Pari-GP reference card t VECSMALL.

Vector of small ints Vecsmall([x, y, z]) Conjugates and Lifts

(PARI-GP version 2.11.0) t MAT. Matrices [a, b;c, d] conjugate of a number x conj(x)
Note: optional arguments are surrounded by braces {}. t LIST. Lists List([x, y, z]) norm of x, product with conjugate norm(x)
To start the calculator, type its name in the terminal: gp t STR. Strings "abc" Lp norm of x (L∞ if no p) normlp(x, {p})
To exit gp, type quit, \q, or <C-D> at prompt. t INFINITY. ±∞ +oo, -oo square of L2 norm of x norml2(x)
Help Reserved Variable Names lift of x from Mods and p-adics lift, centerlift(x)
recursive lift liftall
describe function ?function π = 3.14 . . ., γ = 0.57 . . ., C = 0.91 . . . Pi, Euler, Catalan
lift all t INT and t PADIC (→t INT) liftint
extended description ??keyword square root of −1 I
lift all t POLMOD (→t POL) liftpol
list of relevant help topics ???pattern Landau’s big-oh notation O
name of GP-1.39 function f in GP-2.* whatnow(f ) Lists, Sets & Maps
Information about an Object Sets (= row vector with strictly increasing entries w.r.t. cmp)
Input/Output PARI type of object x type(x) intersection of sets x and y setintersect(x, y)
previous result, the result before %, %‘, %‘‘, etc. length of x / size of x in memory #x, sizebyte(x) set of elements in x not belonging to y setminus(x, y)
n-th result since startup %n real precision / bit precision of x precision(x), bitprecision union of sets x and y setunion(x, y)
separate multiple statements on line ; p-adic, series prec. of x padicprec(x), serprec does y belong to the set x setsearch(x, y, {flag})
extend statement on additional lines \ Operators set of all f (x, y), x ∈ X, y ∈ Y setbinop(f, X, Y )
extend statements on several lines {seq1 ; seq2 ;} is x a set ? setisset(x)
basic operations +, - , *, /, ^, sqr
comment /* . . . */ Lists. create empty list: L = List()
i=i+1, i=i-1, i=i*j, . . . i++, i--, i*=j,. . .
one-line comment, rest of line ignored \\ . . . append x to list L listput(L, x, {i})
euclidean quotient, remainder x\/y, x\y, x%y, divrem(x, y)
Metacommands & Defaults shift x left or right n bits x<<n, x>>n or shift(x, ±n) remove i-th component from list L listpop(L, {i})
set default d to val default({d}, {val}) multiply by 2n shiftmul(x, n) insert x in list L at position i listinsert(L, x, i)
toggle timer on/off # comparison operators <=, <, >=, >, ==, !=, ===, lex, cmp sort the list L in place listsort(L, {flag})
print time for last result ## boolean operators (or, and, not) ||, &&, ! Maps. create empty dictionnary: M = Map()
print defaults \d bit operations bitand, bitneg, bitor, bitxor, bitnegimply attach value v to key k mapput(M, k, v)
set debug level to n \g n maximum/minimum of x and y max, min(x, y) recover value attach to key k or error mapget(M, k)
set memory debug level to n \gm n sign of x = −1, 0, 1 sign(x) is key k in the dict ? (set v to M (k)) mapisdefined(M, k, {&v})
set n significant digits / bits \p n, \pb n binary exponent of x exponent(x) remove k from map domain mapdelete(M, k)
set n terms in series \ps n derivative of f f’ GP Programming
quit GP \q differential operator diffop(f, v, d, {n = 1}) User functions and closures
print the list of PARI types \t quote operator (formal variable) ’x x, y are formal parameters; y defaults to Pi if parameter opitted;
print the list of user-defined functions \u assignment x = value z, t are local variables (lexical scope), z initialized to 1.
