FF-IP

Description
INDION FFIP is a Type 1 strong base, unifunctional mixed bed de-ionising, where high quality de-ionized
anion exchange resin in bead form, containing water and lowest silica residuals are desired.
trimethyl benzyl ammonium groups. It is based on
cross-linked polystyrene and has an isoporous
structure. In addition INDION FFIP demonstrates stability to high
temperature regeneration required for minimum silica
INDION FFIP has a very high basicity. It is effective in leakage. It has a high reversible capacity for the natural
removing weak acids such as silica and carbon dioxide organic matter present in some surface waters, with
and recommended in two stage/multiple stage or excellent resistance to fouling by this organic matter.

Characteristics

Appearance : Translucent red brown beads

Matrix : Styrene -EDMA copolymer
Functional Group : Benzyl trimethyl amine
Ionic form as supplied : Chloride
Total exchange capacity : 1.2 meq/ml, minimum
Moisture holding capacity : 47-55%
Shipping weight * : 680 kg/m3, approximately
Particle size range : 0.3 to 1.2 mm
> 1.2 mm : 5.0%, maximum
< 0.3 mm : 1.0%, maximum
Uniformity co-efficient : 1.7, maximum
Effective size : 0.45 to 0.55 mm
Maximum operating temperature : 60 0C in OH form
90 0C in Cl and other forms
Operating pH range : 0 to 14
Volume change : Cl to OH,10-15 %
Resistance to reducing agents : Good
Resistance to oxidizing agents : Generally good, chlorine should be absent

* Weight of resin, as supplied, occupying 1 m3 in a unit after backwashing and draining

Applications
De-ionising

Two stage de-ionising

INDION FFIP is used as the anion exchanger in the cation exchange resin and weak base anion exchange
second stage of a de-ionising pair with INDION 225 resin in the preceding stages to keep operating costs
cation exchange resin in the first stage. low.
When used in a two stage de-ionising plant, upstream Regeneration and silica removal efficiency are
of a mixed bed unit, INDION FFIP will protect the strong enhanced if a warm regenerant solution is used. Where
base anion exchanger in the latter unit against organic plant operating conditions allow, INDION FFIP can be
fouling. At the same time it will assist in the production regenerated in this manner.
of final treated water with a low residual of organic
matter and silica. Mixed bed de-ionising
If treated water with the lowest possible level of silica
Multiple stage de-ionising residual is required, two stage/multiple stage treatment
INDION FFIP is recommended as the anion exchanger should be followed by mixed bed de-ionsing using
in a multiple stage de-ionising train with strong acid INDION FFIP.

Typical operating data

Two stage/multiple stage
Co-flow regeneration Countercurrent
de-ionising
regeneration
Minimum Bed depth …………………… 0.75 m, minimum 1.0 m, minimum
3 2
Treatment flowrate ……………………… 60 m /h m , maximum 60 m3/h m2, maximum
Pressure loss …………………………….. Refer Figure 19 Refer Figure19
Bed expansion …………………………… Refer Figure 20 Refer Figure 20
3 2
Backwash………………………………… 3 m /h m for 5 minutes or 3 m3/h m2 till effluent is clear *
till effluent is clear
Regenerant ……………………………… Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide
(2-4% w/v) (2-4% w/v)
Regenerant flowrate …………………….. 3
4.5-18 m /h m 2
4.5- 18 m3/h m2
Regenerant injection time …….………… 30 minutes minimum 30 minutes minimum
Slow rinse …………………….…………. 2.5 to 3 bv at regenerant 2 to 3 bv at regenerant
flowrate flowrate
Final rinse………………………………… 7.5 bv at service flowrate 5 bv at service flowrate

