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Physics Notes PDF

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IGCSE Physics Notes Robert Marin CONTENTS 1. General Physics) 2. Thermal Physics ij 3. Properties of waves, including Light and Sound} 4. Electricity and Magnetism 5. Atomic Physics Appendix . - | 0625 Wis | om RM il Length ond a 1 Lang rte core } 1 Mosse an deseo how to mestir ee ol © Nblune *To_meaaue volume of a cogulst’ solid : measufe dimensions wifh rue, io ee f los solid : place object , sTomeasue volume of of \(equlax solid: place object in measuting cylinder ard mearue the differeme in height of the wa ter ‘Small_ditaace Nesiee calipers neoves} 0.1 min + Micrometer — neaeest 9,01am Necwi caligus C ores Yet { fer fel bed gg peice Aivsids 5 sci the use os and easing “a Joe 0.4m 340142 3, Amen N Gs efor ewonuing lengh ofchect chee We. zeio ready and ake nat "o€ the error, ou yon meoswe the baglh, add the effi, g AZONE ET ees RR Ee | Derices like digital stopuatcnes axe very precise, to O0ls, constant pean WOE Accleraion'y 19} comb a Gradient = acceleat on. «For motion with, constant z —_oxceloation, Anlaa ce > area wader the gafh, Fine /s aia Cee acceletading | owatl conte oF cite). This » becouse ity diection (and these velocity) \s always chaaging. oy na ot Earth a ht he aeslraton a [Accelerahion on of Ree fall ie a body nem ecuth js confon), Without air resistance; the gull of gravity come an accelerahen of 9.6m" With ok-reivina! aS object falls —> speed iacteajey —> air yesirtnnce incase) acceleration decreases as Eventually ain testtance ond gritty o€ equa) atd opm, so Fheve is no cerultant force. : 3.INo fenttant acceleration, 5 peed y contant. TERMINAL vElociry {Nias cond Weight so 2 Maes and weight core Supplement + Show fray wih tha dag of the maae | + Demonstiate an understanding tht mas 13 tody property that Test ctangein motion ae 4+ State that weights a foro + Deserve, odusethe concept of, weightas te | Demonsteta understanding hat weights | fect fe revtatona don amass len nonce meses) may be compared i ess ing a natance yess 4 i of matter in an object Chg) rane cbs fot er eon Le a Ce Inertia = reluctance to. move fom cestot change «peed, é QO a | iti the ete sanity acting on amass — Gra Deateagh gory > at ONE therefore on each: Weight (1 ny = mas> (kg) x field sheng /\ON/bs 14 Density Pe [Describe he determination af the densi of se erogualy shaped sli bythe method of ee speared ate the neces couion |) i Describe an expetiment to doterine the lens of igi and ofa reply _ told ad mat the necessary esl SitY iy The moss pac unk vd € a substence (hy/m) Teatys Sa 92 & = 0625 om RM. Jonsty of o Liquid HS sok inh CME a Find the mass of | pew? of the liquid Divide the mas ty the yolme te find the density. —_Denstly of @ regular solid nlalgigeg I 1, Fyad yas of ckyect wing 0. balance Divide moss ty yume fo Gnd density sly of an iM solu |. Colculate yolume of object by Finsling leagth of each dimension then Find volume of otject by distlacanet! in a measwng cylinder, — = a Effects of Forces 1.5 a Elects of forces. core Find mos of obpel wing a balanco, 2. Dyide moss by velume fo find den sity ‘Supplement | + Mor extnsionaad gras andes the |» Interpret extensions orachs |" sssocstes oxpermental procedure Desai the way in which a frea may ‘ange the maton of abo0y Find he rosa of 9 or more orcas 2etng long the same tne 1 State Hoke’ Law areal an ue the fweession F= bx ‘roportenaty'foran extension so + aca nd oe ta lion batween fre, mast sed ecelertio nding the dsten) + Desoibe quatetvel-motion na curves pth de toa perpendous force (ea mvs nocoaueed —Foicey cain change:.si2e and shape of a body — ba | speed of a body ____- direction of wovernent of body, Hooke’ Taw: the extension of i onal aka) the ag glied for aed the ine ae e Senge ee SN aL Force ogpled= spiny wjstoal x exbarsion ee ae stand and [Set ing 2. nifias)_lon Con 2] Add. 1004_may» (IN weigh!) A Neosme new length and, PineaK initia) Jeng th | eee sae calculate extemion ag 46 times, adding [005 each Sire fies OE 6) Plot exorsion agains force igen al ees Dae enon ditoclly grogortona,) fo f By [Fake P= limit of proportionally. A€ter this _ fe EF hex, (rob dltedy tet! E= laste ti tho : . deformed aad will nol Cale AC [Tforce 7” to imal Neng s fon> hon The resultant cling © an object 1s pro portional to the man —Tof the object and ifs acceleralion, cos ae aor xacceleation (ai?) ee a ee SS n= 0625 one ROM. —— Reauttan force iW ssi] 3 fail) The net force wher size and Aiechon are taken into acount, a Stet ——enualonblettatos oo aco, ee, a tet aN A Aer jean When reouttant force is zero, forces. are equal and opposite ee Lt object » at feat ae line. + object trowels at constant tant speed in a aya Be foice [An abject wall moved in a cusved path [the foice act papendicular fo direction of travel. Speed stay» constant. Velocity chongex Ge tel antag inal Ne cee ila ___Ié_ the force which prondes Lo acceleration 1» 2uddealy remaved, he object Fill leowe ake tangent fo He. Tun p (2 Ting ect ‘arto forest show tat hare no et anes ‘moment ena toa n aula + Descente Heabnchgot sewn |+ App ei of opposing arent single systems in quam Q@ BZGNE [Foca body in equilikiwm (eg 0 balled