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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Overview ……………………………….. i
Target Learner ……………………………….. i
Objectives ……………………………….. i
Parts of Instruction
and How to Use the Module ……………………………….. ii
Entry Behavior ……………………………….. ii
Pretest ……………………………….. iii

Lesson 1 – Politics, Governance,

and Other Key Concepts ……………………………….. 1
a. Concepts of Political Science ……………………………….. 1
b. Political Methodology ……………………………….. 2
c. Law ……………………………….. 2

Lesson 2 – Classical to
Modern Political Ideologies ……………………………….. 8
a. Theory ……………………………….. 9
b. Ideology ……………………………….. 9
c. Marxism ……………………………….. 9
d. Anarchism ……………………………….. 10
e. Libertarianism ……………………………….. 10

Lesson 3 - Nature, Forms

and Consequences of Power ……………………………….. 15
a. Introduction ……………………………….. 15
b. Forms of Power ……………………………….. 17
c. Classification of Power ……………………………….. 18
d. What will happen if the power
is abused? ……………………………….. 20

Lesson 4 - State and Nation

in the Age of Globalization ……………………………….. 25
a. Introduction ……………………………….. 25
b. Nation ……………………………….. 26
c. State ……………………………….. 26
d. Globalization ……………………………….. 27

Assessment ……………………………….. 31
Posttest ……………………………….. 32
 OVERVIEW

This is a three-unit course that deals with the structural and functional
organization of the Philippines with discussion on the rights, obligations, and
responsibilities of individuals based on the Philippine Constitution.

TARGET LEARNERS

This subject is intended for college students who need to be informed and
be empowered to be responsible citizens of the country.
They will focus not only on the Philippine government but also its
constitution that the citizens are following.
The goal is not simply to tell them about what is “out there.” But also, to
expose them to the ideas that allow them to make be proficient in their chosen
field of expertise.
The course will be challenging because most of the materials they will
find are new and unfamiliar. Despite this, the instructor is hoping that the
students will enjoy and gain much in taking up this course.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

a. Demonstrate an understanding of the various concepts in politics,
political science, and governance;
b. Demonstrate an understanding of the various political ideologies;
c. Identify a particular phenomenon and how it can be studied;
d. Demonstrate an understanding of the historical background of the
Philippines politics and governance;
e. Explain the roles of different political institutions;
f. Demonstrate an understanding of elections, political parties, civil
society, and social movements;
g. Discuss the interactions between state and society
h. Demonstrate an understanding of citizenship and what it means to be
a citizen and
i. Propose a project on political engagement and youth empowerment

PARTS OF INSTRUCTION AND HOW TO USE THE MODULE

i
 This is the new normal for mode of instruction. The module will be use as
a tool for distance learning. It will provide the students an overview of all the
topics covered in this subject. Before answering the different activities, the
students will read the course description and the objectives. After that, they will
answer the pre-test to test their familiarity of the different concepts in this subject
and to know also, if they are in the right track. The students will submit their
answered activities in due time or deadline set by the instructor. There will be
deduction in scores if the students will not comply in the given period of time of
submission. At the end of this module, they will answer the post-test, to make
sure if the students learned in this subject. Lastly, there will be overall evaluation
guided by a standardized rubric. The instructor will allow the students to ask a
question as long as connected to the topic. This is a very crucial moment for both
teacher/instructor and students. Although, this is not the first time to use modules
or internet as a mode of learning but we will use this for the entire semester. It
may be hard for us but, education will continue no matter what. We pray that this
pandemic will last. Thank you and God bless!

ENTRY BEHAVIOR

Before the students will proceed to the lessons, they will be equipped in
basic concepts, history and nature of political sciences. They must know also
what is meant by politics, government, rights in this republic, and the 1987
constitution. The students must proceed to advance topics if they want to be
more adept in analyzing politics and governance.

