Revolution of Mobile Networks and Wireless Communication

Technology
Anika Tasnim Mollik, Debanjolly Nuhin, Md. Ikramul Islam
Department of EEE, American debanjollymollik1999@gmail.com nuhin.one@gmail.com
International University- Department of EEE, American Department of EEE, American
Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh International University- International University-
anika.tas1710@gmail.com Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shahriar, Md. Ahnaf Mollik, Debolina Ahmed, Mostah Tahmid

m.ahnaf.s@gmail.com promidebolina@gmail.com Tahmid@ieee.org
Department of EEE, American Department of EEE, American Department of EEE, American
International University- International University- International University-
Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract: The advancement of broadband wireless latency by many fold. 6G & 7G technology will be an
access advancements as of late was the aftereffect of extension of 5G technology. They will incorporate the
developing interest for versatile Internet and wireless satellites in existing 5G system and will make a more
interactive media applications. The following phase of robust and fast communication system. This paper
progression in remote interchanges, after 2G and 3G, i.e summarizes the evolution of wireless communication
the Fourth Generation wireless organization comprises of technology by generations. The rising trend in data
the new innovations with all IP based, high information communication through cell phones has led to the
rate administrations giving web access whenever, expectation of higher bit rates and greater ability for
wherever, with higher data transfer capacity, better mobile communication systems. Hence studies have
visual advances and more extensive hold for sight and
been carried forward on different generations of
sound applications. The 4G organization innovations
communication technology and continues to carry on.
guarantee rapid availability through any remote and
Thus, this paper focuses on the specifications of 1G,
more extensive hold for mixed media applications. This
paper will emphasize about the latest things and its
2G, 3G, 4G LTE ,4G LTE Advanced, 5G, 6G & 7G
fundamental innovations to execute the 4G versatile technology.
innovation. This paper additionally shows a portion of the This paper organized as followed, firstly, the
potential situations that will profit the fourth era specifications of below 4G technology is discussed
innovation and a preview of Future Technologies, for briefly. Then specifications & features of 4G LTE
example, 5G, 6G and 7G. technology is discussed in details and lastly, beyond
Keywords: wireless, WiMAX, mobile networks, LTE, 4G technologies (4G LTE Advanced, 5G, 6G, 7G) are
broadband, OFDMA, TDMA discussed.