beam on opie): aie : eer ainecaa ee + Anti ea ineal equal to clockwne monent My Fdyoe F, [,5(e\| When there 1s no rosullant Gee and no cullen! twining e€ect, o. System ts ia equilibrium 1 18%ci Contre of mass Core 1+ Psor and deseo an expen eterna the positon of the contact mass = taplane lamina + Destrite qstatiely heft of te t poston of te ante of mass onthe stbity L Dt simple abet save Amaies 10 £9 .Push_pin through point on edge of Fe Gre allow Jo swing freely. peep of maso, =H Use plumb tne sessack hel ine Z » Regent for a. ina 4. Where two lines ras) » Sila 2 Se ee [The centre of mass of oq object ithe print where its Tes reins I cuctiiel endioatie ta ott Through which the weight of om object Seem) fo act, es ove i cenlie of qiarity otfech stabilly, |f contre of gravily Ties outaide base of object it topples, The lower the centre of grayity 4, the more stable the“object. m= 0625 oe RM Scalars and Vectocs 5) Seats and vectors Supplement + Demonsvats an undetsanding ofthe diene between sears and vectors and ge omen +d vert by gaphcaleresertatin to ‘determine rsuant + Detemine soit estat vo |__eg Moss, opee A vector quantity has both size ond diechon, ee ae crceelecation, moment, force © JA ccolos quantity aria ey ieee a 1 peed oneigy, hime . Hearuie length of resull (%) ZONE {bla Enecau V6 Eneray core Supplement “+ Demonstate an understanding hata object nay hewesnergy dueto ts matoncr is poston ans that ney may be tansered tnd store + Give exanoes of enreyin tert foms, incudingtnete, pawtatonl, cherica, ‘ain, near, nena elect, ht nd sound + Give axonpes of the conversion of energy | trom one tom to another and ofits enter trom one le to another + Arlt pip of enreyconsertion to + Racalland use the expressions ke.= m7 mépe= man +] Finefe = onatgy from maven feetae KE (= bx mle) eee _k 9 oye ovitg «|Gronda tonal plenhial= grogy gained uhen ehect move Oway from the aah ga henge ies ela gy a fis) & giadidy (100°) choeye jn hepht dn) Shion fisted sg cls [Chemica -siored energy thal con be tele chenicel feochm. eg a battery ee ae ee gy, cleseh by nul’ fac 9 sion fuel ol, eee ne ann eu ae trical energy cox (A by ciwcont ro coment in tosrteg “Light oneigy castied by EMR en hol objects qlowy es pione ply ae = 0625 tome R fh. Eneray conservation Energy can be tronvforned fom one form to another, — 9 rock falling from chff PE > KE Eneigy can be tramfecreh fom one objert to aather | eg snooker KE of cue 9 KE of while fall > K.E oF Hoch ball “Energy iy neither created or destoyed, 20 Hetolal anol of enagy Yelore ond ofler a change nthe | yee 10 Fn-=-(4BFH2T) 0k —— Se ern ae fet Erexay resources 6b Enexay resowees a Supplement es + Disinguish between ronewabio amd nan |» Show an understarding that eet i essed | Few sources of eneray | bvnarfesion he Sn eae 1+ ese how satya ater est forme of energy may bo obtind am ~ chemi enery stored ine wat, including the energy sora ia aver, oe and in war behind eros dime ~psothormal sources rule Hsin heat and gt from th Sun slr cls 1 Ge edventagas and dradianiages of each rnathed in tame of cos laity, see and Show ausltatve understanding af etilensy | » Racal nd use the apa * 00% In the sun, onergy is releayed by ouclear Garon, whoraby hydrogen — Bi ioceigth ies Fe egllc a Gees Gem ela uc Ceca! ey pata Pree MEU EN easily combustiole | fast cepieting fairly cheap harmful by-products ‘ficient including carbon ean bedoneon | dioxide ‘small scale mining oll can cause damage to surrounding lenvironment Chemical energy is transformed to heat through combustion. Heat bolls water. Steam twansfers KE to turbines, ‘which is tansformed to electrical energy through ‘generator Timited “still contributes greenhouse gases “itean leak and cause explosions -easily transported “relatively abundant can be done on. ‘small scale “cheap swidely available and easly distributed abundant source of energy 10 by-products unlimited no by-products cheap to run sreliable -limtes harmful by products particles gain. KE Pressuce Posticles in gas are constantly colliding with the walh of the container, exerting a force - coming plese, ce feck duce on prewuge ~ Presoute low For a Fued may of gas at constant yolume, presowe 1 AuecHly proportional to” temperature (unen using Kelvin) NB: at °C, Jhe gavticles axe oil bung s© Hee sli 1_plessuce temperatue /% vi Absolute 2e(o, 0 kelvin, -272%. Postiles axe not moving, they hove no kinetic enegy, No preniye b exerted presme (Pal _— ep qstant "om peratue (%) Pi a = n_swyeniion, particles apgem be in random moon. The explanation for #hy 1p they axe constoatly being hit C Dy muwerons fest-nvng, ove gle a 5 exwdetce for Rinete Hheory ~The jordlom motion shown by thee particle jp» called Brows ian motion a Rasdon moleculac bombardment by olher potticles dey ¢ wed by Tigh Finolecuky 1€ © these wrolecules ore moving fost enough Ceartying suffident lRinete eneigy, ES ae Loxger postidey con be mor 12H 2). ia Evaporation Fvogoration » the proces by which liquid dusn to gas heb the ag ereeeeT aries : ie nse eae | + The particle near the suiface with the Wace | highest K.E com howe enough enaqy etace 40 excage From the hquid + Atter they escaye, the omvage KE of the a pallies decredies KE of polite filo with Towel