* After a set number of regenerations

1 bv (bed volume) = 1 m3 fluid/m3 resin.
Operating Exchange capacity
Co-flow regeneration
Two stage de-ionising
The operating exchange capacity of INDION FFIP when by a degasser and a strong base anion exchanger such
used as the anion exchanger in a two stage de-ionising as INDION FFIP in series, INDION FFIP treats an
system is dependent upon: influent water containing predominantly weak acids
l The regeneration level employed like silica and carbon dioxide. Figure 4 gives operating
l The composition of water to be treated, specifically the exchange capacity of INDION FFIP, when used in co-
concentration of mineral acid anions (SO4/EMA) flow regeneration mode.
l Silica content (SiO2/TA)
l Exhaustion rate
Figure 1 shows typical capacities obtained with a de- Countercurrent regeneration
ionising system using INDION 225 strong acid cation (CCR)
exchange resin in the first stage followed by degasser
and INDION FFIP anion exchange resin in the second
stage and employing co-flow regeneration.
Two stage de-ionising
The operating exchange capacity of INDION FFIP when
Effect of sulphate and EMA used as the anion exchanger in a two stage De-ionising
The operating exchange capacities (Figure 1) are system is dependent upon:
shown as a function of regeneration level for various l The regeneration level employed
percentages of SO4 /EMA and at EMA values around l Silica content (SiO2/TA)
100-200 ppm CaCO3.
l Exhaustion rate
Effect of silica Figure 5 shows typical capacities obtained with a de-
Capacity deduction data (Figure 2) is shown as a ionising system using INDION 225 strong acid cation
function of SO4/EMA ratio for various percentages of exchange resin in the first stage followed by a degasser
SiO2 upto 50%. and INDION FFIP anion exchange resin in the second
stage and employing countercurrent regeneration.
Effect of exhaustion rate The operating exchange capacities (Figure 5) are
The capacity data is related to exhaustion times greater shown as a function of regeneration level and refer to
than nine hours. Figure 3 shows the variation in an end point silica of 150 ppb over the average silica
residual obtained during the run. The capacities are
capacity with exhaustion time.
determined with a feed containing zero sodium slip and
In selecting operating conditions of INDION FFIP ratio of silica to total anion of 20%.
consideration should be given to the expected treated Figure 6 gives the correction factor for operating
water quality. Figures 9-13 show average treated water exchange capacity as a function of end-point silica.
quality that can be expected from this resin. These are
The capacity data apply to exhaustion times greater
related to the regeneration level, the temperature of the
than 9 hours. Refer Figure 3 for the variation of capacity
regenerant and the ratio of silica to total anions in the with exhaustion time.
feed.
In selecting operating conditions of INDION FFIP,
Multiple stage de-ionising consideration should be given to the expected treated
water quality. Figure 14 shows average treated water
In a multiple stage de-ionising system, where a strong quality that can be expected from the resin. These are
acid cation exchanger such as INDION 225 is used in related to the regeneration level and the ratio of silica to
the first stage, followed by a weak base anion total anions in the feed with the temperature of
exchanger such as INDION 850, preceded or followed regenerant at 25 °C.
Multiple stage de-ionising
In a multiple stage de-ionising system, where a strong efficiency. The useful capacity will be high and silica
acid cation exchanger such as INDION 225 is used in leakage will be low as the strong base resin receives all
the first stage, followed by a weak base anion the sodium hydroxide required for both columns. The
exchanger such as INDION 850, preceded or followed injection is followed by a slow rinse with water to
by a degasser and a strong base anion exchanger such transfer the residual caustic present in the strong base
as INDION FFIP in series, INDION FFIP treats an
anion exchanger to the weak base anion exchanger.
influent water containing predominantly weak acids
This method is commonly referred to as thoroughfare
like silica and carbon dioxide.
regeneration.
Figure 7 gives operating exchange capacity of INDION
FFIP, when used in countercurrent mode at various
regeneration levels with alkali injected at 25°C. The
capacities refer to end point silica of 0.2 ppm SiO2. Treated Water Quality
Figure 8 gives the operating exchange capacity of
INDION FFIP, when used in countercurrent Two stage/Multiple stage
regeneration mode at various regeneration levels with
alkali injected at 25° C. The capacities refer to an end- de-ionising
point silica of 0.1 ppm SiO2
The quality of the treated water from a two stage de-
ionising plant using INDION FFIP as the anion
exchanger is determined by:
Mixed bed de-ionising l The regeneration level employed
When used as the anion exchanger in mixed bed de- l The temperature of the regenerant used for the
ionising systems the capacity of INDION FFIP is anion exchanger
independent of the feed water composition and l The level of sodium ion leakage from the cation
therefore corresponds to the zero curve in Figure 1. (hydrogen) exchanger
No correction for silica content of the feed water need l The silica to total anions ratio of the water fed to
be made, although the amount loaded on the resin and anion exchanger
hence the volume of water treated between
regenerations may need to be adjusted in order to Sodium ions leaking from the cation exchanger are
obtain satisfactory silica residual in the treated water converted to NaOH, as the water passes through the
(Figures 15-18). anion exchange stage.
Each mg/1 of sodium leakage, expressed as CaCO3,
increases the electrical conductivity of the water leaving
the anion exchange stage by approximately 5
Regeneration microsiemens/cm at 20oC.
Coflow and counter current regeneration The values for silica residual in the treated water at
The use of sodium hydroxide solution at the various regeneration levels and temperatures can be
recommended flowrate and concentration, results in obtained from Figures 9-13 for coflow mode of
contact time that is favorable for achieving optimum regeneration.
capacity and leakage characteristics. The values for silica residual in the treated water at
Thoroughfare regeneration various regeneration levels can be obtained from
Figure 14, for countercurrent regeneration at a
If the strong base anion exchanger is operating with temperature of 25oC.
weak base anion resin in the preceding stage, the
regeneration process can be conducted in series in the These values assume zero sodium slip and for every
direction of strong base towards weak base anion mg/I of sodium leakage as CaCO3, the residual silica
exchanger to improve the overall regeneration will increase by 15%.
 FF-IP Operating Exchange Capacity Co-flow