PRE-TEST
ii
 Multiple Choice. Analyze the following statements carefully. Select the best
answer from the given choices. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. The 1987 Constitution was framed by:

a. People’s initiative c. Constitutional Commission
b. Constitutional Assembly d. Constitutional Convention
2. The government under President Corazon Aquino was:
a. De facto c. Both A and B
b. De jure d. Neither A nor B
3. The president declared martial law on the ground of rebellion. What, if any, is
the effect of such act?
a. The declaration of martial law will not automatically suspend the privilege
of the writ of habeas corpus.
b. The operation of the constitution is not in any manner suspended.
c. A State of Martial Law does not suppliant the functioning of the civil
courts.
d. All of the foregoing.
4. Which of the following sector cannot participate under the party-list system of
representation?
a. Elderly c. Overseas workers
b. Handicapped d. Religious
5. The president cannot validly declare martial law in the following instance:
a. Eminent Danger c. Rebellion
b. Invasion d. None of the foregoing
6. The budget of the year 2002 was submitted to the President for action. He
called a press conference saying that he will exercise his pocket veto on
certain items of the said budget. Is the President clothed with the pocket veto
power?
a. Yes c. Maybe
b. No d. None of the foregoing.
7. The following searches are valid even without a warrant of arrest except:
a. There is a waiver. c. Open to eyes and hand.
b. Made during the saturation drive. d. Stop and frisk principle.
8. Who has the sole power to try and decide an impeachment case?
a. Supreme Court c. Senate
b. People d. House of Representatives
9. Who has the power to decide on a person’s right to vote?
a. Congress c. Court
b. Comelec d. President
10. It is a power of the president to release a wrongdoer from punishment of the
conviction of individual person
a. Pardon c. Commutation
b. Reprieve d. Amnesty
11. It means the equalization of economic, political and social opportunities with
special emphasis on the duty of State to tilt the balance of social forces by
favoring the disadvantaged in life. iii
 a. Equality c. Equity
b. Social Justice d. Human Rights
12. The basic rights and freedom, to which all humans are entitled, often held to
include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and
equality before the law.
a. Civil Rights c. Political Rights
b. Human Rights d. Natural rights
13. A practice by which a public officer passes from the parent or descendants to
their relatives or to people within certain degree or relations as shall be
determined by law is prohibited.
a. Traditional Politics (TRAPO) c. Royal Family
b. Political Dynasty d. Personality Politics
14. Which of the following is not a privilege of a President?
a. He has the power to remove his appointees especially Cabinet
Secretaries at his pleasure.
b. He delivers State of the Nation Address during resumption of the
session in Congress.
c. He lives in Malacañang Palace as his official residence.
d. He can declare Martial Law at his discretion.

15. Which of the following is not true about Preamble?

a. It introduces the Constitution.
b. It’s a source of right or obligation.
c. It is stated in the first person to make it more personal.
d. It promulgates that the Filipinos are the ones who established and
enacted the Constitution.
16. Is a citizen also a national?
a. Yes, in as much as he also owes allegiance to a State.
b. No, the two are not the same.
c. Yes, because like a nation a citizen exercises political and civil rights.
d. No, not all citizens are nationals.
17. What is the rationale behind why suffrage is not merely a right but also an
obligation to vote?
a. Because the people enable to choose their representative through
election.
b. Because the people who bear the burden of government should share
in the privilege of choosing the officials of the government.
c. Because suffrage is only a privilege that requires qualified voters to
register first before they could exercise such right.
d. Because a democratic and republican government derives all its
powers directly and indirectly from the people at large.

18. Which of the following rights or guarantees against injustice to the accused is
available during custodial investigation?
a. Right to be presumed innocent
b. Right to have speedy, impartial and public trial
 c. Right of confrontation
d. Right against torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation which vitiates
the free will.
19. Mr. Agbayani was acquitted with the crime of rape by the Supreme Court.
After 10 years, same case was re-opened for there was a new witness
collaborating the theory of the prosecution. This may not prosper because of:
a. Right against self-incrimination c. Miranda Doctrine
b. Double jeopardy d. Pardon
20. Under our Constitution, compulsory education to all children of school age
must be given in what level?
a. Secondary c. Tertiary
b. Elementary d. Pre-School
21. With these rights, citizens are given the power to participate directly or
indirectly in the establishment and/or administration of the government.
a. Civil c. Political
b. Socio-economic d. Rights of the Accused
22. It pertains to the right to be left alone.
a. Equality before the law. c. Liberty of abode.
b. Right to privacy d. Right to travel
23. It is the department which has the authority to make laws and to alter or
repeat them.
a. Administrative Department c. Judicial Department
b. Executive Department d. Legislative Department
24. An enrolled bill may become a law after a lapse of:
a. 30 days c. 40 days
b. 60 days d. 90 days
25. It is designed to prevent any person or class from being singled out as special
subject of hostile or discriminating legislation.
a. Due Process c. Right Speech
b. Equal Protection d. Writ of Habeas Corpus
 LESSON 1 - Politics, Governance, and Other Key Concepts

