Compare and Contrast: Durability of Bricks made up from Pulverize Durian

Peelings and Portland Cement

A Research Paper to be Submitted to:

Mr. Melquisedec Gumahad

of Iligan City National High School

Iligan City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements of

Practical Research 2

Grade 12 - Diamond

May T. Soriano

Isnehaya V. Yahya

Regene Mae P. Taculao

Rachelle Marie P. Taculao

Sittie Aklimah M. Mira-ato

October 2020
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1
1.1 Background of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Significance of the study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.6 Scope and Delimitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 3
1.7 Operational Definition of terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

CHAPTER 2
2.1 Related literature
2.1.1 Waste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .5
2.1.2 Bricks Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2.1.3 Durability of Natural Fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2.1.4 Durian Peels Fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
2.1.5 Bricks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Related Studies
2.2.1 Foreign Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 Local Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2.2.2.1 Reused of Durian Peelings. . . . . .. . . . . . . 11
2.2.2.2 Chemical Components of Durian Peelings. .12

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
3.2 Research Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Data Gathering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
3.4 Statistical Treatment of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .15

CHAPTER 4
4.1 How Bricks Were Develop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.2 Performance of the Bricks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3 Durability of the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
CHAPTER 5
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

REFERENCES
APPENDICES
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

In the world we live in today, solid waste management is one of our biggest

environmental problems. Proper collection is one of the solutions and our waste

problem. On the other hand, utilization of waste can be one of the solutions to

current problems. According to Melani Dorido (2019) of Department of Agriculture

High Value Commercial Crops, the Philippines is the third largest producer of

durians and produces around 22,000 metric tons of durian peels. It is hard to

dispose of durian peel because it is very heavy and has many spikes. Instead of

throwing and damping durian peels to waste, citizens of the Philippines can utilize

it by converting it into high-value commodity products.

The chemical analysis showed durian fibers contain cellulose (57%-64%) ,

hemicellulose (30.7%) and lignin (13.6%). This component will help the durability

of the brick and can be the support and resistance to various stresses. (Lubis ,R.

et al.,2012)

Bricks is one of the oldest of all building materials. Since there are brick

walls, foundations, pillars and road surfaces constructed thousands of years ago

that are still intact , bricks are also arguably the most durable. Portland cement is

one of the components to produce bricks. It is finely ground powder, usually gray,

that is manufactured by burning and grinding a mixture of limestone and clay or

limestone and shale.

 The researchers will produce brick that is made up from pulverized durian

peelings and Portland cement and will conduct a free fall test experiment to test

the durability of the product.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

The concept of this study is to produce bricks made of Durian peel and

Portland cement. After making the product, it will be tested by the free fall test and

will compare the amounts of materials that are added.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

1.How were the bricks made of portland cement and pulverized durian peel

develop?

2.What is the performance of the bricks in the three free fall tests?

3.As the height increases ,how durable are the bricks that are made up of

durian peels and Portland cement?

1.4 Hypotheses

H1: The bricks from Portland cement is more durable

H2: The bricks from pulverized Durian peelings and Portland cement are

more durable.

1.5 Significance of the study

The researcher did this study to finally produce bricks that are more likely

inexpensive, eco-friendly, and durable. Through this experiment, it can help reduce

the waste of durian peels that is usually one of the common problems and dispose

of it. Through the components of durian peels it can make the bricks more durable.

The research is suspected to be safe and effective.

1.6 Scope and delimitations

The researchers will focus and limit the study within the Philippines. This

study will focus only on how to produce a brick that is made up from pulverized

durian peelings and from Portland cement .The researchers will observe how the

components of the materials will react with each other. This study limits on

comparing the durability of the brick by performing the free fall test .
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Bricks.the finish product that is made up from pulverized durian peels and

Portland cement

Cellulose.components of durian peelings that will also react with cement

Durability.the strength of the product that will be observe by the research

team

Free fall test.The experiment that will test the durability of the two finish

product

Lignin.one of the components of durian peel that will react with the

components of cement

Portland cement.the other raw materials that will be used in making the

second product.

Pulverized durian peels.the raw material that will be used in making the

first product

Utilization.the process that the researcher will use in order to lessen the

waste problem.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Related Literature

2.1.1 Waste Management

Strong waste administration is one of the most basic ecological issues

today in the Philippines. Trash is delivered with a sum of 6000 to 7000 tons

for every day. Legitimate assortment is the arrangement of the nation is a

squander issue. Then again, use of waste can be the arrangement of the

current issue. The effect of having around 20 million understudies of the

Philippines is outfitted towards a positive one. The limit of these understudies

to impact is utilized roughly to bring issues to light and to propel the remainder

of the populace to do the mindful demonstration of legitimate garbage

removal (Abdul,2017)[1].