read file into GP \r filename simultaneous assignment x ← v1 , y ← v2 [x,y] = v fun(x, y=Pi) = my(z=1, t); seq
Debugger / break loop Select Components fun = (x, y=Pi) -> my(z=1, t); seq
attach a help message to f addhelp(f )
get out of break loop break or <C-D> n-th component of x component(x, n)
undefine symbol s (also kills help) kill(s)
go up/down n frames dbg up({n}), dbg down n-th component of vector/list x x[n]
Control Statements (X: formal parameter in expression seq)
set break point breakpoint() components a, a + 1, . . . , b of vector x x[a..b]
examine object o dbg x(o) (m, n)-th component of matrix x x[m, n] if a 6= 0, evaluate seq1 , else seq2 if(a, {seq1 }, {seq2 })
current error data dbg err() row m or column n of matrix x x[m,], x[, n] eval. seq for a ≤ X ≤ b for(X = a, b, seq)
number of objects on heap and their size getheap() numerator/denominator of x numerator(x), denominator . . . for primes a ≤ X ≤ b forprime(X = a, b, seq)
total size of objects on PARI stack getstack() . . . for primes ≡ a (mod q) forprimestep(X = a, b, q, seq)
Random Numbers . . . for composites a ≤ X ≤ b forcomposite(X = a, b, seq)
PARI Types & Input Formats random integer/prime in [0, N [ random(N ), randomprime . . . for a ≤ X ≤ b stepping s forstep(X = a, b, s, seq)
t INT. Integers; hex, binary ±31; ±0x1F, ±0b101 get/set random seed getrand, setrand(s) . . . for X dividing n fordiv(n, X, seq)
t REAL. Reals ±3.14, 6.022 E23 Conversions . . . X = [n, f actor(n)], a ≤ n ≤ b forfactored(X = a, b, seq)
t INTMOD. Integers modulo m Mod(n, m) . . . as above, n squarefree forsquarefree(X = a, b, seq)
to vector, matrix, vec. of small ints Col/Vec,Mat,Vecsmall
t FRAC. Rational Numbers n/m . . . X = [d, f actor(d)], d | n fordivfactored(n, X, seq)
to list, set, map, string List, Set, Map, Str
t FFELT. Elt in finite field Fq ffgen(q,’t) multivariable for, lex ordering forvec(X = v, seq)
create PARI object (x mod y) Mod(x, y)
t COMPLEX. Complex Numbers x+y∗ I loop over partitions of n forpart(p = n, seq)
make x a polynomial of v Pol(x, {v})
t PADIC. p-adic Numbers x + O(p^k) . . . permutations of S forperm(S, p, seq)
as Pol, etc., starting with constant term Polrev, Vecrev, Colrev
t QUAD. Quadratic Numbers x + y ∗ quadgen(D,’w) . . . subsets of {1, . . . , n} forsubset(n, p, seq)
make x a power series of v Ser(x, {v})
t POLMOD. Polynomials modulo g Mod(f, g) . . . k-subsets of {1, . . . , n} forsubset([n, k], p, seq)
string from bytes / from format+args Strchr, Strprintf
t POL. Polynomials a ∗ x^n + · · · + b . . . vectors v, q(v) ≤ B; q > 0 forqfvec(v, q, b, seq)
TeX string Strtex(x)
t SER. Power Series f + O(x^k) . . . H < G finite abelian group forsubgroup(H = G)
convert x to simplest possible type simplify(x)
t RFRAC. Rational Functions f /g
object x with real precision n precision(x, n) evaluate seq until a 6= 0 until(a, seq)
t QFI/t QFR. Imag/Real binary quad. form Qfb(a, b, c, {d})
object x with bit precision n bitprecision(x, n) while a 6= 0, evaluate seq while(a, seq)
t VEC/t COL. Row/Column Vectors [x, y, z], [x, y, z]~
set precision to p digits in dynamic scope localprec(p) exit n innermost enclosing loops break({n})
t VEC integer range [1..10]
set precision to p bits in dynamic scope localbitprec(p) start new iteration of n-th enclosing loop next({n})

c 2018 Karim Belabas. Permissions on back. v2.35 return x from current subroutine return({x})
Exceptions, warnings Pari-GP reference card Gaussian elimination
raise an exception / warn error(), warning() (PARI-GP version 2.11.0) kernel of matrix x matker(x, {flag})
type of error message E errname(E) get $VAR from environment getenv("VAR") intersection of column spaces of x and y matintersect(x, y)
try seq1 , evaluate seq2 on error iferr(seq1 , E, seq2 ) expand env. variable in string Strexpand(x) solve M X = B (M invertible) matsolve(M, B)
Functions with closure arguments / results Parallel evaluation one sol of M ∗ X = B matinverseimage(M, B)
select from v according to f select(f, v) basis for image of matrix x matimage(x)
These functions evaluate their arguments in parallel (pthreads or
apply f to all entries in v apply(f, v) columns of x not in matimage matimagecompl(x)
MPI); args. must not access global variables and must be free of
evaluate f (a1 , . . . , an ) call(f, a) supplement columns of x to get basis matsupplement(x)
side effects. Enabled if threading engine is not single in gp header.