1. Introduction: 2. Introducing mobile networks:

Wireless communication technology has evolved a lot The mobile networking systems and the wireless
over the past years and will continue to evolve in communication technologies have been
coming years. Devices are now shrinking in size developing very fast day by day. Devices are
although growing in processing power. Capacity getting small in size while growing in processing
improvements are required in wireless power. Now consumers are willing to use more
interactions. First generation (1G) a wireless network advanced and useful applications. Hence, the
was basically analog cellular systems with circuit
capacity of wireless communication need to
switched network architecture. The main challenge of
this system was low capacity and low data speed.
improve for fulfilling those demands. In
Arrival of 2G solved it to some extant as it has a decent addition, wireless communications is active
data speed for its time. The 3G system bought a areas of technology development for this
significantly higher data speed and voice applications. generation. First generation wireless network
4G came in basically as an extension of the existing which is called 1G was basically analogue
3G system but offered a higher data speed and more cellular systems with circuit switched network
services. Most hyped 5G technology will come in with architecture. The main challenge for these kinds
a much more data speed compared to any other of wireless networks were basic voice telephony,
existing system. It will make use of much higher low capacity and limited local and regional
frequency thus increasing the speed and lowering the
coverage. The increased demand for high
frequency ranges in the telecommunications Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to
sector caused development in analogue to digital access the network.
transmission techniques. The second generation The access service network (ASN), which
networking system (2G) arrived in early 90s to comprises one or more base stations and one or
meet the capacity demands of burgeoning voice more ASN gateways that form the radio access
plus telephony, text messaging and limited network at the edge.
circuit switched data services. By utilizing Connectivity service network (CSN), which
digital system, the signal can be compressed provides IP connectivity and all the IP core
much more efficiently than first generation network functions. [4]
network system, which allows transmitting more
packets into the same bandwidth and propagates 4. 4G CHARACTERISTICS:
with less power consumption. The third 4.1 Products FROM CONVERGENCE:
generation systems integrate voice and data The possibility of convergence implies that the
applications (3G). Traders and operators started making of the atmosphere that can ultimately
seeking ways for determining a new next give consistent and high-dependable and quality
generation wireless technology, namely fourth broadband versatile correspondence
generation (4G) .[4] administration and pervasive help through wired
and remote convergence networks without the
3. WiMAX Network: space issue and earthbound impediment, by
The full form of Wimax is Worldwide methods for pervasive availability. Convergence
Interoperability for Microwave Access and this among industries is too quickened by
technology is a standard created by IEEE to arrangement of partnerships through investment
form the IEEE 802.16 standard Based pm this in different undertakings to give union
standard, WiBro is the name of service for administrations. 4G versatile frameworks will
Mobile WiMAX in Korea. It uses the principally be portrayed by a horizontal
Mobile WiMAX System Profile. WiBro system correspondence model, where such
profile contains a comprehensive list extraordinary access advances as cellular,
of features that the equipment is required or cordless, remote LAN type frameworks, short-
allowed to support. In short, range remote availability, and wired frameworks
WiBro offers the same options as Mobile will be joined on a typical stage to supplement
WiMAX. It describes each other in the most ideal route for various
this technology as an alternative to cable or DSL help prerequisites and radio conditions.
and a standards-based 4.2 BROADBAND SERVICES:
technology which enables and allows the Broadband is a reason to empower media
delivery of last mile wireless broadband interchanges counting video service, which
access. The aim of the project comprises of 3 requires transmission of a lot of information; it
main parts: normally calls media intermingling perspective,
Peak downlink sector data rates up to 46 Mbps, in view of parcel transport, supporting the
assuming a DL/UL ratio incorporation of different media on various
of 3:1, and peak uplink sector data rates up to 14 characteristics. The expanding position of
Mbps, assuming a broadband administrations like Asymmetric
DL/UL ratio of 1:1, in a 10 MHz channel Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and optical
Support end-to-end IP-based QoS fiber access frameworks and office or home
Available different channelization from 1.25 to LANs is expected to prompt an interest for
20 MHz to comply with varied worldwide comparative administrations in the portable
requirements.[1] correspondence climate. 4G service application
attributes will give broadband assistance its
The overall WiMAX network model can be favorable circumstances;
logically divided into three parts for supporting A) Low expense
fixed, nomadic, and mobile deployments and is To make broadband administrations accessible
based on an IP service model. These are to the client to trade different sorts of data, it is
important to bring down charges significantly to
keep the cost at or underneath the expense of best business cases to the wireless and mobile
existing assistance. industries, i.e. cdma2000/WLAN/ GPRS 3-in-1
B) Coverage of Wide Area product, WCDMA/OFDM/WLAN 3-in-1
One element of mobile communications is that product, etc. The converged wireless
it's accessibility and ubiquitous. That preferred communications can provide the following
position is significant for future portable advantages:
correspondence also. In specific, it is critical to 1. Greatly increase the spectrum efficiency
keep up the administration territory in which the 2. Mostly ensure the highest data-rate to the
terminals of the new system can be utilized wireless terminal
during the progress from the current framework 3. Best share the network resources and channel
to another framework. utilization
C) Wide Variety of Services Capability 4. Optimally manage the service quality and
Portable correspondence is for different kinds of multimedia applications
users. Later on, we hope to make the high-level
system execution and usefulness to present an 5.2 LTE-Long Term Evolution:
assortment of administrations not just the It is one of the proposed advances by ITU to
conventional telephone utility. Those highlight as 4G. LTE, a radio stage innovation,
administrations should be made simpler for furnishes higher bandwidths with preferred and
anybody to utilize. quicker information rates over HSPA+. LTE has
5. 4GTECHNOLOGIES AND FEATURES: an entire Internet Protocol (IP) network design's
The essential thought of 4G organizations is to structure and is planned to help voice, preferring
provide services to users in light of a design visual or voice web journals on the web. LTE
which is packet based for example IP based. comprises of a net bit rate limit of around 100
This implies that every single client associated Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the
with the web whenever and anyplace should uplink if a 20 MHz channel is utilized,