On the other hand, energy consumed for the production of

conventional building construction materials pollutes air, water and land. In

order to meet the ever increasing demand for the energy efficient building

construction materials there is a need to adopt cost effective, environmentally

appropriate technologies and upgrade traditional techniques with available

local materials. A present paper explores the potential application of agro-

waste as the ingredient for alternate sustainable construction materials.

Based on the availability of agro-waste materials, sustainable construction

materials are evaluated for their physico-mechanical properties, methods of

production and environmental impact. The application of agro-waste for

sustainable construction materials provides a solution which offers reduction

in natural resource use as well as energy (Madurwa, et.al, 2013)[8].

2.1.2 Bricks Production

A research presents a state-of-the-art review of research on utilization of

waste material to produce bricks. A wide variety of waste materials have been

studied to produce bricks with different methods. The research can be divided into

three general categories based on the methods for producing bricks from waste

material: firing, cementing, and geo-polymerization. Although much research has

been conducted, the commercial production of bricks from waste materials is still

very limited. The possible reasons are related to the methods for producing bricks

from waste materials, the potential contamination from the waste materials used,

the absence of relevant standards, and the slow acceptance of waste materials-

based bricks by industry and public. For wide production and application of bricks

from waste materials, further research and development is needed, not only on the

technical, economic and environmental aspects but also on standardization,

government policy and public education related to waste recycling and sustainable

development (Zhang,2013)[10].

2.1.3 Durability of Natural Fibers

Advancement of composite materials for structures utilizing durian

strips with low warm conductivity can be an elective method to comprehend

at the same time energy and natural concerns. Be that as it may, the drawn
out strength of normal fiber composite material is influenced by long haul

ecological introduction. To improve the toughness of characteristic fiber

fortified composites, it is important to discover medicinal answers to ease the

embrittlement cycle of regular fiber. The basic pore water in the composite

disintegrates the lignin and the hemicellulose and in this way breaks the line

between the individual fiber cells. This decrease in alkalinity can be

accomplished by supplanting an aspect of the standard Portland concrete

with pozzolanic, for example, rice husk debris , fly debris, and silica smolder.

What's more, the materials contemplated have included high alumina

concrete and adjusted normal Portland concrete based materials. The

supplanting of the concrete with characteristic pozzolans, for example, RHA

killed the misfortune in quality of the composite. Pozzolans assume a

significant job when added to Portland concrete since they ordinarily

increment the mechanical quality and toughness of solid structures. A

sturdiness investigation of high quality cement made with a halfway

substitution of concrete by RHA ought to be led alongside its monetary angle

(Charoenvai, 2011)[4].

2.1.4 Durian Peel Fibers

Durian peel fibers were used in a study and polymer of recycled high

density polyethylene from bottles were employed as matrix into composites,

which were produced from several durian peel fiber contents at different

compression temperatures of 170, 180, 190 and 200 ̊C. A paper discusses

the influence of durian fiber content and compressed temperature on the

mechanical properties of recycled HDPE/durian peel fiber composites.

Composites of neat High Density Polyethylene and durian peel fiber were

prepared by successive twin screw extrusion blending. The mechanical

properties of the composites; elasticity modulus, tensile strength, impact

strength and hardness, were investigated. FT-IR spectra of durian peel fiber

are reported. It was found that 10% durian fiber content at compressed

temperature of 180 ̊C is the optimized condition to produce recycled

HDPE/durian peel fiber composite. It was also found that the elasticity

modulus of HDPE/durian peel fibers is higher than the elasticity modulus of

neat HDPE. These findings suggest that incorporating durian peel fibers can

be an alternative solution when trying to improve the elasticity modulus

behavior of recycled polyethylene (S. Charoenvai, 2014)[5].

2.1.5 Bricks

In spite of the advent of new materials, clay bricks remain, arguably,

the most popular construction materials today. Nevertheless the low cost and

versatility of clay bricks cannot always be associated with high environmental

and sustainable values, especially in terms of raw material sources and

manufacturing processes. At the same time, the worldwide agricultural

footprint is fast growing, with vast agricultural land cultivation and active

expansion of the agro-based industry. The resulting large quantities of

agricultural wastes, unfortunately, are not always well managed or utilised.

