PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Definitions
i. Photogrammetry can be defined as
the art, science and technology of
obtaining reliable information about
physical objects and environment
through processes of recording,
measuring and interpreting of the
photographic images.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
ii. Photogrammetry can be defined as the
science of making measurements from aerial
photographs to determine horizontal distance
and elevation of natural and artificial features on
the earth surface.
iii. Photgrammetry can be defined also as
method of determining the shapes, sizes and
positions of objects on the earth surface using
photographs
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Photo gram metric
The word “Photogrammetry” is derived from
three (3) Greek words :-
photos meaning “light”
gramma meaning “that which is drawn or
written”
metron meaning “to measure”
• The root words, therefore, originally signified
measuring graphically by means of light.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Metric Photogrammetry
It covered with an accurate measurement and
calculation to determined size , shape and
position of objects using photograph.
Examples:- Terrestrial photogrammetry
Aerial photogrammetry
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Interpretative Photogrammetry
It covered the activities of identification,
introduction and detect any object or any
place based on 7 principles of object
recognition.
Examples:- Remote sensing
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Photo gram metric
Metric photogrammetric Interpretative
photogrammetry
Either aerial or
terrestrial photograph. The main objectives to
Photograph taken in make objects
systematic manner by identification and
special camera from the classification based on
air or camera attached images on the
to theodolite. Controlled
photographs. 7 principles
by land survey and
images measured by of objects recognition are;
photogrammetric shape, size, pattern,
techniques. shadow, photographic
Economically and tone, topographic location
greater speed. and texture.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
7 principles of object recognition
1} Shape – is the qualitative variable describing
the general form or outline of an object
which is useful for identification of objects,
e.g. circle, square, triangle
2} Size – is the dimension of an object which
related to the function of photographic scale,
e.g. big, small, huge, large
Introduction to Photogrammetry
7 principles of object recognition
3} Photographic tone – objects of different color
have different qualities of light reflectance
shown on the photographs. In general, more
light reflected by bright objects, e.g. sandy area
reflect more light compare to grass field area.
4} Pattern – is a familiar characteristic of the
landscape to interpreters as the results
from the spatial arrangement of objects,e.g. oil
palm cultivation.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
7 principles of object recognition
5} Shadows – shadows of an objects usually the
usefulness factor in identification of height of
the objects.
6} Topographic location – relative elevation by
different features.
7} Texture – the degree of coarseness or
smoothness of the images.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Photorammetric mapping
Advantages
i. Cost saving, economical or cheap per hectare.
ii. Reduction in field work.
iii. Speed compilation, time minimal.
iv. Freedom from adverse weather and inaccessible
terrain conditions.
v. Provision of a constant record, accurate record.
vi. Flexibility, can be designed for any map scale.
vii. New technology, by softcopy or digital
photogrammetry.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Photorammetric mapping
Disadvantages
i. If the terrain covered by vegetation, hard to process or
defines contours.
ii. Flat terrain, hard to define different height by contour.
iii. Identification of image, have to site for conformation.
iv. The hiding data for example hiding by leaves, highest
building or cloud.
v. High cost especially for small area.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Differences between photograph & map
Items Photographs Maps
Height Can see model the Contour and spot
model, no value. height with value.
Buildings Real plan image. Drawn by
symbols.
Roads Actual location and size. Symbols &
generalizations.
Trees True density. Area or point
symbols.
Cultivation Known by experts. Using symbols.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
History of Photogrammetry
Principally photogrammetry had been through in
long process to achieve nowadays technology.
Its history can be divided to some main part.
Year 350 B.C.
Aristotle had succeed found the way to
implement an image process as optic.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
History of Photogrammetry
Beginning of 18th century
Dr. Brook Taylor had declared his investigation
about “Linear Perspective”. Then J.H Lambert
suggest that the above princip is useful for map
preparation.
1839
Louis Daguerve from Paris had succeed found
the technique of direct image process.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
History of Photogrammetry
1840
Arago who is geodesist in French Academy of
Science had shown the way to use a photograph
in Topography Measurement.
1859
Colonel Aime Laussedat who working in French
Army Corps of Engineers had succeed produce
the map by using a photograph.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
History of Photogrammetry
The success of this technique had give him as
the “Father of Photogrammetry”.
1861 -1894
The photography’s instrument and material had
been changed time by time. This included the
increament of camera ability and the film which
contribute to photogrammetry implementation.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
History of Photogrammetry
1909
Dr. Carl Pulfrich from Germany had started
made the research by using a pair of aerial
photo to form stereo vision. His work had
increased the technology of photogrammetry
devices.