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define politics, governance, and other key concepts of
political science;
2. Explain the connection between the phenomenon
(politics) and the method of inquiry (political science)
3. Differentiate governance and politics; and
4. Explain the value of politics

https://www.unk.edu/academics/psci/political-science-7-12-teaching-subject-endorsement.php

1. Political Science – the study of politics; deals with the study of power in
society and government.

2. Politics -may be defined a s the science and art of government, public

affairs, and power; formulated by the Greeks during the 4 th and 5th century
from the term polis. Plato and Aristotle had already provided broad
discussions on the central concepts in politics such as the concept of

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 justice (what and who is morally and politically right), power (source of
authority), the right types of constitutions and governments (different types
of governments and state), and the right and virtuous leadership (who
should lead in a certain political system). Key fields in politics include
power relations in society, forms of government, political behavior, and
with the cultural turn of the 20 th century, the inclusion of political culture
and the civil society’s role in the government.

3. Governance – deals specifically with the concept and use in the power in
the government; refers to the various ways in which a certain political
system establishes and monitors its mechanism and policies.

4. Political theory – deals with the different theories and perspective

regarding both politics and governance. It delves into the logic as well as
the probable misconceptions of these theories while at the same time
places the theory in its specific historical context and its applicability in the
present.

5. Political Methodology – deals mostly with applicability of political

frameworks and concepts in research and policy-making contexts.

6. Comparative politics – a study or method that uses comparison of

various political systems and different constitutions among different
countries through time. By doing so, one learns the possible factors that
make a political system and constitution work in one country but not the
other, thus enabling the researcher to project outcomes of changes in the
system.

7. International relations – focuses on creating and maintaining

relationships between countries. Relations must be diplomatic in order to
achieve peace and progress in the exchange of knowledge and resources
between participating countries.

8. Law – basically any written statement that limits or guides the behavior of
a certain group. Politics, as an art and science of government, highlights
the role of law in organizing and stabilizing individual interests to prevent
the overlapping individual needs to promote collective gains in society.

Sources:

Pawilen R.A & Pawilen R.M., (2017), Philippine politics and governance. Manila: Rex Book Store.
Zaide G. & Zaide S., (2014), Philippine history and government. 6th ed. Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing
Co.,Inc.
Gov.ph (2019). About the government Retrieved from https://www.gov.ph/philippine-
government#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20is%20a%20republic,system%20of%20check%20and
%20balance. on May 28, 2020

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 SAQ. Why should we study the basic concepts of political
science?
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_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Let’s look at how you did…..

ASAQ.
If you answered: Students must be able to enumerate the
concepts like power, political structures, leadership, and justice
and explain why it is important to study these basic concepts,
then you are correct. If you missed it, you may need to go back
and study again the lesson.

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 ACTIVITIES

Guided Questions: Answer the following questions briefly and

concise

1. Why should we study the basic concept of political science?

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2. Which of the fields of interest in political science enumerated above (i.e.,

comparative politics) should leaders and aspiring focus on? Defend your
answer.

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3. Which aspect of political science are you most interested in? Why or why
not?

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 Exercises. Research and briefly discuss a certain period in the
history of the development of political science. Write your answer in
the space provided or on another sheet of paper and attached in
this part. Please avoid copy-paste method.

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Activity Define each of the following in not more than five words.

1. Political Science –

2. Polis –

3. Justice –

4. Law –

5. Governance -

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 Answer what is in the Picture.

https://www.politicalscienceview.com/is-political-science-a-science-explain/

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 LESSON 2 – Classical to Modern Political Ideologies

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies;
2. Differentiate political ideologies;
3. Identify the relationship between political ideologies
and configurations of political communities;
4. Enumerate ideas that have a direct impact on a
political community; and
5. Explain how political ideologies affect the social and
political life of the Filipinos

http://graduate967.web.fc2.com/dissertation/925-essay.html

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Concept Notes:
Here are some political ideologies and their impact on political communities.
1. Theory – a systematic explanation of empirical data usually presented as
reliable knowledge on how to interpret reality or a part of reality. Theory
uses concepts to represent reality and commonly uses causality or
correlations to explain the connections between each concept as they
apply to reality.

2. Ideology – a system of beliefs, perspectives, and frameworks on how a

certain group should function and operate. In political science, an ideology
also calls for an action to make a better government.

