FIRST AID
LECTURE 2
BY
PROF. A. EMAD OMAR ZAKI
Fall 2020
RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
Definition: A respiratory emergency is
one in which normal breathing stops or
in which breathing is so reduced that
oxygen in take is insufficient to support
life.
Common causes of respiratory
failure (problems)
Obstruction of the air way by tongue is
dropping back.
Inhalation of a small amount of food,
smoke, irritation, foreign objects, carbon
monoxide.
Compression of the neck.
Respiratory disease
Drowning.
Strangulation.
Combustible gases
Sings and symptoms
Unable to breath
Loss of consciousness
General pallor (paleness)
Difficulty in breathing
May be no visible breathing
First Aid management of
Respiratory problem
Shout for help (depend on the condition)
Determine the consciousness of the causality .
Place the patient flat on his back with
the head turned to one side
Remove any thing which is preventing
the taking in of air (Remove constraints
from the neck)
Kneel beside the patient’s head place one
hand under his neck and the other hand
under his lower Jaw extend his head and
neck gently back ward.
This prevents the tongue from falling back
in to the throat.
Assess and ensure that patient air way is clear
Place your cheek and ear close to the
victim’s mouth and Nose. Look at the
victim’s chest to see if it rises, falls,
and listen and fell for air to be exhaled
for about 5 seconds.
Artificial respiration
is a procedure for using air to flow in to
and out of persons Lungs when natural
breathing is inadequate or stops.
If there is no breathing pinch the victim’s
nostrils shut with thumb and index finger of
your hand that is pressing on the victim’s
forehead. This action prevents leakage of air
when the lungs are inflated through the mouth.
Take very deep breath and hold it.
Fit your mouth tightly over the patients open
mouth and forcibly in to the lungs
While carrying out respiration, check the
patient’s pulse every 2 or 3 minutes to
ensure the heart has not stopped.
• Once the patient can breathe by him self/her
self place him/her in what is called the
recovery position.
Choking
Choking is a blockage of the upper airway
by food or other objects, which prevents a
person from breathing effectively.
In adults, choking most often occurs when
food is not chewed properly.
The risk factors for choking in older adults
include advancing age, poor dental fitting
and excessive alcohol consumption.
In children, choking is often caused by:
eating large pieces of food
too much food at one time,
eating hard candy
putting small objects such as nuts, marbles,
small toys or coins in the mouth, which gets
lodged in the throat.
• The condition is a true medical
emergency that requires immediate,
appropriate action by anyone available.
• Coughing may be the first symptom.
• Subsequently, the person may
grasp both hands near the throat, become
breathless and may not be able to talk.
• The skin, lips and nails may turn blue or dusky
and the person may lose consciousness.
First aid management
When small piece of food or foreign
body inhaled in to the windpipe ,
sometimes help is needed
N.B. Do not try to hook the foreign
body out with your fingers. This is
likely to push it further down.
For babies and small children:
• Hold the baby upside-down by the feet
and beet him/her timely between the
shoulder blades.
• Lie the child face down over your knee or
arm and beet them sharply between the
shoulder blades.
For adults: there are
two methods depending
up on your knowledge
and practice
“Methods A” stand behind
the patient and hold
around the chest just
under the chest hone.
Give a short sharp hear
hug
“Method B” Tell the patient to lean over the
back of a chair holding on to the seat and
the tenanting him/her sharply 3 to 4 times
between his shoulder blades whichever the
method you use the foreign body should be
coughed out
If the breathing has stopped begin mouth
to- mouth respiration
After you have done the above, refer to the
nearest hospital or health the Center
Drowning
Definition
Death caused by water reaching the lungs
and either causing lung tissue damage or
spasms of the air way that prevents the
inhalation of air.
Drawing can happen in many different
places, Lake, swamp and spring, rivers etc
Drowning is the process of
experiencing respiratory
impairment from submersion
/immersion in liquid.
Near drowning is the survival of a
drowning event involving
unconsciousness or water
inhalation and can lead to serious
secondary complications, including
death, after the event.
• Approximately 90% of drowning take place
in freshwater (rivers, lakes and swimming
pools
• and 10% in sea water.
• Drowning in other fluids is
rare, and often relates to industrial accidents.
• People have drowned in as
• little as 30 mm of water lying face down, in
one case in a wheel rut.
• Children have drowned in
• baths, buckets and toilets;
First aid Management
1. Get Help
Notify a lifeguard, if one is
close.
If not, ask someone to call
for help.
If you are alone, follow the
steps below.
2. Move the Person
Take the person out of the
water.
Place your ear next to the person's mouth
and nose. Do you feel air on your cheek?
Look to see if the person's chest is moving.
5- You should begin artificial respiration
as soon as possible
Do not wait to get water out of the patient’s
chest first
Then give mouth-to-mouth artificial
respiration.
If you cannot get air into his/her lungs,
quickly turn the patient on his/her side,
putting his head lower than the leg and push
the body
6- If There is No Pulse, Start CPR
• Carefully place person on back.
• For an adult or child, place the heel of one hand
on the center of the chest at the nipple line.
You can also push with one hand on top of the
other. For an infant, place two fingers on the
breastbone.
• For an adult or child, press down about 2
inches. Make sure not to press on ribs. For an
infant, press down about 1 and 1/2 inches.
Make sure not to press on end of breastbone.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR)
• If mouth to mouth is failed and no pulse
cardiopulmonary resuscitation is followed.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or heart
lung resuscitation is a combined effort to
maintain circulation and breathing.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is
an emergency procedure applied when
heart and lung actions have stopped.
• During CPR you will have to perform
procedures to:
Maintain an open airway to maintain
Breathe for the patient
and force the patient’s blood to
circulate.
Procedure
1. Establish unresponsiveness and alert for emergency
medical service and Position the causality.
2. Establish an open airway.
3. Look, Listening, and feel for breathing (3-5 seconds).
4. Ventilate twice (1 to 2 seconds) per breath.
5. If no pulse (5-10 seconds)
6. Locate Compression site
7. Position your hands
8. Began compressions
9. Ventilate twice
10. Recheck pulse after 4cycls of ventilation, then every
few minutes.
• Do 30 chest compressions, at the
rate of 100 per minute or more. Let
the chest rise completely between
pushes.
• Check to see if the person has
started breathing.
• If the condition of the victim is not
improving refer the victim to the
next health facility.
THANK YOU
