Hydraulic Machines

• Prof. Dr. Mohamed Farid Khalil :Pumps

• Professor Ahmed Abd ElNaby : Fluid Systems

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Pumps
History

Water Wheel (Water Mill)

SawaKee Al-Fayom (An Old Water Pump)
Pumps History

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Archimedes-screw ( 287–212 B.C.).

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Ref. Chris Rorres, THE TURN OF THE SCREW: OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AN ARCHIMEDES
SCREW, ASCE JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING / JANUARY 2000 6
 Archimedes-screw

Ref. Chris Rorres, THE TURN OF THE SCREW: OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AN ARCHIMEDES
SCREW, ASCE JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING / JANUARY 2000
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 Pumps
• Function
• Classification
• Construction, Theory ,
• Operation & Applications

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 Pump
• Pump is a mechanical device which converts
mechanical energy of the driving unit :( electric
motor, diesel engine, steam turbine ,gas
turbine ,wind turbine.. Etc.) To hydraulic
energy .This hydraulic energy increases the
energy of the pumped liquid and enabled it to
overcome the static head and hydraulic losses
in piping system in which the pump is
interposed.

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 Hld

Hms
Hst Hmd
Hls HsdHsd
Hm

Hss

Pump in piping system

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 Pump Head

Total Static Head Hst

Static Delivery
Head Hsd

+ve

DATUM
-ve

Static Suction Head Hss

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•Total static head Hst
= the vertical distance between the liquid surface
level of the suction and discharge tanks.
•Static discharge head Hsd
= the vertical distance from the pump centerline up
to The liquid surface level in the discharge tank.
•Static suction head Hss (+ve)
Applies when the supply tank is above the pump.
It is The vertical distance from the pump centerline
up to the liquid surface level in the suction tank..
•Static suction lift Hss (-ve)
Applies when the supply tank is below the pump.
It is the vertical distance from the pump
centerline down to the liquid surface level
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•Velocity head vs2 /2g
= the kinetic energy of liquid in suction pipe.
• Head loss hls
=The head needed to overcome the head loss
due to suction pipe friction & fittings.
•Manometric delivery head Hmd
= static delivery head +head loss in delivery
pipe.
•Manometric suction head Hms
=the static suction head -the velocity head ( in
The suction pipe) –head loss in the suction pipe.
•Total Manometric head Hm
= the difference between the Manometric delivery head
and the Manometric suction head.
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 Total Static Head: H st = H sd − H ss
Manometric Suction Head ; v 2s
Hms = Hss − hls −
2g

Manometric Delivery Head ; Hmd = Hsd + hld

Total Manometric Head ; H m = H md − H ms

Pump Hydraulic (output) Power;
• Q m3/s, H m,w=ρg, ρ=Sgρw
P o = wQH m

• Pump shaft power ,(Watt) S G.g.QH m

Psh =
• Input power (kW ηpump
Energy Consumption (kW hr)
= Σ Psh.Working hrs /Motor Efficiency 16
 Total Manometric Head :
H m = H md − H ms

v 2
H m = H st + hl + s
2g
v 2 fL 
H m = H st +  + C +1 
2g  d 
πd 2
Q= v...,
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H m = H st + KQ ... ..Piping.System.Equation
2

K = Pipeline.Const. = Function( f , L, d , bends.....) 17

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Friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes. ( Moody [8]) 19
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Loss coefficients for flow through sudden area changes.

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Table 4 Representative Dimensionless Equivalent
Lengths (Le/D) for Valves and Fittings

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 Classification of pumps

Pumps
Positive Non -Mechanical
displacement Dynamic pressure
pumps or roto-dynamic
Jet or
Reciprocatin Air lift
Rotary ejector
g Centrifug
Axial Mixed
al
Piston Vane

Plunger Gear

Diaphragm Screw

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 Non Mechanical Pumps:
Jet pump, Air Lift Pump...
Uses available pressurized fluid to lift another fluid. No mechanical
Parts “ less operating troubles” but had low operating efficiency.

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Jet Pump

Efficiency < High Pressure Fluid

30%

Low Pressure Fluid

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 Air ,(Gas), Lift Pump.