evaluate f (. . . f (f (a1 , a2 ), a3 ) . . . , an ) fold(f, a) rows, cols to extract invertible matrix matindexrank(x)
evaluate f on x[1], . . . , x[n] parapply(f, x)
calling function as closure self() rank of the matrix x matrank(x)
evaluate closures f [1], . . . , f [n] pareval(f )
Sums & Products solve M X = B mod D matsolvemod(M, D, B)
as select parselect(f, A, {flag})
sum X = a to X = b, initialized at x sum(X = a, b, expr, {x}) image mod D matimagemod(M, D)
as sum parsum(i = a, b, expr , {x})
sum entries of vector v vecsum(v) kernel mod D matkermod(M, D)
as vector parvector(n, i, {expr })
product of all vector entries vecprod(v) inverse mod D matinvmod(M, D)
eval f for i = a, . . . , b parfor(i = a, {b}, f, {r}, {f2 })
sum expr over divisors of n sumdiv(n, X, expr) determinant mod D matdetmod(M, D)
. . . for p prime in [a, b] parforprime(p = a, {b}, f, {r}, {f2 })
. . . assuming expr multiplicative sumdivmult(n, X, expr) Lattices & Quadratic Forms
. . . multivariate parforvec(X = v, f, {r}, {f2 }, {flag})
product a ≤ X ≤ b, initialized at x prod(X = a, b, expr, {x})
declare x as inline (allows to use as global) inline(x) Quadratic forms
product over primes a ≤ X ≤ b prodeuler(X = a, b, expr)
stop inlining uninline() evaluate t xQy qfeval({Q = id}, x, y)
Sorting
Linear Algebra evaluate t xQx qfeval({Q = id}, x)
sort x by k-th component vecsort(x, {k}, {f l = 0})
signature of quad form t y ∗ x ∗ y qfsign(x)
min. m of x (m = x[i]), max. vecmin(x, {&i}), vecmax dimensions of matrix x matsize(x)
decomp into squares of t y ∗ x ∗ y qfgaussred(x)
does y belong to x, sorted wrt. f vecsearch(x, y, {f }) multiply two matrices x * y
eigenvalues/vectors for real symmetric x qfjacobi(x)
Input/Output . . . assuming result is diagonal matmultodiagonal(x, y)
HNF and SNF
print with/without \n, TEX format print, print1, printtex concatenation of x and y concat(x, {y})
upper triangular Hermite Normal Form mathnf(x)
pretty print matrix printp extract components of x vecextract(x, y, {z})
HNF of x where d is a multiple of det(x) mathnfmod(x, d)
print fields with separator printsep(sep, . . .),, printsep1 transpose of vector or matrix x mattranspose(x) or x~
multiple of det(x) matdetint(x)
formatted printing printf() adjoint of the matrix x matadjoint(x)
HNF of (x | diagonal(D)) mathnfmodid(x, D)
write args to file write, write1, writetex(file, args) eigenvectors/values of matrix x mateigen(x)
elementary divisors of x matsnf(x)
write x in binary format writebin(file, x) characteristic/minimal polynomial of x charpoly(x), minpoly
elementary divisors of Z[a]/(f 0 (a)) poldiscreduced(f )
read file into GP read({file}) trace/determinant of matrix x trace(x), matdet
integer kernel of x matkerint(x)
. . . return as vector of lines readvec({file}) permanent of matrix x matpermanent(x)
Z-module ↔ Q-vector space matrixqz(x, p)
. . . return as vector of strings readstr({file}) Frobenius form of x matfrobenius(x)
Lattices
read a string from keyboard input() QR decomposition matqr(x)
LLL-algorithm applied to columns of x qflll(x, {flag})
Files and file descriptors apply matqr’s transform to v mathouseholder(Q, v)
. . . for Gram matrix of lattice qflllgram(x, {flag})
File descriptors allows efficient small consecutive reads or writes Constructors & Special Matrices