These wastes can be recycled, such as by retrieving fibres from disposed

leaves and fruit bunches, and then incorporated in brick-making. This way the
clay bricks are made a 'greener' building material and the discarded natural

wastes can be reutilised, avoiding otherwise wasteful landfill and harmful

open incineration. This study examined the physical and mechanical

properties of clay bricks made by adding two natural fibres to a clay-water

mixture, with baked and unbaked conditions. Although the two fibres had

different effects on the bricks produced, cement appeared to dominate the

compressive strength. The non-baked bricks disintegrated when submerged

in water, while the baked ones displayed cement-dependent characteristics

in water-absorption and density changes. Interestingly, further increase in

fibre content did not cause significant density decrease in both the baked and

unbaked bricks (M. Chan, 2011)[2].

2.2 Related Studies

2.2.1 Foreign studies

According to Elsevier Institution, A study presents results on heat and

moisture transport in durian fiber based lightweight construction materials

composed of cement, sand and waste fiber from durian peel and the

performance of the material was simulated with the surface treatment by

using a computational tool. The commercial research software was used to

calculate heat and moisture transfer through a durian fiber based lightweight

construction material. The materials were exposed to a climate condition

similar to the one in Bangkok and the hygrothermal characteristics of the

materials were investigated. The investigation reveals that the weekly mean
water content on the surface of material was quite low. The effect of moisture

on the apparent thermal performance of the composite was found to be higher

as water absorbed in the pore structure contributed to higher thermal

conductivity than the air it replaced. However, the mean value of thermal

conductivity in material is still rather low as the mean value of water content

in material is low. The results of simulation confirmed that the manufactured

composite satisfied the requirement of construction materials. It is then

reasonable to conclude that the use of such materials in the design and

construction of passive solar buildings is promising. Laboratory investigation

is undergoing to validate the simulated performance (S. Charoenvai et.al,

2004)[3].

2.2.2 Local Studies

The use of Durian pericarp as cellulosic fibers for cement-bonded

boards will help address the problem in disposing of those hard and thorny

shells. This research was undertaken to develop a construction material from

durian waste fibers. The technical and mechanical properties of this material

were likewise determined in order to seek its structural performance.

Development of such material and testing of its fundamental properties is the

objective of the researchers. Basically, the identification of its structural uses

was also established to conform to the basic requirements set by the national

standards based on the properties tested. Results show that Durian pericarp

is a promising source for alternative construction materials. The fiber boards

produced have mechanical and physical properties comparable to those of

the other wood wool cement boards in the Philippines. (A. Gonzales, 2006)[6].

2.2.2.1 Reused of Durian Peelings

Instead of throwing and dumping durian peels to waste, citizens of the

Philippines can utilize it by making products made up of durian peels.

According to Melani Dorido of the Department of Agriculture High value

Commercial Crops, the Philippines is the third largest producer of durians and

produces around 22,000 metric tons of durian peels. The increase of durian’s

production has a potency to the increase of the waste of durian rinds. This

increment of this waste is an implication of the composition of durian. The

content of durian can be classified into 20-25% of durian weight total is part

of durian seed and 75-80% is a part of durian rinds. Durian rinds are by

product from the consumption of durian. The environmental problem that is

caused by durian rinds can be converted to be material that has high-value

commodity (Nzihou,2017) [9].

2.2.2.2 Chemical components of Durian Peelings

Awareness of the advantages of natural fibers stimulates the interest

of researchers to use them as reinforcement in polymer composites for robust

application. Therefore, investigation on optimizing the impact property of

durian skin fiber reinforced polypropylene composites was carried out to

determine the effect of DSF content, fiber size and maleic anhydride

polypropylene content. The optimized value for the maximum impact strength
of PP–DSF composite was found at 50 wt% DSF content and fiber size range

of 250–500 μm with 0 wt% MAPP. The maximum impact property for PP–

DSF composite was 10.66 kJ/m2. From the analysis of variance , fiber content

significantly affects the strength of PP–DSF composites, followed by the fiber

size and MAPP content. The P-value of the model of experiment is less than

0.05 and the determination coefficient is nearly 1 which suggested that the

model is significant and implies on the precision and processability in the

production .The durian fiber was analyzed using FT-IR, SEM, DSC also the

chemical can physical characteristics were characterized. The chemical

analysis showed durian fiber contained cellulose , hemicellulose , lignin , and

absorbed water . The durian fiber has good mechanical properties with tensile

strength of 298MPa and Young’s modulus of 6987 MPa. The FT-IR analysis

showed the functional group that common can be found in cellulose,

hemicellulose, and lignin. The microphotograph of the surface of the durian

fiber showed that it has a micro size (Lee, M. et al., 2018)[7].