Veen Tet oo Oe, Therefore fonpeadue bus decreased Factor affecting wa poration + Temperature increase sn tom perature incieases (ale of exs4o(alion. ce ~ becare it gives the fouticley mote KE 40 exage + Suiface akea= inc tease in suctac area increases rate of exporedion = become mote swiface molecules a able escape “Mind speed inctease in wind speek over suface inciease ate of exportation = bocawse i} gue the gauticles mote KE fp edcage + Humidity incteose in humidity decreases (ale of evaporation = hecamse jncrerie m humidity decease) capacity to ll wala yapout “Atmospheric ptesswa- incfease in atm decrease) fate of efago (ation poster requife oie KE to ercage 1 @ Pressue changes Supplement + Rotem chngein vole cts astm change | + Recs anduse the ecuston p= consan a | | © inpssie api ote gas at constant constant empersure wa Seales lay; For a fred mas at a cofstaal | ________premufe is inversely proportiona | to roar s) As the volume increase), posheler hit the wall le» often, yo awnoage fore decteases, yo Proswe dfcteases C Preswe x volume = constant ONG=). Nauen zs | peau /Po Tveuae Za? Ae} Tharwal exonson of sll of sags 2a} Thema expansion of sods, quid anc gases ‘esrbequsitatey the thermal expansion of i and gases lain some otha aerydoy ord esesequencas of thermal wb quately tho oft of» change of onh tole ature onthe ohare of ag corsa fe odwee Incteme ee eee NB: eee sala Nv Anped Supplement 1+ Shaw tn sorecaton of the lative oder ot magne ofthe expansion a ods. hquids nc gases > | — __| h di, Rake of extonsion ia oofemmal by The type of kom, a me 0625 oo Qt Thermal expansion of sold i Solids ewgond the least, uoually to lille be see with the naked eye Consequencas : = Railay tracks have fo hove gap fo alll for ex puuio = com couse wife) to snap = long structures hike bridges need callers eae A Follic _stti kro bfas expand metallic stip tf ela bes id HEAT Sarat = Fire alec a os beaks cpp Me havea ro burr Beghetie = dhan the on ao the ofrip beads L. Ths complehes He circuit and activates the valley ie 1 Thermal exeasion of a liquid C | Liquids expand more than solids, but less thon goves. Thefer pansion aelligitdsitn’ betsilaitathe ma velleye ree ese wear ited ease Cherie ec Thema! expaniion of a 9a Gare) expand the most, Chorles' law: af contant presue, the volae of a 9 10 divectly ptoportional to its temperature, yolvne constant a temp. Ye Noot 3 1 floes ae sri erie! Lal) Measurement of tempeo\uce 2.246) Meas amen of omgertue ee ‘Supplement + Demonstrate undetetndng of srs, range nd nest + eserves stvcure at themacaupe ar show waning ete sng | ——— high toperatues aed tove tht ~The expansion of @ subtome coq be wed fo meauie tomferabue, — flint oce toed lise a noqtower tule i “more distance for sone expowion ¢ + we a moderna) thot expands more when heated : __= small change in temp, eee (Range: + the mayinw™ and minima temperate on a _______Heimometer = bu melling peinl, high boiling poind —___ Eingarity. ~ whether o¢ not expoasien » (ct eee temperate ae SSR ~ 2.4 water comnot be wed became feet i ep | Fived poinls ave used to calitrale thamemeders Liqui norte capillary tybe thead gl Stee" Or etrbasa ere cis side —Theads up oth expands, ficing the alcohol w the tube din ane ees ____| the gives greet mperabuse -in-glay «0625 oo RI, Thecmocougles A. thetmocouple 1» a commonly-wed elect{ical thermometer hot jexction— Chemg 2 be mead + A, thermocouple comsisty of two Y dioimily whey jgiied together 7 "When one junction 2 abe higher agelabs cal jichon Al Clower xe Seincta 0 ei £3 general read by voltmeter point ey pue + Output voltage ry _pfoportional 4o fempelalus di Fterence melting ice) C= Thermocouples con fe made very small, so they cas heot aad coo] quickly — con mers? rapidly varying tan pom ture J — Thermocougle> com meoswe temperatures up tothe melting point oF the mela) = con measue high 4empealuies 226) Thermal Copocky. Supplement ‘Ay head ouppled and the Yenpetctuve of a body inoees, tb internal eneigy increase). i TH thera! cogacity of on object 4, the energy fequi@d fo mise fompetalue by 1%. An object with a higher thermal capacity liquid Difference Yelween boiling and exagartion 1. Boiling occus at ined lempeotuie, which Aepeads on the substance beite Rented ond ib presse nee een Be 2, Evaporation can occ woot femporatyes below boiling pout 2, Erogoalon deciense feng. , uring boiling temp 1s comlant alent heat / Lodent heat of Fusion: en@igy which mut be putin 40 melt a sold af ifs ingpe abeclisk an dc ot dee, tientlan Seale esl + |Latent beot of yapournsdion: enagy which mut be put in fo vapourne aliquid at jf boiling point, or 13 given out dwity condema hoy afb, Rea alo ere arate ree oulmelis aire ete ten Teen tl » Speciéc latent heat is energy required fo change state of 1kg of a sistance at constant temperate, = mb iment fo Find latent heat of Fwion of i OW. ca L Fill funne) with ice ond place SOW heal in ice 2. Aéter 10 minutes of heating , remove heater, ee 3 Find mass of water collected a 4. Yse formula G= mb G. Substitule values foc Q and m Q E Rearroage to 1 = @/rm a | 7 Find L e fake Experiment to find latent heat of vaporiva tion _of waler Ms Fill a beaker with water ond glace Pu hae ak, timing S minute) €om when ib star : “fat bans cing, note_loss im tans Ake b> Gm to Find specif: latent hea japoucioation of yapourjation qi si perlne Be og nd iL chron ud in Tee 19 golide yi irate cae ihen heated , and enced 1003 =e Abrotions Mowing pasties 2 peal f. er fals age _qood conduct le he dobdcondacte ee lara [eleHinas ukiehlcad con hy KE ‘eles et Fe = copptt) H een when mae eet ices eri» thaival inulabor “linia is Tas oe = 0625 oo RM Tait Ga “Polos peinanganate crystals Convection a locos ant cotvel e sWhen hexteol pusp te clow form) Cuctent : 4 loop i = ten 5 ie headed, the water expand, Yecome) le: dense andl rie) Thewaler begins fo.cool and 1» pushed away by cising hol water Ay woler cools, it contvacts, becomes mae dane, cnc sinks (oo) water mow Jo tohe place of riving water absorbers of ined rai © Transfer of heat through infrared rodliahon, which is parte the electomagnetic spectrum, which on towene a vacuum Emitters Aborbers ae thermal radeaton jver_oulfaces oe the ae id absarbo/> of thermal | padiat on, 20 Cons of eneigy tr SIGE ss ie ein de ble Ja» giles Rau + Silvered swface> on walls = reflect intcared ciation, reduce he by fadadion — Nateriab wel ae inurlator Gbstic onl glas)——C Col ther “Jo inulod ion e.g Gbreqlay | en ination (ase ioovlater able ° ae al Tagging (plastic foam) af ewd | | water tank, which trap ait | ae -teducey conducton convec lion 3.1 General Wowe Properties — | 22 Genet wave properties | core Supplement | |” iausvotestyworstonin ropes ane springs anaby enna of seed, fonsency, 1 Rca and use the equate ih and ample Js between tansvete and login sees ond give stable earns 4+ Iteret efecto, ercton an faction | sing wave heay Woes deans fer enetgy from one place fe cuclkes hough period oscillations Woe Eronts are He peaks of tranmyaije Wore) orcompressions of Pe eed a Longitudinal wases,, aoun perpendicular fo divechon of 47 aug), V Unuie speed - dintance travelled ger second ms") F Frequency nymber of cycles ger second (H2\ A Mauclength- dutone between Ho comecytive ponb ena ware jn phase Cie from peak be yeak) Cm a Angllude= mraxinun divplacead from equil brn woe peed = frequency ® woweleng Fh ve £4 Transteie wore; ascilachions age perpendicular bo diyection of VP\ Po Tore. eg Light , water waves, ¢- wanes Longitudinal wayes : oxcilahom ase along direchon of trawl eg Sound, p-wotes, plesule woxe) @ ee im cee Bone ReFlechon at a plane surface (ey mor) Wouakion Sen al Pcie er ea ss Pg) su face So UA bounces ee - Fh a «Some speed, fey tency oxo eng \ + angle of nsdn > ome serait bacrioe (eeclectie suiface\ Refraction due to a chaage of speed ia . Wa down don ali bonds (bec aide conliaues at some > seh dene wovelongth decrease, Frequaty stoy) the some aah gc | + Only port of Fhe wove cad gars throwh the gap th ha come out Tec anclasans oF i wency aad worelerglh soy the same, peels cacn ene i€gfaclion occurs when = w th a gina! + image 13 same dize oo object ee: simage is gs fev behind mitor o> lone fer es object iy im front vitwtge » Laberoly verre > eve to C we vimage io sctual Ceonnot be ptoycel a i dipet ome screen 3.2(H) Re€raction of tight —— Exgeriment ty dumonsjrate teftaction angle of icreace b age of wteocior Aa the cay of ght enter the Weck, italows and beds tevasd> the normal Ay the fay of fight exth athe block, it speed up aad tends ayoy From netmal cee Teco ANE SOT ~ requed). ces Note 2, on gla» Vock PE es ong@, on ly e Rane ReFfactive rdex The efiachie inher ofa substasce iy the Aegree fo which light (eE(acly wher antefing of exiting he med ian | = sini, steed of lghtin vcuum/aic 2 sia ca) Disses ara epee sea gi eh raed eT Ca __Gitical angle iE 7 5 he incident ange fecuhich of re€caction 40° aoa when the incident angle 0 increased foyond fhe critica! ang, _( | total internal reflection accu Conly whea'hight i» moving fram move [ereceuenrLaemnclhuall Ophea! Fibres Total internal teflection com be wed ¢ optical fibrel rowan (alert a [Total internal reflection ceculs Lor all tay that hit the ( Chowndary of an angle qteater thoa He critical oagle. — Used in: A Tele come un} cartions digital signals can be communicatedl by the cable st thinner thon conveational catles 2. Medicine _ + Examining 1m2ide of fody eg stomach ( endexo py) aa + Light Illumina tes the imide, cofected hight comey buck up 20 Thin Conver ging lens oft Faz a Th converging ns ore Supplement + Daserbe the acon af hin converging lon 3 "beam ofa | 973s ilstte the formation af = | © Draw rey doprams fo istat the formation + Used dose amagniing ess feu sa Ea itaesl_—_* When_faalle) rays of hg lt paw aL Phough a convex converging lap, they ace focwed bo poi, the principal focw a =i To daw a ray diagiam: 1. Ray Cow ate Thaugh optical cealre a J. Ray Grom abject: pail! fo pimipal ory Hea te principal focus obi) 3, From object thowh F’ to lens, then porallel may Fotmation of a reel image { Object between Fond 2F:> + inverted, + ragnifie Used 19 ptajector € Object beyond LE: Stee ~aumadhed ed ih come Formalin ofa virlual image Object betwee len and F: Se Es -nagnes m4 + connot be plojectel orfo sca sed in a magnifying gla Disgaioion of Light id) Dispersion of ight Gio» usta acount ofthe deers of ht 41" se shawty he sctn on int of alas sm f chile: Tight js mode a wage of di