find up to m sols of qfnorm(x, y) ≤ b qfminim(x, b, m)
from or to a given file. The argument n below is always a descriptor, {g(x): x ∈ v s.t. f (x)} [g(x) | x <- v, f(x)]
v, v[i] :=number of y s.t. qfnorm(x, y) = i qfrep(x, B, {flag})
attached to a file in r(ead), w(rite) or a(ppend) mode. {x: x ∈ v s.t. f (x)} [x | x <- v, f(x)]
perfection rank of x qfperfection(x)
get descriptor n for file path in given mode fileopen(path, mode) {g(x): x ∈ v} [g(x) | x <- v]
find isomorphism between q and Q qfisom(q, Q)
. . . from shell cmd output (pipe) fileextern(cmd) row vec. of expr eval’ed at 1 ≤ i ≤ n vector(n, {i}, {expr})
precompute for isomorphism test with q qfisominit(q)
close descriptor fileclose(n) col. vec. of expr eval’ed at 1 ≤ i ≤ n vectorv(n, {i}, {expr})
automorphism group of q qfauto(q)
commit pending write operations fileflush(n) vector of small ints vectorsmall(n, {i}, {expr})
convert qfauto for GAP/Magma qfautoexport(G, {flag})
read logical line from file fileread(n) [c, c · x, . . . , c · xn ] powers(x, n, {c = 1})
orbits of V under G ⊂ GL(V ) qforbits(G, V )
. . . raw line from file filereadstr(n) matrix 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n matrix(m, n, {i}, {j}, {expr})
write s\n to file filewrite(n, s) define matrix by blocks matconcat(B) Polynomials & Rational Functions
. . . write s to file filewrite1(n, s) diagonal matrix with diagonal x matdiagonal(x) all defined polynomial variables variables()
Timers is x diagonal? matisdiagonal(x) get var. of highest priority (higher than v) varhigher(name, {v})
x · matdiagonal(d) matmuldiagonal(x, d) . . . of lowest priority (lower than v) varlower(name, {v})
CPU time in ms and reset timer gettime()
n × n identity matrix matid(n)
CPU time in ms since gp startup getabstime()
Hessenberg form of square matrix x mathess(x)
time in ms since UNIX Epoch getwalltime()
n × n Hilbert matrix Hij = (i + j − 1)−1 mathilbert(n)
timeout command after s seconds alarm(s, expr)
n × n Pascal triangle matpascal(n − 1)
Interface with system
companion matrix to polynomial x matcompanion(x)
allocates a new stack of s bytes allocatemem({s})
Sylvester matrix of x polsylvestermatrix(x) Based on an earlier version by Joseph H. Silverman
alias old to new alias(new , old)
July 2018 v2.35. Copyright c 2018 K. Belabas
install function from library install(f, code, {gpf }, {lib}) Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of this card provided the
execute system command a system(a) copyright and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
. . . and feed result to GP extern(a) Send comments and corrections to hKarim.Belabas@math.u-bordeaux.fri
. . . returning GP string externstr(a)
 Pari-GP reference card Finite Fields Iterations, Sums & Products
(PARI-GP version 2.11.0) A finite field is encoded by any element (t FFELT). Numerical integration for meromorphic functions
find irreducible T ∈ Fp [x], deg T = n ffinit(p, n, {x}) Behaviour at endpoint for Double Exponential (DE) methods: ei-
Coefficients, variables and basic operators Create t in Fq ' Fp [t]/(T ) t = ffgen(T, 0 t) ther a scalar (a ∈ C, regular) or ±oo (decreasing at least as x−2 ) or
degree of f poldegree(f ) . . . indirectly, with implicit T t = ffgen(q, 0 t); T = t.mod (x − a)−α singularity [a, α]