3. Conservatism – as the name implies, one is focused on conserving

something. It is characterized by a resistant to change, adherent to limited
human freedom as it chooses to maintain traditional values, and at some
extreme versions, distrust to human reasoning and nature or anti-
egalitarianism. However, some followers also accept change but prefer to
look at it as slow process.

4. Liberalism – opposite of conservatism for it favors change, prefers more

freedom, and has a more optimistic approach to human reason and
nature. Classical liberalism adheres to the laissez-faire system proposed
by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations, wherein the government does not
interfere with the market. However, modern followers accept the need of
limited government intervention.

5. Marxism – proposed by Karl Marx, promoting the ideas of communism

and socialism. However, not all those who call themselves Marxist does
not necessarily reflect the original ideas of Marx. The following are the
main concepts used in Marxism:

a. Alienation – the relationship between two or more people or parts

of oneself in which one is cut off (becoming a stranger or an alien)
from the others. For Marx, alienation in its basic form is the
alienation from one’s labor (or product of one’s labor), and
capitalism is a great factor in this phenomenon.

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 b. Class Struggle – Karl Marx also noted the struggle between the
bourgeoisie (the capitalist or middle class) and proletariat (workers).
The capitalists exploit the workers and maintain their status quo, but
through education, the workers will eventually be made aware of the
exploitation and rise to overthrow the system. In other Marxist
theories, this struggle need not be between two classes but between
other groups depending on what system they are trying to change.

c. Materialism – Marxism and the offshoots of this ideology offer a

complex perspective and usage of materialism. Most social scientist,
however, would agree to the basic definition that, “how people think
is greatly affected by how you live”

d. Revolution – almost all theories and ideologies related to Marxism

consider proclaiming revolution as the way to change the system. By
revolution, Marx did not mean peaceful walkouts but a violent one in
which the proletariat will topple down the elite class and all the
system they have made. Even in its that will eventually lead to a
classless ideal society in the form of communism.

6. Anarchism – contrary to the negative depiction by the media, anarchists

believe that since power corrupts, a better system based on voluntary
cooperation and not on power relations should be established, and that
this system will address the needs of the people more successfully. It is
living a peaceful life without coercion from anyone.

7. Libertarianism – another version of anarchism but involves the

government in a minimal role such as ensuring the safety of everyone and
fairness in whatever contracts or dealings.

Sources:

Pawilen R.A & Pawilen R.M., (2017). Philippine politics and governance. Manila: Rex
Book Store.
Zaide G. & Zaide S., (2014). Philippine history and government. 6th ed. Quezon City: All-
Nations Publishing Co.,Inc.

10 | P a g e
 SAQ. What are advantages and disadvantages of having or
promoting a certain ideology?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Let’s look at how you did…..

ASAQ.
If you answered: Students must be able to enumerate the
concepts like power, Students must present a clear
understanding of ideology as a system of beliefs, perspectives,
and frameworks on how a certain group should function and
operate. Building on this, a clear advantage of having an
ideology is that an individual has a clear framework or model where he/she can
base his/her actions or opinions regarding certain issues in society. A
disadvantage however would be that some extremist individuals may cling too
much upon their ideology and disregard the possibility of considering the ideas or
models of action from other ideologies, then you are correct. If you missed it, you
may need to go back and study again the lesson.

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 ACTIVITIES

Guided Questions: Answer the following questions briefly and concise

1. What ideology do you prefer? Why? Base your answer on the different
ideologies enumerated in the discussion above and the observable
political situation of country at present.
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2. What do you think is lacking terms of assertions of ideas in the

ideologies presented in the discussion
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 _____________________________________________________
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Exercise. Choose one of the Ideologies studied in the lesson and create
an acrostic poem from one of its key concepts. The poem may either
define that concept or the ideology as a whole. Write on the space below.
You can search a sample from google but please don’t copy it!
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Reflection. Make a summarization of what you have learned on this

video. Here’s the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_k_k-bHigM
or simply search. Political Ideology: Crash Course Government and
Politics #35

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________________________________________________________________
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LESSON 3 – Nature, Forms and Consequences of Power

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define power;
2. identify the nature, types and consequences of power;
3. explain the nature, dimensions, types and
consequences of power; and
4. explain how power is exercised in different situations.

https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/02/new-age-great-power-politics

Introduction:

One of the central concepts and issues of political science is power: Who
wields it? How is it shared, checked, or monopolized? How can power and its
consequences be controlled to gain benefits?