have an exceptional IP address. ITU theoretically. As LTE depends on the equivalent
(International Telecommunication Union) has technology of GSM, it is expected that it will
formally determined the information rates for rule the market in the coming future. The
4G networks as 1Gbps for versatile networks world's most readily accessible LTE
and 1Mbps for fixed organizations that meet the administration was opened in Stockholm and
LTE and WiMAX IMT Advanced consistent Oslo on 14 December 2009, marketing start of
adaptations of advancements. 4G can be LTE in Scandinavia. LTE Advanced (Long term
portrayed basically as a joining of various trend development Advanced), officially put together
setting innovations to fulfill users demands. by the 3GPP association to ITU T in the fall
These advancements are talked about here 2009, is a contender for IMT Advanced norm.
extravagantly in detail. 3GPP LTE is planned as a development to
5.1 Open Wireless Architecture: existing 3GPP standards. The project
The 4G Mobile communications will be based was aimed as the standard technology for 2.5
on the Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) to GHz “3G extension band.”
ensure the single terminal can seamlessly and Compared to UMTS, 3GPP LTE is exclusive
automatically connect to the local high-speed and solely packet-switched and IPbased
wireless access systems when the users are in which means that circuit switched core network
the offices, homes, airports or shopping centers does not exist.
where the wireless access networks (i.e.
Wireless LAN, Broadband Wireless Access, 5.3 WiMAX:
Wireless Local Loop, HomeRF, Wireless ATM, WiMAX, an abbreviation of " Worldwide
etc) are available. When the users move to the Interoperability for Microwave Access”, is an IP
mobile zone (i.e. Highway, Beach, Remote area, based, remote broadband access innovation
etc.), the same terminal can automatically switch which can be taken as a created variant of Wi Fi.
to the wireless mobile networks (i.e. GPRS, W- The name "WiMAX" was made by the WiMAX
CDMA, cdma2000,TD-SCDMA, etc.). Based on Forum, which was framed in June 2001 to
this OWA model, 4G mobile will deliver the advance similarity and interoperability of the
norm. The discussion portrays WiMAX as "a nothing to send squander no time by having a
standards-based innovation empowering the timeslot apportioned to them, and gadgets with
conveyance of last mile remote broadband loads of forthcoming information can have
access as a choice to link and DSL”. It gives additional time with which to send it. This is
most extreme information paces of 128 Mbps called ETDMA (Extended TDMA) and can
downlink and 56 Mbps uplink over a 20 MHz increment the productivity of TDMA to multiple
wide channel. WiMAX is a remote advanced times the limit of the unique simple wireless
correspondences framework, otherwise called organization. The advantage of utilizing TDMA
IEEE 802.16. It is proposed for remote MANs or with this improvement for network access comes
Metropolitan Area Networks. WiMAX can give at the point when information is "bursty." That
broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 50 km implies, at a discretionary time, it is impractical
for fixed destinations and 5 15 km for versatile to foresee the rate or measure of forthcoming
destinations. information from a specific host. This sort of
information is seen frequently in voice
5.4 OFDMA transmission, where the pace of discourse, the
OFDMA or Orthogonal Frequency division volume of discourse, furthermore, the measure
multiplexing which is otherwise called Discrete of foundation commotion are continually
Multitone Modulation (DMT), is an adjustment shifting. Consequently, for this sort of
technique for the regulation of a recurrence information, next to no limit is squandered by
channel dependent on the FDM(frequency unreasonable allotment.
division multiplexing) .In this procedure, the
frequencies and adjustments of recurrence 6. Challenges of 4G
division multiplexing are masterminded A) Security:
symmetrically to one another to take out any in The initial phase in analyzing cellular
terference between the channels. The primary wireless security is to distinguish the
point of OFDMA is to send the low rate security goals. The objectives that the
adjustments in an equal stream instead of security strategy and comparing
sending a high-rate wave front, as low rate innovation ought to accomplish are to
regulations are less touchy to multipath. With guarantee that data created by or
OFDM innovation as of now demonstrated and identifying with a user is sufficiently
embraced, 4G advancement will pick up energy. secured against misuse or
misappropriation. It is to be guaranteed
5.5 TDMA that the degree of security stood to
TDMA, or Time Division Multiple Access, is a clients and suppliers of administrations
method for sharing the time space into is viewed as in a way that is better than
subchannels for use by different gadgets. Every that given in contemporary fixed and
gadget gets a solitary time allotment in a parade portable organizations. Further, it is to
of gadgets on the network. During that specific be seen that the execution of security
time allotment, one gadget is permitted to use highlights and instruments can be
the whole transmission capacity of the range, expanded and improved as needed by
and each other gadget is in the tranquil state. new dangers and services.[3]
The time is partitioned into outlines in which B) Hand off Delay:
each gadget on the organization gets one Handoff postpone represents another
schedule opening. There are n schedule openings significant QoS-related issue in 4G
in each casing, one each for n gadgets on the remote organizations. During the
organization. By and by, each gadget gets a handoff cycle, the client may encounter
timeslot in each edge. One advancement that a huge drop in QoS that will influence
makes TDMA much more productive is the the presentation of both upper-layer
expansion of an enlistment period at the start of conventions and applications.
the casing. During this period, every gadget Conveying a priority-based algorithm
shows how much information it needs to send. and utilizing area mindful versatile
Through this enrollment period, gadgets with applications can lessen both handoff
 deferral and QoS variability. When there
is a potential for extensive variety
between senders' and beneficiaries'
gadget abilities, conveying a collector
explicit channel in piece of the
organization near the source can
successfully diminish the measure of
traffic and handling, maybe fulfilling
other clients' QoS needs.[3]
C) 4G strong gadgets indicating less
Battery Backup:
In 4G steady Gadgets because of
essence of huge number of Transmitters
and Receivers, the battery of the gadget
To meet these requirements mentioned below
runs off rapidly. With mechanical turns
physical layer enhancements are added to the
of events the gadgets are getting more
existing infrastructure:
modest in size because of Large Scale
Wideband Transmission & Spectrum
Integration and miniature design.
Utilization: To support very high data rate
Consequently, in 4G gadgets in the
transmission bandwidth is increased to 100MHz.
event that we need to improve the
Carrier aggregation is used to achieve
battery life by planning a much ground-
this. Below figure summarize the technical
breaking Li-on Battery, at that point the
details of carrier aggregation.
reinforcement would expand no
question yet additionally the size of the
gadget would increment for example not
profoundly suggested. Consequently, we
have examined about taking care of this
issue in the following area.[3]