TWO STAGE DE-IONISING CAPACITY ADJUSTMENT FOR

Figure 1 EXHAUSTION TIME
50 Figure 3
SO4
% 1.0
45 EMA
100
75
40

Capacity Adjustment
50
25
35
0
30
0.95
25

20

15
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 150 0.9
Regeneration Level kg NaOH/m3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
EMA = Equivalent Mineral Acidity Exhaustion Time in Hours

SiO2 MULTIPLE STAGE DE-IONISING

CAPACITY ADJUSTMENT FOR %
TA*
Figure 2 Figure 4
2.5
SiO2
%
TA*
40
2.0
35
50

30
1.5
40 25

30 20
1.0
15
20

10
0.5
10 60 80 100 120 140 160
3
Regeneration Level kg NaOH/m

SiO2/TA >80%
0 20 40 60 80 100

So4/ EMA % TA* = Total Anions

 FF-IP Operating Exchange Capacity - CCR

TWO STAGE DE-IONISING MULTIPLE STAGE DE-IONISING

Figure 5 Figure 7
33

32 35

30
31
25
30
20
29
15

28 10

27 5

26 0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
25
Regeneration Level kg NaOH/m3
24
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 End-point Silica 0.20 mg/I SiO2/TA* > 80%
Regeneration Level kg NaOH/m3

CORRECTION FACTOR MULTIPLE STAGE DE-IONISING

Figure 6 Figure 8

1.1 30

25
Correction Factor

1.0 20

15

0.9 10

0.8 0
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Silica End-point (above average leakage) ppb SiO2 Regeneration Level kg NaOH/m3

End-point Silica 0.10 mg/I SiO2/TA* > 80%

 FF-IP Treated Water Quality
TREATED WATER QUALITY - CO-FLOW TREATED WATER QUALITY - CO-FLOW
Residual Silica -Regeneration Temperature 50C Residual Silica -Regeneration Temperature 400C
Figure 9 Figure 12
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
40 50
0.4 0.4
Regeneration 40 50
level kg. NaOH/m3 125
0.2 0.2
80 95 Regeneration
65 level kg. NaOH/m3
0.10 0.1 65
0.08 0.08 80 95 125
0.06 0.06
160
0.04 0.04 160

0.02 0.02
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100

SiO2/ TA % SiO2/ TA %

TREATED WATER QUALITY - CO-FLOW TREATED WATER QUALITY - CO-FLOW

Residual Silica -Regeneration Temperature 150C Residual Silica -Regeneration Temperature 600C
Figure 10 Figure 13
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
40 50
0.4 0.4
Regeneration
40
level kg. NaOH/m3 50
0.2 0.2
65 80 95 125 Regeneration
level kg. NaOH/m3
0.10 0.1
0.08 0.08
65 80
0.06 0.06 95 125
160
0.04 0.04
160
0.02 0.02
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100
SiO2/ TA % SiO2/ TA %

TREATED WATER QUALITY - CO-FLOW TREATED WATER QUALITY - CCR

Residual Silica -Regeneration Temperature 250C
Figure 11 Figure 14
1.0 1000
0.8
500
0.6
40 400
50 SiO2/TA %
0.4 300
Regeneration 80
level kg. NaOH/m3 200
0.2 50
100
65 80 95 125
0.10
30
0.08 50
0.06 40
30 20
0.04 160 10
20
5
0.02 10
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SiO2/ TA % Regeneration Level kg NaOH/m3
Mixed Bed De-ionising

A correctly designed and operated mixed bed unit during the treatment run. This loading can be
using INDION FFIP with INDION 225 strong acid calculated from the silica content of the feed water and
cation exchange resin will produce treated water with a the volume of water treated per run.
conductivity of 0.5 microsiemens/cm or less. When the
To maintain any desired silica residual level in the
mixed bed units preceded by two-stage de-ionising,
treated water, reference should be made to Figures
conductivity of 0.1 mircosiemens/cm is easily achieved.
15-18. These graphs give the maximum silica loading
The silica content of the treated water from a mixed bed that INDION FFIP will tolerate at various regeneration
unit depends upon the level and temperature of the levels and temperatures to maintain the required silica
regenerant used for INDION FFIP and the silica loading residuals.

