Database System (ITC-408)
Lecture 01
Introduction to Database System
Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Koondhar
Lecturer, ITC
Course Outline
Introduction to Databases
Database Environment
The Relational Model
Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus
SQL: Data Manipulation
SQL: Data Definition
Course Outline
Database Planning, Design, and Administration
Entity-Relationship Modeling
Enhanced Entity-Relationship Modeling
Normalization
Advanced Normalization
Design Methodologies
Books to follow
An Introduction to Database Systems, Date, C. J.
8th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2003.
Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management, Connolly, T. M.,
and Begg, C. E. 6th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2015.
Introduction
Data :
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can be
something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized.
Data are simply facts or figures. The term "Data" comes from a singular
Latin word, datum.
Information :
When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given
context so as to make it useful, it is called information.
Examples of Data and Information
The history of temperature readings all over the world
for the past 100 years is data. If this data is organized
and analyzed to find that global temperature is rising,
then that is information.
The number of visitors to a website by country is an
example of data. Finding out that traffic from the U.S.
is increasing while that from Australia is decreasing is
meaningful information.
Introduction to Database
Definition 01:
A collection of logically related data is called a database.
Example: A database may contains part numbers, product
codes, customer information, etc.
It usually refers to data organized and stored on a computer
that can be searched and retrieved by a computer program.
Introduction to Database
Definition 02:
A collection of information organized and presented to serve a specific
purpose. (A telephone book is a common database.) A computerized
database is an updated, organized file of machine readable information
that is rapidly searched and retrieved by computer.
Salesperson may contain a small database of customer contacts in
an Microsoft Excel file.
A large corporation may build a large database in Oracle Database.
Introduction to Database
Definition 03:
A database is the collection of data about anything. Like
cricket teams, students, busses, movies, personalities, stars,
seas, buildings, furniture, lab equipment, hobbies, hotels,
pets, countries, and many more anything about which you
want to store data. What we mean by data; simply the facts
or figures.
Database Management System
(DBMS)
The database management system (DBMS) is the
software or tool that is used to manage the database and
its users.
A DBMS is a software that allows creation, definition
and manipulation of database, allowing users to store,
process and analyze data easily.
DBMS provides an interface or a tool, to perform various
operations like creating database, storing data in it,
updating data, creating tables in the database and a lot
more.
Database System
It is the collection of database (to store the
data) and DBMS (tool to manage this data).
Database and DBMS both jointly are called
database system.
Example : MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL
Server….
Database System
Background of Databases
Traditional File-Based System
Before the use of a computer, a manual file system was
used to maintain the records and files.
After the emergence of computers, data were stored and
processed using a traditional file system and it makes it
easy to find any information.
In this traditional file system, each file is independent of
other file and data in the different file can be integrated
only by writing an individual program for each application.
Sometimes, it is not possible to identify all the programs
using data and identified on trial and error basis. All
functional areas in the organization create, processes its
own files.
Traditional File-Based System
Traditional File-Based System
Advantages of Traditional File-Based System
Simple to use.
Less complex.
Minimal investment
No requirement of the specialist.
Traditional File-Based System
Disadvantages of Traditional-Based File System
Data redundancy (Each application has its own data file so, same data
may have to be recorded and stored in many times).
Data inconsistency (Due to the same data items that appear in more
than one file do not get updated simultaneously in each and every file).
Data dependence (Program and application in the file processing
system are data dependent but, the problem is incompatible with file
format).
Limited data sharing.
The problem with security.
Traditional File-Based System
Disadvantages of Traditional File-Based System
Retrieval (retrieval is not easy).
Time-consuming.
Inefficient to maintain the record of the big firm
having a large number of items.
Required Lots of labor work to do.