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The researchers will use experimental design on the study to determine the

durability of the bricks. Experimental design is scientific research which includes

hypothesis and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared.

Experimental research design is referred to as hypothesis testing, it either supports

or rejects the hypothesis.

3.2 Research Instruments

The researchers’ bricks are made by making a frame which serves as the

model of the brick, then grounding the durian peel and it will be mixed with different

amounts of portland cement and lastly, it will take two days for the bricks to harden.

The product, which is the bricks, has a dimension of (8”x5”x2”), 8” on its length, 5”

on its width and 2” on its height. The researchers will be using a meter stick in order

to perform the experiment, free fall test. The free fall test will be based on the height

of the meter where the bricks are still unbroken. The researchers will perform the

experiment on a flat surface. Furthermore, the research team will use a measuring

cup to measure the amount of pulverized peelings of durian and portland cement

in order to know the exact amount of most durable bricks.

3.3 Data Gathering

The researchers will use the experimental method in the study in order to

know the durability of bricks made up of pulverized durian peelings and portland

cement.Through free fall test, the researcher can determine the durability of the

bricks by using the different amount of pulverized durian peelings and portland

cement. The research team will measure the height to know the capabilities of

bricks to hold.

3.4 Statistical Treatment of Data

In order to interpret the data effectively, the researchers will employ the

Mean, Frequency and Percentage and Interval of Statistical Treatment of Data.

1. Mean. Found by adding all data points and dividing by the number of data

points.

2. Interval. The distance between the attributes, or response options and has

actual meaning.
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the data gathering of the study, interpretation of the

results from the conducted experiment and the analysis.

4.1 The bricks made of Portland cement and pulverized durian peel were

developed in three steps.

In making the bricks it undergoes different stages.

1. Creating the frame of the bricks and measuring the ratio of the Portland

cement and pulverized durian peels and mixing it all together.

2. Researchers conducted several experiments to know the durability of the

bricks .

3. Results of the experiments were interpreted and analyzed by the

researcher.

4.2 Performance of the bricks in the three free fall tests.

The researchers provided an ordinal data measurement and solve for an

interval in order to determine the performance of the bricks during the testing

method
 Ordinal Data Measurement Interval

2 - durable 1.36 - 2.03- durable

1 - slightly broken 0.68 - 1.35- slightly vulnerable

0 -broken 0.00 - 0.67 -vulnerable

Table 1: The performance of the brick in a free fall test

Height (m)
Ratio Average
(cup) 1 2 3

1:5 2 2 2 2

2:4 2 2 2 2

3:3 2 2 1 1.67

4:2 2 2 1 1.67

5:1 2 1 1 1.33

The table above contains all the data that was collected by the researchers.

It shows the performance of the cement during the free fall test according to varied

ratios per cup.

 Figure 4.1 Performance of the Bricks base on the Ratio (Peel:Cement) in

Performing the Free fall test

The first trial in 1 meter Height and the performance of the bricks.

The table above shows that the ratio of 1:5 , 2:4 , 3:3 , 4:2 , and 5:1 the

performance of the bricks is 2. Based on the result above, this implies

that the performance of the bricks in free fall test in one meter is 2 which

means durable.

The second trial of the performance of the bricks in 2 meters height,

shows that in ratios 1:5 , 2:4 , 3:3 , and 4:2 ratio the performance of the

bricks is 2 . In ratio 5:1,the performance of the brick is 1. Thus , the

performance of the bricks is slightly vulnerable.

The third trial of the performance of the bricks in 3 meters height,

the table indicates that in ratio 1:5 and 2:4 the performance of the bricks

is 2 . In ratio 3:3 , 4:2 , and 5:1, the performance is 1.Based on the result
 above , we can conclude that the performance of the bricks in the

experiment conducted in 3 meter is 1.7 which means durable.

3.As the height increases ,how durable are the bricks that are made up of

durian peels and Portland cement.

Figure 4.2 The Average of All Data in Performing the Free fall test regarding the

Ratio (Peel:Cement)

In figure 4.1, the x-axis represents the independent variable which is

the ratio of amount of cups that is mixed. The y-axis represents the

dependent variable which is the performance of the bricks when performing

the test, free fall test.