You may not know it but we may be affected by the play of power, in its
political sense, in our everyday life. In the same way, each of us wields power on
other people, things, or situations.

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 This lesson presents the different definitions and aspects of power in
political science. Not only will the students be able to recognize power, but they
will also be responsible in using it to avoid abuse in its usage, as well as to give
due respect to others who have power over them.

Concept Notes:

Power – in line with commonly used definition from Dahl (1950), it is the ability to
achieve a desired outcome in a desired relationship wherein a group/person can
impose its will over another.

Dahl (1950) defined power in society as the ability of person A or

institution A to make person B or institution B do something that person B or
institution B, on his/her/its own, would not do. From the said definition, power in
society spans a broad spectrum of meaning that includes force, authority,
influence and most of the time, coercion.

In addition, in society, there are different forms of power—from

authoritative power to economic power. There are also many ways range from
the simplest of human interaction, such as when parents tell their children what
they should and should not do, to the grandest, such as when the government
imposes policies for the welfare of its constituents.

The extent of the consequences of power is dependent upon the different

ways, degree, and the aims by which power is expressed in society. For
instances, political power in a state is exercised by the government. Through this
power, the government is able to create and enact laws that promote peace and
order in society and influence various processes such as those affecting the
economy for the benefit of its constituents as well.

In their attempt to classify and better understand power, Barnett and Duball
(Pallaver 2011) created the taxonomy of power with four major types:

16 | P a g e
Forms of power:

a. Compulsory power - The direct control of one actor of the conditions and
actions of another.

b. Institutional power - The indirect ways in which an actor affects another.

An example is the use of rules or the law to impose order.

c. Structural power – basically looks at the position and the roles of various
actors in relation to each other. Examples are coach to player, boss to
worker, captain to crew relationships wherein the position of each player
toward another provides them roles and responsibilities that they play
even without one coercing the other.

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 d. Productive power – similar to structural power, which looks into the
relative position of the actors, the social production of their roles, and how
the roles affect the actors’ perception an actions. However, productive
power focuses not on the direct structures provided and accepted by each
actor, but on the discourse between the actors in which power is
negotiated.

Classification of Power

1. Legitimate power - Also called "positional power," legitimate power is the

power of an individual because of the relative position and duties of the
holder of the position within an organization. Legitimate power is formal
authority delegated to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied
by various attributes of power such as a uniform, a title, or an imposing
physical office.
2. Referent power - Referent power is the power or ability of individuals to
attract others and build  loyalty. It is based on
the charisma and interpersonal skills of the power holder. A person may
be admired because of specific personal trait, and this admiration creates
the opportunity for interpersonal influence. Here the person under power
desires to identify with these personal qualities, and gains satisfaction
from being an accepted follower. Nationalism and patriotism count
towards an intangible sort of referent power. For example, soldiers fight in
wars to defend the honor of the country. This is the second least obvious
power, but the most effective. Advertisers have long used the referent
power of sports figures for products endorsements, for example. The
charismatic appeal of the sports star supposedly leads to an acceptance
of the endorsement, although the individual may have little real credibility
outside the sports arena. Abuse is possible when someone that is likable,
yet lacks integrity and honesty, rises to power, placing them in a situation
to gain personal advantage at the cost of the group's position. Referent
power is unstable alone, and is not enough for a leader who wants
longevity and respect. When combined with other sources of power,
however, it can help a person achieve great success.

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3. Expert power - Expert power is an individual's power deriving from the
skills or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for those
skills and expertise. Unlike the others, this type of power is usually highly
specific and limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and
qualified. When they have knowledge and skills that enable them to
understand a situation, suggest solutions, use solid judgment, and
generally outperform others, then people tend to listen to them. When
individuals demonstrate expertise, people tend to trust them and respect
what they say. As subject matter experts, their ideas will have more value,
and others will look to them for leadership in that area.