coef. of degree n of f , leading coef. polcoef(f, n), pollead map m from Fq 3 a to Fq k 3 b m = ffembed(a, b) exponential decrease e−α|x| [±∞, α], α > 0
main variable / all variables in f variable(f ), variables(f ) build K = Fq [x]/(P ) extending Fq 3 a, ffextend(a, P ) slow decrease |x|α . . . α < −1
replace x by y in f subst(f, x, y) evaluate map m on x ffmap(m, x) oscillating as cos(kx)) α = kI, k > 0
evaluate f replacing vars by their value eval(f ) inverse map of m ffinvmap(m) oscillating as sin(kx)) α = −kI, k > 0
replace polynomial expr. T (x) by y in f substpol(f, T, y) compose maps m ◦ n ffcompomap(m, n) numerical integration intnum(x = a, b, f, {T })
replace x1 , . . . , xn by y1 , . . . , yn in f substvec(f, x, y) F n over Fq 3 a fffrobenius(a, n) weights T for intnum intnuminit(a, b, {m})
reciprocal polynomial xdeg f f (1/x) polrecip(f ) #{monic irred. T ∈ Fq [x], deg T = n} ffnbirred(q, n) weights T incl. kernel K intfuncinit(a, b, K, {m})
gcd of coefficients of f content(f ) Formal & p-adic Series integrate (2iπ)−1 f on circle |z − a| = R intcirc(x = a, R, f, {T })
derivative of f w.r.t. x deriv(f, {x}) Other integration methods
truncate power series or p-adic number truncate(x)
formal integral of f w.r.t. x intformal(f, {x}) n-point Gauss-Legendre intnumgauss(x = a, b, f, {n})
valuation of x at p valuation(x, p)
formal sum of f w.r.t. x sumformal(f, {x}) weights for n-point Gauss-Legendre intnumgaussinit({n})
Dirichlet and Power Series
Constructors & Special Polynomials Romberg integration (low accuracy)intnumromb(x = a, b, f, {flag})
Taylor expansion around 0 of f w.r.t. x taylor(f, x)
interpolating pol. eval. at a polinterpolate(X, {Y }, {a}) Numerical summation
Laurent series expansion around 0 up to xk laurentseries(f, k)
Pn , Tn /Un , Hn pollegendre, polchebyshev, polhermite sum of series f (n), n ≥ a (low accuracy) suminf(n = a, expr)
ak bk tk from a tk and bk tk
P P P
serconvol(a, b)
n-th cyclotomic polynomial Φn polcyclo(n, {v}) P k Pk k
sum of alternating/positive series sumalt, sumpos
return n if f = Φn , else 0 poliscyclo(f ) f = ak t from (ak /k!)t serlaplace(f ) sum sumnum(n = a, f, {T })
reverse power series F so F (f (x)) = x serreverse(f ) P of series using Euler-Maclaurin
is f a product of cyclotomic polynomials? poliscycloprod(f ) n≥a F (n), F rational function sumnumrat(F, a)
Zagier’s polynomial of index (n, m) polzagier(n, m) remove terms of degree < n in f serchop(f, n) . . . n≥a (−1)n F (n)
P
sumaltrat(F, a)
Dirichlet series multiplication / division dirmul, dirdiv(x, y)
Resultant, elimination . . . p≥a F (ps )
P
sumeulerrat(F, {s = 1}, {a = 2})
discriminant of polynomial f poldisc(f ) Dirichlet Euler product (b terms) direuler(p = a, b, expr)
weights for sumnum, a as in DE sumnuminit({∞, a})
find factors of poldisc(f ) poldiscfactors(f ) Transcendental and p-adic Functions sum of series by Monien summation sumnummonien(n = a, f, {T })
resultant R = Resv (f, g) polresultant(f, g, {v}) real, imaginary part of x real(x), imag(x) weights for sumnummonien sumnummonieninit({∞, a})
[u, v, R], xu + yv = Resv (f, g) polresultantext(x, y, {v}) absolute value, argument of x abs(x), arg(x) sum of series using Abel-Plana sumnumap(n = a, f, {T })
