Load Flow Studies

By
Prof. E. Matlotse
 Load Flow Studies
• Load flow studies (power flow) form a
fundamental part of power system analysis
• These studies are important for economic
scheduling, planning and control of an existing
system as well as planning its future expansion
• Problem entails establishing magnitudes and
phase angle of voltages at each bus as well as
active and reactive power flow in each line
 Load Flow Studies
• In solving a power flow problem, the system is
assumed to be operating under balanced
conditions and single-line model is utilised

• 4 quantities are associated with each bus,

namely, reactive power (Q), phase angle (δ),
voltage magnitude (|V|) and real power (P).
 Load Flow Studies
• Usually, system buses are categorised into 3
types, namely:
Slack Bus:
- This bus is taken as reference where the
magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are
specified
- It makes up the difference between the
scheduled loads and generated power that are
caused by the losses in the network
 Load Flow Studies
Regulated Buses:
- These are generator buses
- At these, real power and voltage magnitude
are specified
- Phase angles of voltages and reactive power
are to be determined
- Limits on the value of the reactive power are
also specified
 Load Flow Studies

Load Buses:
- At these, active and reactive powers are
specified
- Magnitude and phase angle of bus voltages
are unknown
 Power Flow Equation

• Assuming a typical bus of power system network

shown in the figure above.
• Transmission lines are represented by their
equivalent π models where impedances have
been converted to pu admittances on a common
base
 Power Flow Equation
Application KCL to this bus results in

I i  yi0Vi  yi1 (Vi  V1 )  yi 2 (Vi  V2 )  ........  yin (Vi  Vn )

 ( yi0  yi1  yi 2  .........  yin )Vi  yi1V1  yi 2V2  .......  yinVn (1)
or
n n
I i  Vi  yij  yijV j ji (2)
j 0 j 1
 Power Flow Equation
Real and reactive power at bus i is
Pi  jQi  Vi I i* (3)
or
P  jQi
Ii  i (4)
Vi*
Substituting for I i in (2) results in
n n
Pi  jQi
Vi*
 Vi  yij   yijV j ji (5)
j 0 j 1
 Power Flow Equation

From (5), mathematical formulation

of the power flow problem results in
a system of algebraic nonlinear
equations which must be solved by
iterative techniques
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
• In power flow study, it’s necessary to solve set
of nonlinear equations represented by (5) for
two unknowns at each node.
• In Gauss-Seidel method (5) is solved forVi and
the iterative sequence becomes

Pisch  jQisch
Vi
*( k )
  (k )
yij V j
( k 1) (6)
Vi  ji
 yij
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
• where yij is actual admittance in pu
• P and Qischare real and reactive power expressed
i
sch

in pu
• If (5) is solved for Pi and Qi , we get
  n n 
Pi
( k 1)  *( k )  ( k )
 Vi


Vi  yij   (k ) 
yij V j  

ji (7)
  j 0 j 1  

Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution

  n n 
( k 1)
Qi
 *( k )  ( k )
 Vi


Vi  yij   (k ) 
yij V j  


ji (8)
 
 j  0 j  1 
 

• For voltage controlled buses where Pi sch and Vi are

specified, first (8) is solved for Qi(k 1) and then used in
(6) to solve for Vi(k 1)
• Since Vi is specified, only imaginary part of Vi(k 1) is
retained and its real part is selected to satisfy
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
2 2
 e (k 1)    f (k 1)   V 2
 i   i  i (9)
or
2
( k 1) (k 1) 
  f i (10)
2
ei  Vi 
 
( k 1)
• where ei( k 1) and f i are the real and imaginary parts
of the Vi( k 1) in the iterative sequence
• Rate of convergence could be increased by applying
an acceleration factor to the approximate solution
obtained from each iteration
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
(k 1) (k )  (k ) (k ) 
Vi  Vi   Vical  Vi  (11)
 
• where  is the acceleration factor and, usually, it
ranges from 1.3 to 1.7.
• Updated voltages replaces the previous values in
the solution of subsequent equations.
• The process is continued until changes in the real
and imaginary components of bus voltages
between successive iterations are within a
specified accuracy, that is
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution

 
( k 1) (k )
ei  ei 

( k 1)
 (12)

(k )
fi  fi



Usually, a voltage accuracy is the range of

0.00001 to 0.00005 pu is satisfactory
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
E.g.