fFerett frequncie> (claws) Typtoiet vhs tad Fed sila, Mecnasioclhe betta ~Tohewing the indivia wal érequenci¢s ae eh ph oe que Hl a ae eThelefore yet Ho Lowel ond O Spplement escibe the mai eos of the ‘State the approxnate value of the spo slecuomagnetcspecvur and stethat alam, | sletiomagretc voves waves tel wih ho some high spead in vacuo | © Use them morecvonatis 1 Decor the rle of eectomagnetiowaves in ~ aan television sornmuncsons odo | wove ~ sui tetovsion and eephones ~ lect appioes, mat conalersfor ‘elisions and inter arms Gre rmedcne ane scurty ea + Demonte an asarenes of ay ines repang to use of meronaves and Kaya +All eledionagneti waves can frawel thiough a vacunim at 210%m) onochiomatic colows axe of only one Fequeney Radio: wed in teleconnugicaters- elediomognehc esclalnay Homnifled ond lece nal Miciowade: wed for cagid heating, yending satelite ignal> (eq mobile plone) = con heat and desttoy [ng cells Inéifed: iota y bo oe wed bug aaa, c18 coos Visible : prochtced by vy hol ok’ ecly ; wea in oplical Fibre costmani ca hon UUtacyislet: cower Fluptexence , wed 1A sterilining eq wipment = conan oto ald cae mutation , cand adage cetind K-(oys : wed Up medical diogne>i of font Jecusiby detec fat? =dangefous In,high dove became is toning Gamma fays: uyee to Heriline fad, eqsigreat; used in rad therapy -dokroy) cell eC So a eee . Supplement + Describe the production of soundby vibating cederstaning hat a madi isnded it eound mares + Describe an expiant to datarmine the spaed |» State te order of magnitude ofthe speed of of sound in sundin sc iid and sos | amolitte and frequency © roti on echo + Desctbe th oni nature of sound wanes | Desesbe compression and retacton + State the approximate nga of utile *+ Rebate thelousness and pitch f sound aves to ae Vibrating objects ouch as tuainy Corks com produce wounds vibrating the air mokcule? fo germ a sei of + Comprenions -| ewe thoa normal whee as mo lecuios i fe clwe toge hs * @iekachion) ~ Lower preside, faa nothal whee air mekculey ee Gut ar ERPAN ai ih Novick ES —s Souad ayes ote mrechonwal fptudnal sages hil tee (a medivn to oe the 1. Soa roveh foakest 10 solids, slowest Be enisieia 9 °ses_,_ Heng can not rowel in ao VOCnusdh (Me can heor womds fe tween 2012 fo 2ObH. C + sound con be reflected to produce on echo al sonar sal lteangd imaging = this coe be wv = mee "Timer measuces Lou long it fokes dt 9° Ft0m Mi Repeat for telrabitity then speed=saeapetine For sound: -_¢requetey = pifch + opigitude = [oudness Se Ee 4. Eketricty £ Magnetism i? Al Single Phenomena. of Nagetim extent identity th pate of eon the agra proper of sh botween the design and ute of ent magnets an ectomagnets| Properties of magnet «Like mogne tic poler repel «Unlike magnetic pole attrac + + Mognety poles attract ferromagnetic. material > Tndlaced Magneto “luke eat meaghel i loced nev! fo 0M Cor an ( fes@magnelic material), it attrach rf, The domains of the. material line up - induced magnetism a i == wamagnelve Fal tape F fomalay Tine up + When the perm arent magnet b reroved, the domains become Candonly qifoaged again ard the ferporary magiehym) lof Steel: “havd? Iron: “soft? 3 seosie fe magnetye and + hesclt to magne tie much hades to hen a qnetine dens gnetive- re taiw if) magnehin wed in_2@e Honagne amd fons (meds sured in pesmosedt wagne}y TF fatrous materials contain te Om, be mognetived and demagnet uel _ Methods of magnetinins ae Sroking method: ' a J. Sroke unaognetised ferrow material with north ede of magnet £60m of and te the offer _ es __2. Repeat mang tines (10\ ee ae 3 Te sting ra will be noch. Rea eae Electr ical method: anemia pea | \. Wind a wire Couad the €exCou) material Bk, 2. Rin actirect culrent through ie 2 ‘s of datios) eh Haan eciag ~ ais ethyo domains porn el Heetiing tie i atlas Ramin, @Hernating current through | Biel Hines ovOvnd a bac magne a ju ys [Pata magnet plow apiece ef papa <7 C=) —__2: spninkle iron filing » |e of lectroma gnels ond pe nun magreds eee Electromagneb : —— Fermayent magnet * = [Uvedin serapyard fo |itk welob + compare Pavel a coe io Te + Joudspea hoo sued jn (ely oie hes sitoy oxide y Wwedin Ch, videotapes ond for fot in lage - (ecorddt 0625 4.2 (a\ Electrical Charge om Att C — | | core Supplement + Describe simple experiments to show the prosucton and deacon of lacrosse cages 1+ State that thee ae postive ard regatve charges | © State thet cages measured in coulombs 4 State that une charges ats and hate nec fide regen hwhican | + State the diecton of ines of force and oct care experiences afore sce simple pattems, nung the fold around point charge and he tek berwoon two para pats |+ Otingish between sho censconnd [+ Greanasountof dari byron aad go rors «+ tualand uote sine docion rate tcaninpesh ntae codoo wae } *Thece ore pailive and negaive chaiges Like chaiges reel, alike charges attract. : oe Field is a region in which an electre chaige experi ened a ce The field ines show te difection a ste paitiv® charge would move sf faced in the field + Chocge ir measwied in coulombs CC) + For example. if you cul o baboon on clothe! it becomes chaged with stoke electricity. = electron oe tian) ferred to balloon 2 negatively charge = Kalloon sticks foceling: repel» election