4. Reward power - Reward power depends on the ability of the power

wielder to confer valued material rewards, it refers to the degree to which
the individual can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time
off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility. This
power is obvious but also ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward
power can become pushy or be reprimanded for being too forthcoming or
'moving things too quickly'. If others expect to be rewarded for doing what
someone wants, there's a high probability that they'll do it. The problem
with this basis of power is that the rewarded may not have as much
control over rewards as may be required. Supervisors rarely have
complete control over salary increases, and managers often can't control
promotions all by themselves. And even a CEO needs permission from
the board of directors for some actions. So when somebody uses up
available rewards, or the rewards don't have enough perceived value to
others, their power weakens. (One of the frustrations of using rewards is
that they often need to be bigger each time if they're to have the same
motivational impact. Even then, if rewards are given frequently, people
can become satiated by the reward, such that it loses its effectiveness.

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 5. Coercive power - Coercive power is the application of negative
influences. It includes the ability to demote or to withhold other rewards.
The desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld that
ensures the obedience of those under power. Coercive power tends to be
the most obvious but least effective form of power as it builds resentment
and resistance from the people who experience it. Threats
and punishment are common tools of coercion. Implying or threatening
that someone will be fired, demoted, denied privileges, or given
undesirable assignments – these are characteristics of using coercive
power. Extensive use of coercive power is rarely appropriate in an
organizational setting, and relying on these forms of power alone will
result in a very cold, impoverished style of leadership. This is a type of
power commonly seen in fashion industry by coupling with legitimate
power, it is referred in the industry specific literature's as "glamorization of
structural domination and exploitation." (https://en.wikipedia.org/ 2019)

What will happen if the power is abused?

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler pot/index.htm

According to Aristotle in his Politics, there are situations where power in

government is corrupted by the personal and selfish goals of individuals.
Because of these egoistic goals, individuals pursue laws and intervene with
social services to achieve personal rather than communal gains. This is true
throughout the history of man wherein various individuals identified by Thomas
Carlyle (1841) as “Great Men” of history, such as dictators and despots like Pol
Pot and Adolf Hitler who used the power vested on them by their respective
governments to pursue personal ambitions over the welfare of their people.

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 In studying politics, we must be aware and accept the fact that power, as a
central concept, is dynamic and has different forms, depending on who is
imposing power, and how the power of their people?

References:

Pawilen R.A & Pawilen R.M., (2017), Philippine Politics and Governance, Inc., Rex Book Store 856 EDSA,
Nicanor Reyes, Sr. Manila Philippines.

Zaide G. & Zaide S., (2014), Philippine History and Government 6th Edition, All-Nations Publishing Co.,Inc.
Quezon City.

SAQ. What will happen if the power in politics abused?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Let’s look at how you did…..

ASAQ.
If you answered: The result will be personal and selfish
goals of individuals. Because of these egoistic goals, individuals
pursue laws and intervene with social services to achieve
personal rather than communal gains, then you are correct. If
you missed it, you may need to go back and study again the
lesson.

21 | P a g e
 ACTIVITIES

Activity. Determine the situations where there is a clear use of power as

defined in political science. Check those statements that present a clear
use of power and put and x mark on those that do not present a clear use
power.

___1. Your mother asks you to buy flour in the bakery.

___2. Panchito tries to escape a building on fire by breaking the windows using
ukulele.

___3. The teacher asks the class to return immediately the classroom globe to its
proper place.

___4. The stage director decided to kick the lead actor out of the play after 197
retakes

___5. The stage director decided to kick the lead actor out of the play after 197
retakes.

___6. You got into a heated argument after someone accidentally spilled coffee
on your pants while you were on a café.

___7. The President made sure that his constituents were happy by giving
Institutional away cash gifts and other goods during Christmas.

___8. Protesters on the streets forced the police to direct traffic into an alternate
route.

___9. A medical student try to revive a man because of sudden heart attack
inside the LRT.

___10. The PNP together with AFP forced the civilians to evacuate because of
Taal volcano eruption.

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 Guided Questions: Answer the following questions briefly and
concise

1. How will you use the different types of power to affect the
behavior of other people (e.g., your classmates or group mates during
debates, group projects, school programs)?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

2. Power can corrupt an individual how can a person avoid being

corrupted by power or abuse of power given to him/her.?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

23 | P a g e
Activity. Make a proposal for a simple method of controlling or checking the
power of the government to stop corruption. Write/encode your methods inside
the box.

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 LESSON 4 – State and Nation in the Age of Globalization

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define nation and state;
2. differentiate nation from state;
3. explain how nation-state is created;
4. define globalization; and
5. explain how globalization influences nation-state.

https://www.good.is/articles/nation-state-relevancy

Nation and state are two similar and sometimes interchangeable yet
different concepts in political science. This lesson clarifies the characteristics of
the two concepts that make them similar, as well as those that show their
differences.