1913
The meet and construction of aeroplane by
“Wright Brother” had brought the big impact with
the positive development using aerial photo
Introduction to Photogrammetry
History of Photogrammetry
The first aerial photo for mapping application
had been made in year 1913.
Today
The technology of photogrammetry is widely
used from aerial photo to remote sensing image.
The instrument also had been changed too fast:-
From optical’s to mechanical’s type.
From analog / conventional to analytical and
nowadays is more to digital or soft
photogrammetry.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Application of Photogrammetry
Geology – Geologist and geophysicist apply
photogrammetry such as analysis of thermal
patterns on the earth’s surface, analysis of
“catastrophic” events, such as earthquakes,
floods and eruptions.
Forestry – Aerial photographs are used as a
basis of timber cruises, “cover maps,” acreage
studies and fire control.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Application of Photogrammetry
Agriculture – Aerial photo are used for such
purposes as the study of soil types, soil
conservation, crop planting, crop diseases and
damage.
Design and Construction – use in the design and
construction of dams, bridges, transmission lines
and etc.
Planning of cities and highways – use for the
selection of new highway location
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Application of Photogrammetry
Exploration – Aerial photography and
photogrammetry are among the most important
tools of modern exploration.
Military intelligence – Probably the first practical
application of photogrammetry was in the field of
military reconnaissance.
Medicine and Surgery – Precise stereoscopic
measurements on the human body, mainly by X-
ray photography are utilized in the treatment of
certain medical conditions.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Application of Photogrammetry
Land Problems – Photogrammetry has a
wide application in the solution of cadastral
problems (e.g. tax)
Miscellaneous – There are many other
applications of photogrammetry, such as in
the fields of crime detection, traffic studies,
oceanography, meteorological
observations, etc.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Photograph geometry
O Perspective centre
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Perspective projection
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Important Things in Photogrammetry
Object – make sure all object (eq. building)
can be seen.
Camera – make sure the lens is in good
condition.
Film – can be retained from hot temperature
and absorb with water.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Photogrammetric terms
Overlap, forward and
Vertical photograph
side-lap
Oblique/tilted
Mosaic
photograph
Photograph maps
High/low oblique
Perspective
Exposure station
projection
Air base
Orthographic
Photographic base projection
Flying height Major line
Focal distance Tilted axis
Principal point Tilted angle
Nadir point Photograph scale
Iso-center point Relief displacement
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Information on aerial photograph
Fiducial marks located at the
four corner and four sides of
the photograph use to
determine principal point.
Altimeter, clock, bubble
during exposure.
Focal length, camera type,
Date of exposure.
Photograph scale.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
For aerial photograph to give true
plan?
The ground must be horizontal.
The camera must be vertical during
exposure.
The camera lens and photographic material
should be as perfect as possible.
These ideal condition rarely satisfied. As a
result the aerial photograph is NOT a true
plan or map.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Vertical photograph
p,i,n
The negative plane parallel a b
to the ground/MSL.
The camera axis is
perpendicular to the ground.
O
CRITERIA
Objects with square shape
on the ground appear square
on the photograph.
Scale same for the whole
photograph.
Image displacement bigger
at the edge of the
photograph. A B
P,I,N
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Tilted photograph
p,i,n b
The negative plane not a
parallel to the ground/MSL.
The camera axis is not = tilted angle
perpendicular to the ground.
O
CRITERIA
Objects with square shape
on the ground appear not
square on the photograph.
Scale not same for the whole
photograph depends on
tilted direction.
Image displacement
occurred on the whole of the A B
photograph. P,I,N
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Photograph scale
Photograph scale is the p,i,n
ratio between a b
measurement on the
photograph compare to
it’s original O
measurement on the
ground. Since the
photograph is the image
with the perspective
projection, the scale
only true for points with
same elevation and by
vertical photograph. A P,I,N B
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Flight planning
The objective of flight planning is to plan the
mission accurately to provide photograph with
the most economic and efficient manner, no
delay and minimum error.
The number of photographs are required, this
can be calculated by knowing how big is the
photo coverage going to be?. Photograph
scale, focal length of the camera, the flying
height and the exposure interval must be
considered. T = B/V , air base divided by
velocity of the aircraft.
Number of photograph; N = Area/BW
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Flight planning cont
Block photography; normally the work carried out by
block or several strips. Number of strips must be
economically and the strips along the largest distance
of the block.
Choice of aircraft, aircraft performance, range,
altitude, short take off and landing characteristics
must also considered.
Map preparation and flight pack, base map selection
for flight mission must suitable.
photo scale > 1 :8000, maps 1 : 25000
photo scale < 1 : 8000, maps 1 : 50000
line numbering run from west to east or north to
south. Introduction to Photogrammetry
