Boyce/DiPrima 9th ed, Ch 2.
2:
Separable Equations
Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 9th edition, by William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima, ©2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In this section we examine a subclass of linear and nonlinear
first order equations. Consider the first order equation
dy
= f ( x, y )
dx
We can rewrite this in the form
dy
M ( x, y ) + N ( x, y ) =0
dx
For example, let M(x,y) = - f (x,y) and N(x,y) = 1. There may
be other ways as well. In differential form,
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0
If M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only, then
M ( x)dx + N ( y )dy = 0
In this case, the equation is called separable.
Example 1: Solving a Separable Equation
Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:
dy x2
=
dx 1 − y 2
Separating variables, and using calculus, we obtain
(1 − y )dy = (x )dx
2 2 yH t L
4
∫ (1 − y )dy = ∫ (x )dx
2 2 2
1 1 -4 -2 2 4
xH t L
y − y3 = x3 + C
3 3 -2
3 y − y 3 = x3 + C -4
The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. A
graph showing the direction field and implicit plots of several
solution curves for the differential equation is given above.
Example 2:
Implicit and Explicit Solutions (1 of 4)
Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:
dy 3 x 2 + 4 x + 2
=
dx 2( y − 1)
Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain
( )
2( y − 1)dy = 3 x 2 + 4 x + 2 dx
(
2 ∫ ( y − 1)dy = ∫ 3 x 2 + 4 x + 2 dx )
y 2 − 2 y = x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. An
explicit expression for the solution can be found in this case:
(
y − 2 y − x + 2x + 2x + C = 0 ⇒ y =
2 3 2
)2 ± 4 + 4 x 3
(+ 2 x 2
+ 2x + C )
2
y = 1 ± x3 + 2x 2 + 2x + C
dy 3 x 2 + 4 x + 2
=
dx 2( y − 1)
Example 2: Initial Value Problem (2 of 4)
Suppose we seek a solution satisfying y(0) = -1. Using the
implicit expression of y, we obtain
y 2 − 2 y = x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
(−1) 2 − 2(−1) = C ⇒ C = 3
Thus the implicit equation defining y is
y 2 − 2 y = x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3
Using an explicit expression of y,
y = 1 ± x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
−1 = 1± C ⇒ C = 4
It follows that
y = 1 − x3 + 2x 2 + 2x + 4
dy 3 x 2 + 4 x + 2
=
dx 2( y − 1)
Example 2: Initial Condition y(0) = 3 (3 of 4)
Note that if initial condition is y(0) = 3, then we choose the
positive sign, instead of negative sign, on the square root
term:
y = 1 + x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 4
Example 2: Domain (4 of 4)
Thus the solutions to the initial value problem
dy 3 x 2 + 4 x + 2
= , y (0) = −1
dx 2( y − 1)
are given by
y 2 − 2 y = x 3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3 (implicit)
y = 1 − x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 4 (explicit)
From explicit representation of y, it follows that
( )
y = 1 − x 2 (x + 2 ) + 2(x + 2) = 1 − (x + 2) x 2 + 2
and hence the domain of y is (-2, ∞). Note x = -2 yields y = 1, which
makes the denominator of dy/dx zero (vertical tangent).
Conversely, the domain of y can be estimated by locating vertical
tangents on the graph (useful for implicitly defined solutions).
Example 3: Implicit Solution of an Initial
Value Problem (1 of 2)
Consider the following initial value problem:
4 x − x3
y′ = 3
, y ( 0) = 1
4+ y
Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain
(4 + y 3 )dy = (4 x − x 3 )dx
∫ (4 + y )dy = ∫ (4 x − x )dx
3 3
1 1
4 y + y4 = 2x2 − x4 + c
4 4
y 4 + 16 y + x 4 − 8 x 2 = C where C = 4c
Using the initial condition, y(0)=1, it follows that C = 17.
y 4 + 16 y + x 4 − 8 x 2 = 17
4 x − x3
y′ = , y (0) = 1
4 + y3
Example 3: Graph of Solutions (2 of 2)
Thus the general solution is y 4 + 16 y + x 4 − 8 x 2 = C
and the solution through (0,2) is y 4 + 16 y + x 4 − 8 x 2 = 17
The graph of this particular solution through (0, 2) is shown in red
along with the graphs of the direction field and several other
solution curves for this differential equation, are shown:
The points identified with blue 2
y
dots correspond to the points on
1
the red curve where the tangent
line is vertical: y = 3 − 4 ≈ -1.5874 -4 -2 2 4
x
x ≈ ±3.3488 on the red curve, but at all -1
points where the line connecting the
-2
blue points intersects solution curves
the tangent line is vertical. -3
Parametric Equations
The differential equation: dy F ( x, y )
=
dx G ( x, y )
is sometimes easier to solve if x and y are thought of as
dependent variables of the independent variable t and
rewriting the single differential equation as the system of
differential equations:
dy dx
= F ( x, y ) and = G ( x, y )
dt dt
Chapter 9 is devoted to the solution of systems such as
these.