The concept of globalization is relatively new. Globalization is an event

and issue that affects all fields of study, from the social sciences, natural
sciences, to humanities. This lesson provides the definitions of globalization, as

25 | P a g e
well as gives perspective on how globalization affects political processes in our
country.

Nation and the state are two different but interlinked concepts. Different in the
sense that nation is more cultural and identity-based term, while state mainly
refers to a political entity bounded by the territory and headed by a government.

Both nation and state share the fact that they refer to a single group of
people despite the difference on how these groups are organized, with one
stressing a more cultural organization and the other a more political one.
However, these concepts complement each other and their combined
assumptions of the cultural and political make up for a stronger organization.

1. Nation – a group of people sharing the same cultural identity. Shared

cultural identity separates the concepts of nation to that of the state.
2. State – a group of people from a defined territory sharing a similar political
organization/government. It can also mean the organization governing
these people.
3. Nation-state – generally refers to a political unit with a defined territory,
government, and constituents, that more or less share the same culture
and identity. In a nation-state, the political organization and the
government are supported by cultural base of imagined unity and identity
as presented by Benedict Anderson (2006) in his most influential work on
nationalism, Imagined Communities

During the late 19th century and 20th century, the creation of nation-states was
experienced in Southeast Asia, following decolonization process that started the
loss of Spanish control over the Philippines in 1898. Decolonization was
hastened by different political and economic turmoil in both Europe and Asia in
the 20th century, such as the First and Second World Wars. These political

26 | P a g e
upheavals ultimately led to the reconfiguration of power from the Europeans to
the two superpowers, the Union Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) and the United
States of America (USA), and the consequent loss of more European colonies in
the Southeast Asia such as Singapore from the British, and Vietnam from the
French.

However, with the advent of globalization, the defined physical and cultural
boundaries of nation-states are now being threatened by a new type of order that
some scholars claim to have taken roots on various historical processes such as
the colonization during the 16 th century. Globalization is a process of interaction
and integration of every landscape in the planet (Levin Institute 2015). To borrow
Arjun Appdurai’s terms (Appadurai 1996), these landscapes include the
technoscape (technology); financescape(economics), ethoscape (culture and
social life), and ideoscapes (ideas)

4. Globalization - a process that is slowly changing things into one complex

scheme that transcends cultural, pollical, and social boundaries – a
system devoid of spatial restraints that ultimately challenges the very
existence of the nation-states.

References:

Pawilen R.A & Pawilen R.M., (2017), Philippine Politics and Governance, Inc., Rex Book Store 856 EDSA,
Nicanor Reyes, Sr. Manila Philippines.

SAQ. What is the main difference between state and nation?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Let’s look at how you did…..

ASAQ.

27 | P a g e
 If you answered: The main difference is state considered as political
aspect while nation is the cultural aspect., then you are correct. If you missed it,
you may need to go back and study again the lesson.

28 | P a g e
Guided Questions: Answer the following questions briefly and concise.
1. Part of the definition of nation – states is that the constituents more or
less share a common culture and identity. In the Philippines, which is
composed of more than 100 different cultural groups, what do you
think is that common Filipino identity and culture that binds us?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. If you were to choose and adapt a foreign a cultural trait brought about
by globalization into our country, what would that be? Why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

3. Are traditions always outdated and modern things always mean

progress? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

29 | P a g e
Activity 4.2 Complete the Venn diagram by citing three differences
between state and nation and four similarities of both. Label the diagram
accordingly.

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 ASSESSMENT

Instruction: In a separate sheet, research or watch at least 3 famous dictators in

the world history. Please provide a photo of them.

1. Write their full name

2. Trace their biography and how they become a leader
3. Describe what type of government they have
4. Tell how he/she lost his power
5. Explain how did they considered as a dictator
6. Reflection of your work

CRITERIA POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT POINTS

1 2 4 5
Depth of
reflection Writing Writing Writing demonstrates Writing demonstrates
demonstrates demonstrates a a general reflection on an in-depth reflection
lack of minimal the selected topic, on the selected topic,
reflection on reflection on including some including supporting
the selected the selected supporting details and details and examples.
topic, with no topic, including examples.
details. a few
supporting
details and
examples.
Required Writing does Writing Writing includes the Writing surpasses the
components not include the includes the a required components required components
required few of the selected topic. of the selected topic.
components of components of
the selected the selected
topic. topic.
Quality of Information has Information Information clearly Information clearly
Information little to do with clearly relates relates to the main relates to the main
the main topic. to the main topic. It provides 1-2 topic. It includes
topic. No supporting details several supporting
details and/or and/or examples. details and/or
examples are examples.
given.
Structure & Writing Writing is Writing is mostly clear, Writing is clear,
Organization unclear, unclear, and concise, and concise, and well
disorganized. thoughts are organized with the use organized with the use
Thoughts make not well of excellent of excellent
little to no organized. sentence/paragraph sentence/paragraph
sense. Thoughts are structure. Thoughts structure. Thoughts
not expressed are expressed in a are expressed in a
in a logical logical manner. logical manner.
manner.
Grammar There are There are more There are no more There are no more
numerous than five than five spelling or than three spelling or
spelling or spelling or grammar errors per grammar errors per
grammar errors grammar errors page of writing page of writing
per page of per page of reflection. reflection.
writing writing
reflection. reflection.
TOTAL

31 | P a g e
 POSTTEST

1. What is authority?
A. The ultimate power in society
B. A government ruled by a few
C. The branch of government that enforces the law
D. A government ability to exercise power without resorting to force
2. What is the difference between direct and representative democracy?
A. The amount of freedom citizens
B. A king
C. Elected legislators
D. Rule of the people
3. Which of the following is not a source of legitimacy?
A. Tradition
B. Sovereignty
C. Habit
D. Ethnicity
4. Totalitarian government is one extreme type of government. Which of the
following is at the other end of the political spectrum?
A. Dictatorship
B. Anarchy
C. Parliamentary government
D. Aristocracy
5. In the percolation-up model, where does political power come from?
A. The ruling class
B. The constitution
C. The people
D. Religion
6. What is the study of politics; deals with the study of power in society and
government?
A. Political History
B. Political Science
C. Political Politics
D. Political Will
7. What kind of power is the direct control of one actor of the conditions and
action of another?
A. Eminent power
B. Police power
C. Compulsory power
D. Kili kili power
8. Is it the states of United States are true state?
A. Definitely True
B. Maybe
C. No
D. Yes in some what way

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9. Who is the leader of barangay in the Philippines during pre-colonial period?
A. Datu
B. Sultan
C. Datu & Sultan
D. Punong Barangay
10. Who is the leader of barangay in the Philippines during colonial period?
A. Cabeza de Barangay
B. Datu & Sultan
C. Punong Barangay
D. Datu
11. Which of the following is the same as a monarchy?
A. Dictatorship
B. Anarchy
C. Parliamentary government
D. Aristocracy
12. Characterized by a state that regulates nearly aspect of public and private life
is what kind of government?
A. Authoritarian
B. Oligarchy
C. Dictatorship
D. Democracy
13. Politics is defined as?
A. The ability tog get others to do what you want
B. Who gets what, when, and how
C. The process by which societies resolve, reduce, or eliminate conflict.
D. A system or organization for exercising authority over a body of people
14. Which of the following accurately and complete describes the scope of
political science?
A. Study of political behavior
B. Study of government
C. Study of international relations
D. Study of political thought
15. Which political science discipline focuses its study on the political systems of
foreign countries?
A. There is no such field of study
B. International relations
C. Comparative politics
D. Political institutions
16. Which political science focuses on the study of political ideas and values?
A. There is no discipline
B. Political ethics
C. Political behavior
D. Political theory

33 | P a g e
17. In political science, countries around the world are typically described as
“nation-states”. Which of these is not a crucial description of one key aspects
of the nation-states?
A. A political entity willing to recognize and respect the sovereignty of other
nation-states
B. A political entity with a monopoly on police enforcement within a set of
political boundaries
C. A political entity capable of extending its political, economic and military
influence across the globe
D. A political entity legally recognized by other nation-states.
18. Karl Marx is name oft uttered within the hallowed halls of political science
departments throughout the world. Who was Marx’s famous writing partner on
works such as ‘The Communist Manifesto’?
A. John Locke
B. Ernest Gellner
C. Jean Jacques Rousseau
D. Friedrich Engels
19. Which of these political ideologies has not been employed a s official ideology
of a modern nation-state?
A. Liberalism
B. Fascism
C. Anarchism
D. Communism

20 -25 Describe the political evolution of political science.

________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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