The graph shows that mixing three(3) cups of cement and three(3)

cups of portland is quite vulnerable. Hence,adding more durian peels can

make the bricks vulnerable.The graph above shows the overall average of

the results of the bricks in terms of its performance.

 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusion and the

recommendations of the study. These were derived from the results of the research

instruments conducted.

Waste is constantly increasing especially during fruit seasons. Waste is one

of the main problems of the Philippines.To address this problem, the research

team decided to reuse the durian peelings and it will be mixed with Portland

cement. The goal of this study is to utilize the waste ,durian peelings and an

alternative mixture to Portland cement in order to produce bricks.

After the experimentations, the researchers conclude that making bricks

with a cup of three (3) portland cement as well as three (3) cups of pulverized

durian peels is slightly vulnerable.The performance of the brick depends on the

amount of the pulverized peel which should not be more than the amount of the

portland cement that is mixed

The researchers recommend that the experiments should be conducted in

laboratories to have exact measures and to strengthen the evidence that the

researchers want to prove. Conduct more tests such as water absorbency and

compressive strength and pulverize durian peel with a peel grinder.

 REFERENCES

[1] Abdul, (2017). Philippine Solid Waste. Retrieved from https://rb.gy/nrbmwb date

Retrieved October 17, 2020

[2] Chan, M. (2011). Effect of natural fibres inclusion in clay bricks: Physico-mechanical

properties. ResearchGate. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/yxohcd42 date

Retrieved October 17, 2020

[3] Charoen Vai, S. et al (2004). Solar Energy:Heat and moisture transport in durian

fiber based lightweight construction materials, Vol. 78, pp. 543-553.

https://rb.gy/d1fq9s date Retrieved October 18, 2020

[4] Charoen Vai, S. et al (2011). Development of Durian Fiber-based Composite

Material. The Second TSME International Conference on Mechanical

Engineering, pp.1-2. https://rb.gy/laxnzp date Retrieved October 18, 2020

[5] Charoenvai, S. (2014). Energy Procedia: Durian Peels Fiber and Recycled HDPE

Composites Obtained by Extrusion, Vol. 56, pp. 539-546.

https://bityl.co/4D5Q date Retrieved October 18, 2020

[6] Gonzales, A. Tabanguil, E. (2006). Cement-Bonded Board From Durian Waste.

Philippine E-Journals, vol. 3 no. 1. https://bityl.co/4D5M date Retrieved

October 17, 2020

[7] Lee1,M. et al (2018). Preparation and Characterization of Durian Husk Fiber Filled

Polylactic Acid Biocomposites. MATEC Web of Conferences. Pp.1.

https://bityl.co/4D5G date Retrieved October 17, 2020

[8] Mangesh, M. et al (2013). Construction and Building: Application of agro-waste for

sustainable construction materials: A review, Vol. 38, pp. 872-878.

https://bityl.co/4D4t date Retrieved October 18, 2020

[9] Sani, R. Nzihou, A (2017). Production of clay ceramics using agricultural

wastes:Study of properties, energy savings and environmental indicators.

Applied Clay Science, Elsevier, Vol.146, p.106-114. https://bityl.co/4D5D

date Retrieved October 17, 2020

[10] Zhang, L. (2013). Construction and Building Materials: Production ofbricks from

waste materials – A review, Vol. 47, pp. 643-655.

https://tinyurl.com/y3gm8xbd date Retrieved October 17, 2020

 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A.

Documentation

A.Chopping the durian peels B. Drying the Durian Peel

C.Frying the Durian Peel D. Pulverize the Durian Peel

E. Mix the Portland cement and pulverized durian peels

F. Make the frame or the model of the bricks

G. Pour the mixture into the frame H. Let the bricks dry for 48 hours
 APPENDIX B

Data

Table 1: the performance of the brick in a free fall test

Height (m)
Ratio Average
(cup) 1 2 3 rate

1:5 2 2 2 2

2:4 2 2 2 2

3:3 2 2 1 1.67

4:2 2 2 1 1.67

5:1 2 1 1 1.33
 APPENDIX C

Graph

Figure 4.1 Performance of the Bricks base on the Ratio (Peel:Cement) in

Performing the Free fall test

Figure 4.2 The Average of All Data in Performing the Free fall test regarding the

Ratio (Peel:Cement)