This pump operates when:

z

wl Z  wm L L

Efficiency < 30%

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 Main Types Pumps
Positive D.P. Centrifugal Axial Flow

V. HIGH HIGH LOW

Pressure P
LOW HIGH V. HIGH
Flow Rate Q

S .R .V YES NO NO

Efficiency HIGH MEDIUM V. HIGH

V. HIGH LOW LOW

Maint. cost

Pulsation YES NO NO

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 10,000 Multi cylinder plunger 10,000

5000 5000
Centrifugal multistage

2000 Gear 2000

Ft of Liquid

1000 1000
Screw Centrifugal
double suct.
500 500

PSIg
Centrifugal single stage

200 200

100 100

50 50

20 20
GPM Axial flow
10 100 1000 10000
2 5 20 50 200 500 2000 5000

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To understand the idea of positive displacement pump, assume that we
have this pump type delivering 1 lit/s of oil in a closed empty delivery
pipe of volume 10 lit.
Then the time required to fill this pipe = Pipe volume/Pump flow rate
=10 sec. ( getting rid of air and pipe is completely full of oil under
atmospheric pressure With delivery valve closed. If the pump still running
estimate the pressure rise inside delivery pipe after 1 sec .

Solution : Since the oil used is incompressible fluid ,then using Bulk’s
modulus of elasticity formula for estimating the pressure rise
corresponding to the compression of oil as 1 lit from original oil volume of
11 lit using: ∆𝑽
𝑲 = −∆𝒑/( )
𝑽𝟏
For K oil=2*10^4 bar , Then pressure rise inside pipe= 2000 bar
If the pipe is selected for 10 bar operation, it can resist pressure
up to 15 bar only. Then pipe will be damaged before 1 sec is
attained after the delivery pipe is completely filled with oil.
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 Positive Displacement Pump

Positive Displacement Pump has a cavity filled with liquid ,during

operation ,from the suction side and then displaced to the delivery
side. When the delivery side is closed the liquid is accumulated in
pump cavity generating very high pressure ,this may cause pump
damage.
Don’t Use delivery throttle valve for flow control.
Positive Displacement Pumps
may be :Rotary pumps: lobe,
gear, Vane screw, progressing
cavity…etc.

Rotary Lobe Pump 32

In roto-dynamic pumps , [Centrifugal or
Propeller pumps] rotating impeller
transforms mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy and add it to the liquid
contained in pump casing. Thus
increases the liquid energy ,through a
predetermined value of Pressure rise,
thus enables the liquid to flow to
another point of high static level.
This type of pumps can work under
closed delivery valve without any
damage.
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Introduction

The Table below outlines some of the main differences

between centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps and rotary
pumps. Note that “centrifugal”, “reciprocating” and “rotary”
pumps are all relatively broad categories. The table below
provides a comparison of features between these pump
categories that generally holds true.

Also, note that Table lists typical maximum flow rates and
heads. It is possible to build special pumps outside the upper
bounds of the pressures and flow rates listed, but such pumps
would be prohibitively expensive for most applications.

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Introduction

Parameter Centrifugal Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps

Optimum Flow and Medium/High Capacity, Low Capacity, Low/Medium Capacity,
Pressure Applications Low/Medium Pressure High Pressure Low/Medium Pressure
Maximum Flow Rate 100,000+ GPM 10,000+ GPM 10,000+ GPM
Low Flow Rate Capability No Yes Yes
Maximum Pressure 6,000+ PSI 100,000+ PSI 4,000+ PSI
Requires Relief Valve No Yes Yes
Smooth or Pulsating Flow Smooth Pulsating Smooth
Variable or Constant Flow Variable Constant Constant
Self-priming No Yes Yes
Space Considerations Requires Less Space Requires More Space Requires Less Space
Costs Lower Initial Higher Initial Lower Initial
Lower Maintenance Higher Maintenance Lower Maintenance
Higher Power Lower Power Lower Power
Fluid Handling Suitable for a wide range Suitable for clean, clear, non- Requires clean, clear, non-
including clean, clear, non- abrasive fluids. Specially- abrasive fluid due to close
abrasive fluids to fluids with fitted pumps suitable for tolerances
abrasive, high-solid content. abrasive-slurry service.

Not suitable for high viscosity Suitable for high viscosity Optimum performance with
fluids fluids high viscosity fluids

Higher tolerance for

Lower tolerance for entrained Higher tolerance for entrained gases
gases entrained gases

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