Typical operating data

Mixed bed de-ionising

Total Bed depth …………………… 1.0 - 2.4 m using INDION FFIP and INDION 225 resin
Rising space …………………………… 75% of bed depth
3 2
Treatment flowrate ……………………… 60 m /h m ,maximum
Pressure loss ……………………………. 1.2 kg/cm2 ,maximum
Bed separation .………………………… 9 m3/h m2 for 10 minutes
Bed settlement …………………………. Allow 5 minutes after separation before commencing
injection of regenerants
Regenerant ……………………………… Sodium hydroxide for INDION FFIP
Hydrochloric acid/Sulphuric acid for INDION 225
Acid injection rate …………………….. 4.5-18 m3/h m2 for 6-10 minutes with 2-5% w/v acid
Down flow ……………………………… 1.5 m3/h m2
Acid rinse …………………….………… 2 bv
Down flow ………………………………. 1.5 m3/h m2
Alkali Injection rate …….………………. 4.5-18 m3/h m2 for 10-15 minutes with 2-5% w/v alkali
Upflow …..…..…………………………… 4.5 m3/h m2
Alkali rinse …..….…………….…………. 4 bv in 10-15 minutes
Upflow …..…..…………………………… 4.5 m3/h m2
Unit drain down ………………………… Before re-mixing the resin, the water level should be
lowered to approximately 0.4 m above the bed.
Bed remix …………………………………. 2m3/minute m2 oil free air at 0.4 kg/cm2 pressure for 10
minutes
Settle bed, refill unit, final rinse…………… These operations should be carried out in such a way to
avoid separation of the two resins. Final rinse to
satisfactory water quality should be effected at the
treatment flowrate, or at 24 m3/h m2, whichever is greater.
Total time required is normally about 5-10 minutes
depending upon end point conductivity required.
 MIXED BED DE-IONISING MIXED BED DE-IONISING
0
Residual Silica - Regeneration Temperature 10 C Residual Silica - Regeneration Temperature 600C
Figure 15 Figure 18
7 Regeneration 9
level kg. NaOH/m3 Regeneration
6 100 8 level kg. NaOH/m3
80
90
5 7
70
4 6
60
70
3 5
60
2 4
50
1 3
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Residual Silica ppm SiO2 Residual Silica ppm SiO2

PRESSURE LOSS
MIXED BED DE-IONISING
Figure 19
0
Residual Silica - Regeneration Temperature 25 C 1.0
0.8
Figure 16
0.6
Pressure Loss bar/m Bed Depth

7 Regeneration 0.4
level kg. NaOH/m3
6
0.2 Temperature0C 5
5 80
70 20
4 0.1 40
60
0.08 70
3
0.06 90

2 0.04

1
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.02

Residual Silica ppm SiO2

0.01
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60
Flow Rate m/h

MIXED BED DE-IONISING BED EXPANSION

Residual Silica - Regeneration Temperature 400C Bed Expansion (Cl- form)
Figure 17 Figure 20
8 120
Regeneration
7 level kg. NaOH/m3
100
100 Temperature0C
5
Bed Expansion %

6 80
80
10
5
70
60
20
4 60
40 40
3
20
2

1
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Residual Silica ppm SiO2 Backwash Rate m/h
 Bulletin R012R2

Use of good quality regenerants Storage

Ion exchange resins require proper care at all times.
All ion exchange resins are subject to fouling and The resin must never be allowed to become dry.
blockage of active groups by precipitated iron. Hence
the iron content in the feed water should be low and the Regularly open the plastic bags and check the condition
regenerant sodium hydroxide must be essentially free of the resin when in storage. If not moist, add enough
from iron and heavy metals. All resins, especially the clean demineralised water and keep it in completely
anion exchangers are prone to oxidative attack moist condition. Always keep the resin drum in the
resulting in problems such as loss of capacity, resin shade. Recommended storage temperature is between
clumping, etc. Therefore sodium hydroxide should 20 o C and 40o C.
have as low a chlorate content as possible. Good
quality regenerant of technical or chemically pure Safety
grade should be used to obtain best results. Acid and alkali solutions are corrosive and should be
handled in a manner that will prevent eye and skin
Packing contact. If any oxidising agents are used, necessary
HDPE lined bags 25/50 lts LDPE bags 1cft/25 lts safety precautions should be observed to avoid
Super sack 1000 lts Super sack 35 cft accidents and damage to the resin.

MS drums Fiber drums

with liner bags 180 lts with liner bags 7 cft

INDION range of Ion Exchange resins are produced in a state-of-the-art ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified manufacturing facilities at Ankleshwar,
in the state of Gujarat in India.

To the best of our knowledge the information contained in this publication is accurate. Ion Exchange (India) Ltd. maintains a policy of continuous
development and reserves the right to amend the information given herein without notice.
is the registered trademark of Ion Exchange (India) Ltd.

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