
B: yes, I .

Clausal Ellipses:
Example:
A: Why'd you only set three places? Sara is staying for dinner.
B: She didn't tell me. (0)

Lexical cohesion:

Lexical cohesion occurs when two words in a text are semantically related in some way -- in
other words, they are related in terms of their meaning. In Halliday and Hasan (1976), the two
major categories of lexical cohesion are reiteration arid collocation.
Example:
-What we lack in a is what we should get. In a maybe
the winning ticket.

2-
Example:
-You should try reversing the car up the . The isn't all that steep.

Example:
- has arrived with the cold and wet conditions. is striking
everyone from infants to the elderly.

Example:
A: Did you try the steamed buns?
B: Yes, I didn't like the things much.

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