Yheq atacted fe poibive + Polythene gain a negative chae, celle avetale/flan gain) positive ehection pf elect A ace Loma Gold-leaf olectosco pe; S eet wher a chaiged object ia bought neor the a cap, the electroas in the clectoucope ether mow fo the cap ot a4. Tho causes the gold leag fe fepel the tod aad bend + same happanr i€ a charged cod touches the cap. Chowging ty jnduclo na negates chowed oni __inefeal sphere -electeony repelled fo otherend [sphere leaning a positive charg e Aljach a conducting wilé bebwen giousd oad fn ge fox end of sphere -electtons flow of € into Same ESS=s]] qroud J Remove wie sphere hoo net positive hag? a =e —erducloe ond Inulators + Conducto(s allow charge Celechon) fo fbw dhcough (beg metals [+ 6086 conduc t01) howe elections that ca move though there strucwe + Inpulator Ao not allow chege elections) fo pass through then 2.9 weed, FWIEE ait, photic sTraula tor do ne} haw mobile charged parler sag 421 Curent OO C ~ Gore ‘Supplement —— = Siate tat cunentisrtted tothe ow of carge | # Sdow undestarang that a curentia rat + Use and deste tha we ofan ammeter flow fcarge and recat anduse te | fonaton = OR cal | ‘Distinguish between the ection of flow of + Curtentis the rate of Flor a house SS eckaneN aul a Talc r | cuerent (4) = cho Hime (3 Se EEG Qitt Ef eae + Anmeteo emcent_in.serien. ___+ Ammeters afe used to mess ute + Guten flows from negative fo pastes s Conventional current flows fom pasitive to negodive ~ o6s 420 Electio-metive Force Le 14216) Elecro-motve fore — | core ‘Supplement : 1 State thatthe emf ofa source atelcieal + Show understanding tat am te danas nary e manned in ais ste ofeneray supplies by 2 source in ee ame B meor used jn yol ts fi + em the ener charge supplied by o souce fo deive charge iors complete cveuit — en foe aaa sea eaelag dS OTE famehAtgCNCeds AE lisia by Sy Dwinatolentetptemre [<2 10) Pansat erence Core «+ Sista that the poten tlerenceacossa cut =| components messuedin vats 2 | + Use and desrite the uso of aot oe ‘Supplement 1 Stato that rastance = pdlewent and undorstan quatately how changes inp or resstane fect cent | + Becaland we the equation A= Vt + Describe an experiment to determina resistance | using wotmeter sng an ammeter | + Role wihouteseusion theresstanos ofa | + Recallanduse quattaive the |) ere tots length ana tots ameter roportonaity batwean sian and aes lor ard te imese proportionality a on esstaree snd cose setona aes ofavre Fotacasloatyd, Presilane y cwrent + For a_constont cevbtance, Fp.d Pew font SE 8 BEGNE rev tonce (Ml) =P? 7curent i ehermine (esistance of on ynbnow! silor me [acy pA ates) unknowg resistor by chasgin | restste € Yona ble esistor Heck count ot FY me | P.fheosus the pd acrousthe ae ceristor fe oreo ach sett ini ell 12 ae (an la aan epee! at Tere el i ce A. Blot qragh with oe phen sax, ewietl on yun) TS tesistanee = Voiadient __#l jane uniform wile Sal Re [sLengih(L)— tleagth Presson engi = thgth Teste =e =e. = Toxea Jiaitoace ‘Supplement Rca ang use the equations Palv ang E= 1 Power iy the rate at which energy b wed grams | 4340) Creu dagams ce Supplement | + Drow ortinterre cut cgrams containg | + Draw andinterpetckeut degra voures,svtcos, esistrs acd andarable), | containing diodes and usnsistons lumps armetes votmeters, magnetsing coi, tenstormers, al fuse and lye Be ee power(W) x Hime G) rt = 0625 oe j 1 r {PP —@— —o- = im | ©) Safes and pra cuts Supplement P+ Understans mat ene cant atevary pontine | «Poa and use the fc tat the sum of he series ccs the sare dsacoss thecompenens ina series + Gh te combina esstance of we or more rots equal the ttl pb. css the | seston sees sippy + ocala use the fc at the cient om ———= Ste ha, fors pallet, he cuanto ‘he seus is ger than the cuentin ach the sure isthe sm ofthe cu vane septa branches of apa! | + State thatthe comtinedresistanceaf woresstors | + Caloustetheeecv es | inpasetisiess than that ofeteresstorbytsat | resistrsin pr ‘tte th acantats of conneting lames in 4 less aa same cat cies ol F + pd actor supel ei baween applage) - » shared irreSo enerealigts Gurnee (2) Beane ~Pocollel_civcuits othe cuureat €10m the sowce larger thoa 4! the sueld in each _biaach te psa splis al er se ahageot- pase feceive) jane volte aye supply ei [the combined anes of two ea i of either vesutor by Hele = . aes een Rn ee Hin parallel, if a resistor [component breaks cw tert coe still flow | though the other componenYs eee Ee 436 \ Action ong We of Circuit Components Deserta the action a a varie potenti ser + Desert te action of themistors rd ah ea Alopanden resistors ad show understancing of ——— thse use asinput ransoicars tore ane show undrstonding of ts sein me Seley routs 1+ Deseibe me action a rely and shaw | understand of ts usm swing excite Describe the acton of dogs and show nderstonding ofits use a rector Desorba he action of ansster a an ‘bcticaly operated wich and show undestanding of suse in scing Grats 1+ Recegisa and show undtstendng ot ‘eats eperming 9 ght sent stches and empeatue-operatadaaims wang Fay or varsison || LLL oe — Voaiable Potential Dwider CPolentonelerl : * Sliding the contact changes the reacting on the voltmeter + Incteasing the rerifoace in povalel inetewes the shave of pd fon the cel *Voltmeter car §¢ replaced with ofkes Pigs voriale wn" Input _ $1 ced Ingut Hapsdacen cenvert a quoatity (eg heat) into onelectical signal (volinge or resstonce. can be wed fo conveltn.e to dic fecliticaton, rate ~ aiohe collector Homose C0) cape Oo A Aransisjor ob an alectrically epeated swith, A fronyivter switches or’ hen the Curent in the base ix high enough (but stil) o lative oral cw@rt), which thea allow o current toflow between the colkclor cad eniiter, [F aboach as on amplifie to switch circuits. | Light intemilyd, LDR cesistamce *, ap it 1 takes a larger ghar of the pa 2. fa toke o smaller shar, but Ry geb moe pd 2 p-dacrory baye ji laige enough le awilch on colécta jie emitter culrent ond twcn on bulb Tho ciecuit could be wed fo light o bulb at nigh? ighteseritive suifeh me 0625 en oe BM + tom petacl ie operated yyitch ss |e Ay temp, © ahermoler resbtance V, yo pol 2. Ri ond 8 get fed, enough curiont though base Foowitch omcollectos-anitter, @hting up he hub Thi clrewit could je wed co on indiator Night for when something thot enough or too hoi 4304) Digit Electronics ais 4.3.) Degital electronics ce Supplement + pin and use he term dit a aralepve 1+ State thet aie gptee secrets cota tansetors and other componante 4+ rive the acon of NOT, AND, OR, NAND snd NOR gues (eandatos shot ie the An Digital - a s19791 that hes only tuo stat: high or [ow lor on andoff; or fondo) Lm. C gnaloque~o sighal that vories continously in anpliide “Aa A logic ate bo clcuit containng fronsisoo and other compontad Block cliagiam can be used fo replerent logic gate: neater TER \ight ene MMT eMe eas Eat Wol Tea pens eat OST CAF night LIOR ouput pO Clovier reritae § VVAlage) ze 3 the cold thermistor output 120 C)reirtene d illtage i: stot he hazards of = damaged insulation | overheating of ables | = the Plastic insulation arould a wile con wer Oway, Leow ing & bave expored wile ~ i€ you touch de expored wire you will get an wife you will get an electtic shock — Overheating of cq le = whon_too much curtalt Flow, ¢.9 hecmve of shart citcait ‘dey couse a Kile becouse he cables get too hob [Dame conditions = since Water conducls, iF COM come cm short-circuit = abo my plovide a conducting path te a oui face, which will gie o aheck if fouched, i ga [ee RSs SR + Fuses ate deliterate weak poinh in a cifeust a EEE) eerste a aa of metalin jhe fuse mel and brealy the citeuit = 0625 oA —_ Greuit- breakeo Ciccnit, breakers con be wed inmtead of fuser TA. PI) + He the cuctent js too large, the iron core becomes strongly Magnetised aid it attracts the iron Coker, pulling if down + tho pen the contach ond breaks the citc wif, + it can be raved by Flicking aswitch which pusher down the springy piece of metal and clove the conbachs. *Cireult breaker do not howe fo be replaced, 4lown' fue oo, <45-l\ Electromagnetic Induction it Supplement + Sie tho facts afecting te morse of «Wher the nl pote of the fur magnet is moved jnlo dhe coil of coger wilt, the needle on the sensitive vitmety momen farily shit }s to the eight «When the N pole b moved out of the coil, the needle Wierly mow Jo fhe leet, The movement of the magnetic Field lines indywer aa emé actos the coils Ay th magnel wove inte the coil, the co) cub the magnetic Field lines To inctease the induced emf : «Moye the magne} Coster + Put more twmon te coil + Ye co strongey magnet Lenz's low ___ The direction oF on indwed cwr2At oppor the chasge producing Hl when moving the N pole in, the dieedion of the induced cual ib such that it gratinces om OY pole , repelling the jar magnet + when moving the N pele out, the coil produces an pole te | attract fhe magnet : ie + Deserts aotting.cel getter onthe ure of + Slaten raph a wotnge utp against Hine fo 4 cal freed to rotate a sltemating ee cutput here ‘abon brushes ~ make —— fonstat sdingceutat ae ‘withthe ip ange Arthe coil spins, ne side cuts ug through the magnetic Feld line inducing on 2.-f,, cawing 9 cued! fo flow, LiWhen the coil reaches the vertical position, the side that yas cutting up through the Fidd lines now cus lown= induced emf will chagge_ died rection, ond Herefore cuc(ent will change direcheon. Th ptodaces am alfanahng cywcett. \ ShG/ w/e n= 0625 ASC Tronsfornee = RM ae — — + ecaan use the emt Votes Velo 100% etconey I + Give te adentages of Nha tansmisson | » { sot} icon coe ; shénep —— alternating oulpud em é ina input em C that tranymit the electricity = Puollaged cur cent — Transferring enegy at low cysrert Cand.” high voltage) feolucer _eneigy lost ou heat from power |ines~ mae eFficiet}. @ s AZONE 4 x(a) The Magnetic Effect of a (wteht i) The mapretc eter of @curant [ees ° Supplement I ris the patornof tha manne eli dua to | * ni in staght wires ard insolent ‘State tho qurtaive varia ofthe strength fof te magna Hoi ovr sl gars othe pater + Dasari the oer on te magneto fll of ‘hanging the magne an dieeion othe f———— ine sopestone ofthe magnaticatect ot | “= ni inelaing theacton ofaely AT gat 5 “yt sk Ts Se [The strength oF the magnetic Field Uecreoves a» the dvtarce — C Ecom the wire /rolenaid increases + Veuccort Poicongth of maghetic Field s|feyetsing Yhe cusrent covehses the maynehe field = ionteming Sonate x |enstnn + emide anauinont shor hata fac acts | + Dea