Differences between syllabus design and methodology:
Two views:
Widdowson’s view: differentiated (product: syllabus and process: methodology)
Breen’s View: he called methodology (process) to be syllabus
Principles of grading tasks:
Demands of learners: receptive skills, productive skills, macro skills
Communicative language requires authentic materials: materials found in daily
Criteria for judging difficulty of tasks or materials (reading, 4 skills):
i) linguistic structure
ii) cognitive demand: psychological effect of language
iii) and performance demand: speech acts (raise your voice)
type of response: verbal and non-verbal (physical): comprehension (listening and reading)/production
(writing and speaking): Interaction (requires both comprehension and production)
determining the difficulty of text: