CS305
MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCONTROLLERS
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Introduction
• The microprocessor is one of the most important components of a
digital computer.
• It acts as the brain of the computer system
• As technology has progressed, microprocessors have become faster,
smaller and capable of doing more work per clock cycle.
• microprocessor is written as µP
• µ is pronounced as Mu
• Microprocessor is the controlling unit or CPU of a micro-computer,
fabricated on a very small chip capable of performing ALU
operations and communicating with the external devices connected
to it.
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Computer
• Accepts the data from the user
• Stores the data and the set of instructions supplied by the user in memory
• Processes the data according to the instructions in the processing unit
• Communicates the result to the user or stores it for further reference
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Computer
• A computer has the following units
• Input Unit
• Output Unit
• Memory Unit
• Central Processing Unit
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Computer
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Microcomputer
• A digital computer, in which one microprocessor has been provided to
act as a CPU, is called Microcomputer.
• A desktop computer, laptop, notebook, palmtop, etc. contain one
microprocessor to act as a CPU and hence they come under the category of
microcomputer.
• The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer.
• A computer with a microprocessor as its CPU, is known as microcomputer
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Multiprocessor System
• The CPU of a large powerful digital computer contains more than
one microprocessor.
• High-end powerful servers, mainframe computers,
supercomputers, etc. contain more than one microprocessor to
act as CPU.
• A computer whose CPU contains more than one
microprocessor is called Multiprocessor System.
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Microcontroller
• A highly integrated chip that contains all the components such as
CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers is called
Microcontroller.
• Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these
components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific
task to control a particular system.
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Microprocessor
• The central processing unit built on a single IC is called
Microprocessor.
• A microprocessor is a digital electronic component with
miniaturized transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit
(IC).
•One or more microprocessors typically serve as a central processing
unit (CPU) in a computer system or handheld device.
• A microprocessor is a LSI (large scale integration) IC that does almost
all the functions of the CPU.
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• The basic function of the microprocessor is
• To fetch the instructions stored in the main memory
• Identify the operations and the devices involved in it and
accordingly generate control signals to determine when a given
action is to take place.
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Microprocessor Characteristics
• Instruction Set
• Bandwidth
• Capability
• Clock speed
• Word Length
• Width of Data Bus
• Width of Address Bus
• Input/Output Addressing Capability
• Data Types
• Interrupt Capability
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Microprocessor Characteristics
Instruction Set:
The set of instructions that a microprocessor can understand.
Bandwidth:
The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
Capability:
It depends upon the number of instructions and capability of each instruction.
Width of Data Bus:
This is the size of the data bus. It defines the number of bits that can be
transferred through data bus.
Width of Address Bus:
This parameter decides the memory addressing capability of the
microprocessor. The maximum size of the memory unit is decided by this
parameter.
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Microprocessor Characteristics
Clock speed:
• The clock speed determines how many operations per second the
processor can perform.
• It is also called Clock Rate.
• Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at
which instructions are executed and synchronizes the various computer
components.
• The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per
second.
• Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).
• The microprocessors of personal computers have clock speeds of
anywhere from 300 MHz to over 3.8 GHz.
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Microprocessor Characteristics
Word Length:
• It depends upon the width of internal data bus,registers, ALU etc.
• An 8-bit microprocessor can process 8 bit data at a time.
• A processor with longer word length is more powerful and can process
data at a faster speed as compared to processor with shorter word length.
• The word length ranges from 4 bits for small microprocessor, to 64 bits
for high-end microcomputers
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Microprocessor Characteristics
Input/Output Addressing Capability:
• The maximum number of the input/output ports accessed by the
microprocessor depends upon the width of the input/output address provided
in the input/output instruction.
Data Types:
• The microprocessor handles various types of data formats like binary, BCD,
ASCII, signed and unsigned numbers
Interrupt Capability:
• Interrupts are used to handle unpredictable and random events in the
microcomputer.
• It is used to interrupt the microprocessor.
• Interrupt driven input/output improves the throughput of a system.
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Microprocessor Characteristics
Power Consumption:
• Another important feature is its low power consumption.
• Microprocessors are normally manufactured by Metal-Oxide semiconductor
technology, which has the feature of low power consumption.
Versatility:
• The microprocessors are versatile.
• Keeping the same basic hardware, a microprocessor-based system can be
configured for a number of applications by simply altering the software
program.
Reliability:
• Another important property of microprocessors is its extreme reliability.
• It has been established that the failure rate of an IC is fairly uniform at the
package level, regardless of its complexity.
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Evolution of Microprocessor
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Register Organization of 8086
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Register Organization of 8086
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Register Organization of 8086
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Register Organization of 8086
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Register Organization of 8086
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Register Organization of 8086
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Register Organization of 8086
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Register Organization of 8086
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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04h + 05h=09h mov bl,o4h
add bl,05h
xchg bx,cx
mov bl,04h
mov cl,05h
add bl,cl bl=bl+cl
add al,bl
Mov al,04h
Mov al,0004h
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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8086 Architecture
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Signal Description of 8086
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Physical Memory Organisation
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Physical Memory Organisation
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Physical Memory Organisation
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Bus Operation
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Bus Cycle or System Timings
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Bus Cycle or System Timings
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Minimum Mode of 8086
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Minimum Mode of 8086
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Minimum Mode –Read Operation
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Minimum Mode –Read Operation
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Minimum Mode –Read Operation
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Minimum Mode –Write Operation
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Minimum Mode –Write Operation
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Comparison between 8086 and 8088
S. NO. 8086 MICROPROCESSOR 8088 MICROPROCESSOR
1 The data bus is of 16 bits. The data bus is of 8 bits.
It has 3 available clock speeds (5 MHz, 8 MHz It has 3 available clock speeds (5
2
(8086-2) and 10 MHz (8086-1)). MHz, 8 MHz)
The memory capacity is
3 The memory capacity is 512 kB. implemented as a single 1 MX 8
memory banks.
It has complemented memory
4 It has memory control pin (M/IO) signal.
control pin (IO/M) signal of 8086.
5 It has Bank High Enable (BHE) signal. It has Status Signal (SSO).
It can read or write either 8-bit or 16-bit word It can read only 8-bit word at the
6
at the same time. same time.
Input/Output voltage level is measured at 2.5 Input/Output voltage level is
7
mA. measured at 2.0 mA
It has 4 byte instruction queue as it
8 It has 6 byte instruction queue.
can fetch only 1 byte at a time.
It draws a maximum supply current
9 It draws a maximum supply current of 360 mA.
of 340 mA.
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