solve Thue equation f (x, y) = a thue(t, a, {sol}) square/nth root of x sqrt(x), sqrtn(x, n, {&z}) weights for sumnumap, a as in DE sumnumapinit({∞, a})
initialize t for Thue equation solver thueinit(f ) trig functions sin, cos, tan, cotan, sinc sum of series using Lagrange sumnumlagrange(n = a, f, {T })
Roots and Factorization (Complex/Real) inverse trig functions asin, acos, atan weights for sumnumlagrange sumnumlagrangeinit
complex roots of f polroots(f ) hyperbolic functions sinh, cosh, tanh, cotanh Products
bound complex roots of f polrootsbound(f ) inverse hyperbolic functions asinh, acosh, atanh product a ≤ X ≤ b, initialized at x prod(X = a, b, expr, {x})
number of real roots of f (in [a, b]) polsturm(f, {[a, b]}) log(x), log(1 + x), ex , ex − 1 log, log1p, exp, expm1 product over primes a ≤ X ≤ b prodeuler(X = a, b, expr)
real roots of f (in [a, b]) polrootsreal(f, {[a, b]}) Euler Γ function, log Γ, Γ0 /Γ gamma, lngamma, psi infinite product a ≤ X ≤ ∞ prodinf(X = a, expr)
complex embeddings of t POLMOD z conjvec(z) half-integer gamma function Γ(n + 1/2) gammah(n)
Q
F (n), F rational function prodnumrat(F, a)
P −s n≥a
Roots and Factorization (Finite fields) Riemann’s zeta ζ(s)P = n zeta(s) . . . p≥a F (ps )
Q
prodeulerrat(F, {s = 1}, {a = 2})
factor f mod p, roots factormod(f, p), polrootsmod Hurwitz’s ζ(s, x) = (n + x)−s zetahurwitz(s, x) Other numerical methods
factor f over Fp [x]/(T ), roots factormod(f, [T, p]), polrootsmod multiple zeta value (MZV), ζ(s1 , . . . , sk ) zetamult(s, {T }) real root of f in [a, b]; bracketed root solve(X = a, b, f )
squarefree factorization of f in Fq [x] factormodSQF(f, {D}) ... init T for MZV with sP 1 + . . . + sk ≤ w zetamultinit(w) . . . by interval splitting solvestep(X = a, b, f, {flag = 0})
distinct degree factorization of f in Fq [x] factormodDDF(f, {D}) all MZVs for all weights si ≤ n zetamultall(n) limit of f (t), t → ∞ limitnum(f, {k}, {alpha})
Roots and Factorization (p-adic fields) convert MZV id to [s1 , . . . , sk ] zetamultconvert(f, {flag}) asymptotic expansion of f at ∞ asympnum(f, {k}, {alpha})
factor f over Qp , roots factorpadic(f, p, r), polrootspadic incomplete Γ function (y = Γ(s)) incgam(s, x, {y}) numerical derivation w.r.t x: f 0 (a) derivnum(x = a, f )
p-adic root of f congruent to a mod p padicappr(f, a) complementary incomplete Γ incgamc(s, x) evaluate continued fraction F at t contfraceval(F, t, {L})
Newton polygon of f for prime p newtonpoly(f, p) R ∞ −t √ R 2
x e dt/t, (2/ π) x∞ e−t dt eint1, erfc power series to cont. fraction (L terms) contfracinit(S, {L})
Hensel lift A/lc(A) = i B[i] mod pe
Q
polhensellift(A, B, p, e) dilogarithm of x dilog(x) Padé approximant (deg. denom. ≤ B) bestapprPade(S, {B})
extensions of Qp of degree N padicfields(p, N ) m-th polylogarithm of x polylog(m, x, {flag})
Roots and Factorization (Miscellaneous) U -confluent hypergeometric function hyperu(a, b, u)
symmetric powers of roots of f up to n polsym(f, n) Bessel Jn (x), Jn+1/2 (x) besselj(n, x), besseljh(n, x)
Graeffe transform of f , g(x2 ) = f (x)f (−x) polgraeffe(f )
factor f over coefficient field factor(f ) Bessel Iν , Kν , Hν1 , Hν2 , Nν (bessel)i, k, h1, h2, n
cyclotomic factors of f ∈ Q[X] polcyclofactors(f ) Lambert W : x s.t. xex = y lambertw(y)