7. Beyond 4G Technologies:
Fig[2]: Carrier Aggregation.
4G LTE Advanced: LTE Advanced technology The below figure represents how carrier
holds significant improvement over the 4G LTE aggregation works with different protocol
technology. It offers backward compatibility & layers.
internetworking with 4G LTE. It can be
deployed in the spectrum already occupied by
LTE without any impact on existing
infrastructure.
Below Table [1] shows the requirements for
LTE Advanced and LTE:

Fig[3]:: Carrier aggregation at different protocol

layers.
Multiple Antenna Solutions: To achieve
superior data speed, advanced multiple antenna
solutions are used in 4G LTE Advanced &
WiMAX technology. LTE Advanced uses up to
8 layers in downlink. This requires 8 receivers
in UE. Similarly, 4 transmitters will be and b) multipoint reception with coordinated
required to enable transmission in the uplink scheduling.
when combined with 4 eNB receivers. If further 8. Relay Transmission Schemes:
needs arise, equivalent changes for downlink Two type of relay transmission scheme is used
control system will have to be included to meet for 4G LTE Advanced system-
LTE Advanced requirements. Amplify & forward: Relay station
Downlink CoMP Transmission: CoMP stands receives signal from eNB (or UE), amplify this
for Coordinated Multipoint. signal and forward it to the UE.
In CoMP transmission, related control channels Selective decode and forward: The appropriate
are transmitted only from the serving cell. DCS signal is detected by DF relays and the signal is
& JT are two separate technique of joint then encoded and the new signal forwarded.
processing transmission mechanism. Figure [] 5G, 6G & 7G Technologies
shows how JT is done in the downlink. 5G Technology: 5G is the mobile technology of
the fifth generation. It has a very high
bandwidth. It also has advanced features that
will make the most powerful and in huge
demand in near future.
6G Technology: 6G will get global coverage
through integrating all mobile networks with the
satellites. It will proffer 1GB data transfer
speed.
7G Technology: 7G will be incorporated with
6G technology and make use of global
navigation satellite system, the
telecommunication satellite system, the earth
image satellite system as well. Thus, it will be
robust and much more reliable system.
9. Conclusion:
The paper presented a brief discussion of mobile
networks system and wireless communications
Fig[4]: CoMP transmission in downlink: a) joint
technology. It contains 1G,2G,3G ,WiMAX,
transmission; b) dynamic cell selection (DCS);
LTE Network architecture and OFDMA
c) coordinated beamforming. In Dynamic cell
technology. This paper also discussed about
Uplink CoMP Reception: In CoMP reception
future generation technology like 5G and
uplink, the PUSCH is received at multiple cells.
beyond. The number of wireless broadband
Among the cells, scheduling is
users is increasing day by day. So in a world
coordinated. Fig[] shows the methods
going wireless, the technologies with higher
of CoMP reception.
throughputs get importance day by day. Wireless
networks not only enable more efficient,
scalable, and reliable wireless services but also
provide wider variety of service options to the
users. In future, the wireless technologies will
play the key role for every technological
revolution. The more it is growing the more we
need to rethink about the security, privacy,
architect and billing technologies that have been
used for previous generations. We hope that this
Paper helps to promote stronger links between
people working in different fields to understand
the concepts of mobile networks and wireless
Fig[5]: CoMP reception in uplink: a) multipoint communications technology. In the end, We
reception with interference rejection combining; want to conclude that this is the best time to
invest on this sector and become a part of this [3] Banhijit Bhattacharyya and Somdutta
revolution. Bhattacharya” Emerging Fields in 4G
Technology, its Applications &
References: Beyond-An Overview” International Journal of
[1] Jun-seok Hwang” 4G MOBILE NETWORKS – Information and Computation Technology.
TECHNOLOGY BEYOND 2.5G AND 3G” ISSN 0974-2239 Volume 3, Number 4 (2013)
[2] Jolly Parikh” LTE Advanced: The 4G Mobile [4] Priya Gautam ”
Broadband Technology” International Journal of Review Paper on 4G Wireless Technology”
Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume International Journal of Advances in Science
13– No.5, January 2011 and Technology (IJAST) Vol 2 Issue
I (March 2014)