The figure above shows the one-line diagram of a

simple 3-bus power system with generation at bus 1.
The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05
per-unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as
marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked
in per-unit on a 100-MVA base and the line charging
susceptances are neglected
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
(a) Using the Gauss-Seidal method determine
the phasor values of the voltage at the load
buses 2 and 3 accurate to four decimal places.

(b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power

Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
Solution:
1 (0.02  j 0.04) (0.02  j 0.04)
y12  
(0.02  j 0.04) (0.02  j 0.04) (0.02) 2  (0.04) 2
0.02  j 0.04  10  j20 pu

0.002

1 (0.01  j 0.03) (0.01  j 0.03)

y13  
(0.01  j 0.03) (0.01  j 0.03) 0.001

 10  j30 pu
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
1 (0.0125 j 0.025) (0.0125 j 0.025)
y 23  
(0.0125 j 0.025) (0.0125 j 0.025) 0.00078125

 16  j32 pu
• At the load buses, the complex loads
expressed in pu are
 256.6  110.2
S 2sch    2.566  j1.102 pu
100

 138.6  45.2
S3sch    1.386  j 0.452 pu
100
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
• Our initial estimates are
V2(0)  1.0  j 0.0 pu and V3(0)  1.0  j 0.0 pu
and, therefore
P2sch  jQ 2sch
 y12V1  y 23V3( 0)
V2*( 0)
V2(1) 
y12  y 23

 2.566  j1.102
 10  j 201.05  16  j321
 1
10  j 20  16  j32
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution


 2.566  j1.102  10.5  j 21  16  j321
26  j52


23.934  j51.898 26  j52
26  j52 26  j52
622.284  j1244.568  j1349.348  2698.696

3380

3320.98  j104.78
  0.9825  j 0.031 pu
3380
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution

P3sch  jQ3sch
 y V
13 1  y V
23 2
(1)
V3*( 0)
V3(1) 
y13  y23

 1.386  j 0.452
 10  j 301.05  16  j320.9825  j 0.031
 1
10  j30  16  j32
 Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution

 1.386  j 0.452  10.5  j31.5  15.72  j 0.496  j31.44  0.992


26  j 62

23.842  j 62.984 26  j 62
26  j 62 26  j 62
619.892  j1478.204  j1637.584  3905.008

4520

 1.0011  j 0.353 pu
 Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
• For 2nd iteration, we have

 2.566  j1.102
 10  j 201.05  16  j320.9816  j 0.052
0.9825  j 0.031
V2( 2) 
26  j52

 0.9816  j 0.0520 pu
 Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution

 1.386  j 0.452
 10  j 301.05  16  j320.9816  j 0.052
1.0011  j 0.0353
V3( 2) 
26  j 62

 1.0008  j 0.0459 pu
 Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
• If we do several iterations:

V2(3)  0.9808  j 0.0578 pu V3(3)  1.0004  j 0.0488 pu

V2( 4)  0.9803  j 0.0594 pu V3( 4)  1.0002  j 0.0497 pu

V2(5)  0.9801  j 0.0598 pu V3(5)  1.001  j 0.0499 pu

V2(6)  0.9801  j 0.0599 pu V3(6)  1.000  j 0.0500 pu

V2(7)  0.9800  j 0.0600 pu V3(7)  1.000  j 0.0500 pu

Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution
• Final Solution is
V2  0.9800  j 0.0600  0.98183  3.5035 pu
V3  1.000  j 0.0500  1.00125  2.8624 pu

(b) P1  jQ1  V1* V1 ( y12  y13 )  ( y12V2  y13V3 )

 1.051.05(20  j50)  (10  j 20)(0.98  j 0.06)  (10  j30)(1  j 0.05)
 1.05(21  j52.5)  (9.8  j 0.6  j19.6  1.2)  (10  j 0.5  j30  1.5)

 1.05(21  j52.5)  (8.6  j 20.2)  (8.5  j30.5)

 1.053.9  j1.8  4.095  j1.890 pu
Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution

• Slack bus real power = 409.5 MW

• Slack bus reactive power = 189 MVAr