Teichmuller character of p-adic x teichmuller(x)

c 2018 Karim Belabas. Permissions on back. v2.35
Elementary Arithmetic Functions Miscellaneous Rectwindow functions
vector of binary digits of |x| binary(x) integer square / n-th root of x sqrtint(x), sqrtnint(x, n) init window w, with size x,y plotinit(w, x, y)
bit number n of integer x bittest(x, n) largest integer e s.t. be ≤ b, e = blogb (x)c logint(x, b, {&z}) erase window w plotkill(w)
Hamming weight of integer x hammingweight(x) CRT: solve z ≡ x and z ≡ y chinese(x, y) copy w to w2 with offset (dx, dy) plotcopy(w, w2 , dx, dy)
digits of integer x in base B digits(x, {B = 10}) minimal u, v so xu + yv = gcd(x, y) gcdext(x, y) clips contents of w plotclip(w)
sum of digits of integer x in base B sumdigits(x, {B = 10}) continued fraction of x contfrac(x, {b}, {lmax}) scale coordinates in w plotscale(w, x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 )
integer from digits fromdigits(v, {B = 10}) last convergent of continued fraction x contfracpnqn(x) ploth in w plotrecth(w, X = a, b, expr, {flag}, {n})
ceiling/floor/fractional part ceil, floor, frac rational approximation to x (den. ≤ B) bestappr(x, {B}k) plothraw in w plotrecthraw(w, data, {flag})
round x to nearest integer round(x, {&e}) recognize x ∈ C as polmod mod T ∈ Z[X] bestapprnf(x, T ) draw window w1 at (x1 , y1 ), . . . plotdraw([[w1 , x1 , y1 ], . . .])
truncate x truncate(x, {&e}) Characters Low-level Rectwindow Functions
gcd/LCM of x and y gcd(x, y), lcm(x, y) set current drawing color in w to c plotcolor(w, c)
Let cyc = [d1 , . . . , dk ] represent an abelian group G = ⊕(Z/dj Z) ·
gcd of entries of a vector/matrix content(x) current position of cursor in w plotcursor(w)
gj or any structure G affording a .cyc method; e.g. znstar(q, 1)
Primes and Factorization write s at cursor’s position plotstring(w, s)
for Dirichlet characters. A character χ is coded by [c1 , . . . , ck ] such
extra prime table addprimes() move cursor to (x, y) plotmove(w, x, y)
that χ(gj ) = e(nj /dj ).
add primes in v to prime table addprimes(v) move cursor to (x + dx, y + dy) plotrmove(w, dx, dy)
χ · ψ; χ−1 ; χ · ψ −1 ; χk charmul, charconj, chardiv,, charpow draw a box to (x2 , y2 ) plotbox(w, x2 , y2 )
remove primes from prime table removeprimes(v)
order of χ charorder(cyc, χ) draw a box to (x + dx, y + dy) plotrbox(w, dx, dy)
Chebyshev π(x), n-th prime pn primepi(x), prime(n)
kernel of χ charker(cyc, χ) draw polygon plotlines(w, lx, ly, {flag})
vector of first n primes primes(n)
χ(x), G a GP group structure chareval(G, χ, x, {z}) draw points plotpoints(w, lx, ly)
smallest prime ≥ x nextprime(x)
Galois orbits of characters chargalois(G) draw line to (x + dx, y + dy) plotrline(w, dx, dy)
largest prime ≤ x precprime(x)
Dirichlet Characters draw point (x + dx, y + dy) plotrpoint(w, dx, dy)
factorization of x factor(x, {lim})
. . . selecting specific algorithms factorint(x, {flag = 0}) initialize G = (Z/qZ)∗ G = znstar(q, 1) draw point (x + dx, y + dy) plotrpoint(w, dx, dy)
n = df 2 , d squarefree/fundamental core(n, {f l}), coredisc convert datum D to [G, χ] znchar(D) Convert to Postscript or Scalable Vector Graphics
certificate for (prime) N primecert(N ) is χ odd? zncharisodd(G, χ) The format f is either "ps" or "svg".
