Module 2 – Lesson 1:

The history of the Internet

Network
is a group of computers linked together so that they can share
resources such as printers, software programs and documents.
Computer network is the interconnectivity of
autonomous computers
to establish computer communication, they are connected with a
cable and an appropriate network card
Internet
a global wide area network that connects computer systems across the
world which includes several high-bandwidth data lines that comprises
the Internet “backbone”
In general, a backbone is a physically bundled cables which connects the
server computers, the information hubs, and the computers
The backbone of the internet are connected to major Internet Hubs that
distribute data to other location such as: Internet Services Providers,
and web servers
Services provided by the
Internet
• Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web
browser
• Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online
• Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments,
photos, and videos
• Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other
over the Internet
• Software updates – operating system and application updates can typically
have downloaded from the Internet
History
• In 1858 the American "Niagara" and the British "Agamemnon" laid a cable
across the Atlantic to carry instantaneous communications across the ocean
for the first time.
• Subsequent cables laid in 1866 were completely successful and compare to
events like the moon landing of a century and remained in use for almost 100
years
• During the technological competition between the US and USSR (Russia in
Modern Day), in October 4, 1957, the USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial
earth satellite.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower to issues directive 5105.15 establishing the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
History
Research Projects Agency (ARPA), united some of America's most
brilliant people, who developed the United States' first successful
satellite in 18 months
Several years later ARPA began to focus on computer networking and communications
technology
Research Projects Agency (ARPA), united some of America's most
brilliant people, who developed the United States' first successful
satellite in 18 months
History
In 1962, Dr. J.C.R. Licklider was chosen to head ARPA's research in
improving the military's use of computer technology
Licklider saw the need to move ARPA's contracts from the private sector to universities and
laid the foundations for what would become the ARPANET
History
Around Labor Day in 1969, BBN delivered an Interface Message Processor
(IMP) to UCLA that was based on a Honeywell DDP 516, and when they
turned it on, it just started running. It was hooked by 50 Kbps circuits to
two other sites (SRI and UCSB) in the four-node network: UCLA, Stanford
Research Institute (SRI), UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), and the University of
Utah in Salt Lake City.
Kleinrock, a pioneering computer science professor at UCLA, and his small group of
graduate students hoped to log onto the Stanford computer and try to send it some data.
They would start by typing "login," and seeing if the letters appeared on the far-off monitor
History
In late 1971, Larry Roberts at DARPA decided that people needed serious
motivation to get things going
In October 1972 there was to be an International Conference on
Computer Communications, so Larry asked Bob Kahn at BBN to organize
a public demonstration of the ARPANET
Todays Internet
Numerous corporations, commercial firms, and other companies such as
IBM provide networks to handle Internet traffic
Both public and private organizations own networks on the Internet
Each organization on the Internet is responsible only for maintaining its
own network. No single person, company, institution, or government
agency controls or owns the Internet
Todays Internet
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) oversees research and sets
standards and guidelines for many areas of the Internet.
The mission of the W3C is to contribute to the growth of the
Web. More than 350 organizations from around the world are members of the W3C, advising,
defining standards, and addressing other issues
Todays Internet
Internet2 is a not-for-profit research and development project that
connects more than 200 universities and 115 companies via a high-speed
private network.
Founded in 1996, the goal of Internet2 is to develop and test advanced network technologies
that will benefit Internet users in the short-term future.
These technologies require an extremely high-speed network that exceeds the capabilities
of today’s Internet and networks
Internet2 projects include telemedicine, digital libraries (online books,
magazines, music, movies, speeches, etc.), and faster Internet services, interactive high-
definition video and enhanced detection and resolution of network problems.
ARPA Timeline
• 1958 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) created by
Department of Defense (DoD). 1961 Director of Defense Research and
Engineering (DDR&E) assigns a Command and Control Project to
ARPA.
• 1962 Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) formed to
coordinate ARPA's command and control research.
• 1972 ARPA renamed Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA).
ARPA Timeline
• 1986 The technical scope of IPTO expands and it becomes the
Information Science and Technology Office (ISTO).
• In 1990 ARPANET formally shuts down and 1990 the “the net” or
Internet has experienced explosive growth. The number of hosts from
4 have grown to over 300,000 across the globe.
ARPA Timeline
• 1991 ISTO splits into the Computing Systems Technology Office (CSTO)
and the Software and Intelligent Systems Office. The net’s dramatic
growth continues with NSF (National Science Foundation) lifting any
restrictions on commercial use. The NSFNET backbone upgrades to T3,
or 44 Mbps. Total traffic exceeds 1 trillion bytes, or 10 billion packets
per month! Over 100 countries are now connected with over 600,000
hosts and nearly 5,000 separate networks.
ARPA Timeline
• 1992, The Internet Society (ISOC), with Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn among
its founders, validates the coming of age of inter-networking and its
pervasive role in the lives of professionals in developed countries.
• Until 1995, NSFnet handled the bulk of the communications activity,
or traffic, on the Internet. In 1995, NSFnet terminated its network on
the Internet and resumed its status as a research network
End of presentation