expen show macanctraumagaie | corewpindng con dea ectoned— |-—— | + Soteecuse te nai crc ones, [oC fad ere 7 csthole tog pieenemesy move Ovi of eet wie ening coten [A cucten-cotiying wite or o€ chasged payticles hav a magneti fieb “liken placed wt atother rognetic Field the fw Cield> interact and there will be a foice on the wire i “AE opher the curatt or the magneli ¢ield iy peveoad, the _ direction of 4h2 force is tevohal.. +[ The direction oF Fv given by Fleming’ Lett hard Rule. me 0623 ow AM ASC duc Motor ——— [4810 ae. moor + escome te atettinceasna he can Stoe that a curont-caryin colin a magnoic sina a ting eft nd that te «| | Kev tet contying coll ina magnetic eld experiences a. tucning efFeck which com be increaved by mefeoy ing the ne Hic nwt ber of tyuns © the coil S eumres tole provide | Since the ceil » ina ae Siegen a | Feld cok exo cw, ian inal agra | a Force on eah ie of te ca ao + the conmutetor tu with dhe coi): Every time the coil reache 0 vallical pasidion, awn | fhe dup vide of the conuidator swap biushes and the Flow of cwireat 8 reyqued. Thu meow Conmetstor the direction of the force v revotsed, se the coil keqp | spinning in the sane. divethon The speed at which He coi apiny can be increased by! sincteasing the numba of tam onthe ceil wacteasny the cu , eg: cosmic (ayy, radioactive minerals, nuclear poner + Photographic film: algho bela gamma + Cloud char ber: alpha beta gamma + Seok counter: aalphe + Gold-leat elechrarcope: alpha + Geigeemutler (6t\ube: a phos belo, gemma 510) Choractoristics of the thor kindy of eminign 31 | joactive emesis occur fondorly vel pace “ated hime OC Alpha pashicles +Ginilac to helian-& ( He) = ma» of + *Trouels ot 10% speed o€ light = chowge of 2t * Very weak penetatin power 2 proton, 2 neutions topped by paper, rkin, bem of air _ @ Fi Re ee ORT SHrongly ionising becouse\t can Krak eleciow sul of alom Poayesous | ushen inside belly became tt we exohe reaction to oceue with living colls and con cause mutections a a ee steed pee electtic oad magnehe Field i = matted — deflected — ee into page a = red | ae casas ae —opreLv) IsHigh energy nuclear eleckior 100, io pice. Tonwh a4 S0% speed of light @ charge, af =I + Mediuer genet ation-absotbed by freee its of W534 20 eT oe buctdangerons became itis afiee fedical eae) 2) aaa lected by electric anc mag fields (Sx) Hoody a odes LEENA peeyerted a p cout of page late ee eet (+ Nigh freq ae Hency high ener |- Trowel_at speed of | ae lary strong penetration - ( reduced by lead r aan but yory aera can _cavse mutahony || Not declected by el veledtidnoqnetic Fall Gelb. vil nike S.A) Radioactive Decay a + State the meaning of radoactve dee ung equations inating werd or symbol! © represen changes the compost ofthe caus when pices we ented __f ™ 0625 oe RM — Radioachve deey's the Weakdown of umtable nuclei, Athongh ito a fandom poe there & 0 consloat probability. OL decay: heayy nucleus sfontanzowly omits alpha parti cle eg a Ra —> 28 py + 4 He? — alpha poche 8 6. oi A Anh, ky EN rae Sem LD B-decoy: neutron spontaneously Juss into ploter and election éitha) giwel sae Senate lea tall bik tae Chal Halt é life = Core om hal. n emp caultio ve nfatonin eles or The activity (numbec of radioactive particles easittel for second) of a, Yadioodive substance decteoe overtime but never eaches O. he The holt lie of a codiovolore by Ede Hime Faken or J the nuclei fo décag E + fime taken for the activity bo halve 3 ie @ WOT neg BENE Aha life cout of Linit oxpoue to edition, and maintain distance po_lead cy a farrier and store fadivivetoges in lead lined con}ainer + Radiation worker Wear Film bodges fo monitor dove of radiation vecewed fp enrule- that t cloe nat oxceed soe level. Alomiz mode! = ku ofan ator intra oa Alom consis! of negative electon orbiting the pariti ve puclew a SS | Rich const of -nucleeds-plotons (iH and neon 2) — ENndemuaiveataeliaadietnih beer eilptivecmraecl aloha porticles at gold foil. i = Host of the x-portder went through, showing that the ajoni y>_maritly_emgy ee oe |= Some were deflected by small angles, showing that C [Phen jifiv2 chalga In he atom ite the, paie = A fou we AeClecled back to the souce, showing that the M09 aad the positive cholge wierd concOntaledal the conte » 0625 we ROM Az nucleon number (protons + neutrons ae ox 2 B= proton gy ber A cclide bam atom specified Wy ib pretn pwaker € nudan Nunbey 5.20) lsotopes Supplement TAn ‘oolope 12 anodher foi of the element with the sone anaber of ptotons a The nuckio but liferen! nuntbea of nthion he of radiopolopes + Radictheropy- Colall-60 which emits Y-ray> (2 used. A beam of gamma fay> is focwed ont tunoul, which Aestioy the cells + Mon loring thicknen - paper mills use P-emitting somce, placed OM Gates ieinepeae anata iri Geen paper geb thicker the couat rote decteare), sending. signa) b rollec + Medical Hacas- g Y emitting ivclope eg technediomt-14 wrth b-houw half-life inyected info palienl. “Canna comers’ ate then wed 4p Find holspol2 + Fuel- nuclear ¢isson of wlonin™ 235, cefeaes nenttow for chain (eoction + Leak detection- Y-emiller with short half-life putin water supply If thee iy leak, 6M tule will hove o high feacking. e

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