verifies a certificate c primecertisvalid(c) real χ → Kronecker symbol (D/.) znchartokronecker(G, χ) as ploth plothexport(f, X = a, b, expr, {flag}, {n})
convert certificate to Magma/PRIMO primecertexport conductor of χ zncharconductor(G, χ) as plothraw plothrawexport(f, lx, ly, {flag})
recover x from its factorization factorback(f, {e}) [G0 , χ0 ] primitive attached to χ znchartoprimitive(G, χ) as plotdraw plotexport(f,[[w1 , x1 , y1 ], . . .])
x ∈ Z, |x| ≤ X, gcd(N, P (x)) ≥ N zncoppersmith(P, N, X, {B}) induce χ ∈ Ĝ to Z/N Z zncharinduce(G, χ, N )
divisors of N in residue class r mod s divisorslenstra(N, r, s) χ
Q p znchardecompose(G, χ, p)
Divisors and multiplicative functions p|(Q,N ) χp znchardecompose(G, χ, Q)
number of prime divisors ω(n) / Ω(n) omega(n), bigomega complex Gauss sum Ga (χ) znchargauss(G, χ)
divisors of n / number of divisors τ (n) divisors(n), numdiv Conrey labelling
sum of (k-th powers of) divisors of n sigma(n, {k}) Conrey label m ∈ (Z/qZ)∗ → character znconreychar(G, m)
Möbius µ-function moebius(x) character → Conrey label znconreyexp(G, χ)
Ramanujan’s τ -function ramanujantau(x) log on Conrey generators znconreylog(G, m)
Combinatorics conductor of χ (χ0 primitive) znconreyconductor(G, χ, {χ0 })
factorial of x x! or factorial(x) True-False Tests
binomial coefficient x


k binomial(x, {k}) is x the disc. of a quadratic field? isfundamental(x)
Bernoulli number Bn as real/rational bernreal(n), bernfrac is x a prime? isprime(x)
Bernoulli polynomial Bn (x) bernpol(n, {x}) is x a strong pseudo-prime? ispseudoprime(x)
n-th Fibonacci number fibonacci(n) is x square-free? issquarefree(x)
Stirling numbers s(n, k) and S(n, k) stirling(n, k, {flag}) is x a square? issquare(x, {&n})
number of partitions of n numbpart(n) is x a perfect power? ispower(x, {k}, {&n})
k-th permutation on n letters numtoperm(n, k) is x a perfect power of a prime? (x = pn ) isprimepower(x, &n})
convert permutation to (n, k) form permtonum(v) . . . of a pseudoprime? ispseudoprimepower(x, &n})
order of permutation p permorder(p) is x powerful? ispowerful(x) Based on an earlier version by Joseph H. Silverman
signature of permutation p permsign(p) is x a totient? (x = ϕ(n)) istotient(x, {&n}) July 2018 v2.35. Copyright c 2018 K. Belabas
Multiplicative groups (Z/N Z)∗ , F∗ q is x a polygonal number? (x = P (s, n)) ispolygonal(x, s, {&n}) Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of this card provided the
Euler φ-function eulerphi(x) copyright and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
is pol irreducible? polisirreducible(pol)
multiplicative order of x (divides o) znorder(x, {o}), fforder Send comments and corrections to hKarim.Belabas@math.u-bordeaux.fri

primitive root mod q / x.mod znprimroot(q), ffprimroot(x)

Graphic Functions
structure of (Z/nZ)∗ znstar(n) crude graph of expr between a and b plot(X = a, b, expr)
discrete logarithm of x in base g znlog(x, g, {o}), fflog High-resolution plot (immediate plot)
Kronecker-Legendre symbol ( x y) kronecker(x, y) plot expr between a and b ploth(X = a, b, expr, {flag}, {n})
quadratic Hilbert symbol (at p) hilbert(x, y, {p}) plot points given by lists lx, ly plothraw(lx, ly, {flag})
terminal dimensions plothsizes()