Advanced Foot Step Power Generation Using RFID

This paper has been submitted to the department of Electrical &

Electronic Engineering of European University of Bangladesh in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

SUBMITTED BY:

Name : Sharmin Sultana I.D.: 180116355

Name : Md. Serajul Islam I.D.: 180116367
Name : Sihabul Islam I.D.: 180116382
Name : Ggtoom Chakma I.D.: 180116383

SUPERVISED BY:

Nur E Tasnova Habib

Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH

[April,2021]
 Letter of Transmittal

15th April, 2021

To
The Supervisor
Department of EEE
European University of Bangladesh
Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216.

Subject: Submission of Project/Thesis/Internship report.

Dear Sir,
Please find enclosed the project report entitled “Advanced Foot Step Power
Generation Using RFID”. The study has been carried out in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electrical & Electronic Engineering.

In carrying out the study, we have followed supervisor’s advice and collected
required information from several text books, reference books, web sites and
other sources. I/we think you will find it useful and informative. We would
be glad to furnish you further explanations or clarifications if required.
Sincerely yours,
______________
Name: Sharmin Sultana
I.D: 180116355

______________
Name : Md. Serajul Islam
I.D.:180116367

______________
Name: Sihabul Islam
I.D: 180116382

______________
Name: Ggtoom Chakma
I.D: 180116383

2
 Declaration

I/We do hereby solemnly declare that the work presented in this report
entitled “Advanced Foot Step Power Generation Using RFID” has been
carried out by me/us and has not been previously submitted to any other
university, college or organization for an academic qualification, certificate
or diploma/degree.

I/We hereby warrant that the work that has been presented here does not
breach any existing copyright. I/We further undertake to indemnify the
university against any loss or damage arising from breach of the foregoing
obligations.

Authors

______________
Name: Sharmin Sultana
I.D: 180116355

______________
Name : Md. Serajul Islam
I.D.:180116367

______________
Name: Sihabul Islam
I.D: 180116382

______________
Name: Ggtoom Chakma
I.D: 180116383

EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH

3
 Certificate

This is to certify that the report entitled “Advanced Foot Step Power
Generation Using RFID” is the valid record of the work done by Sharmin
Sultana, Md. Serajul Islam, Sihabul Islam, and Ggtoom Chakma, partial
fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of B.Sc. in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering (EEE) from European University of Bangladesh.

This work has been carried out under my guidance and is a bonafide record
of valid works carried out successfully.

Faculty Guide

___________________
Nur E Tasnova Habib
Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

4
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our greatest gratitude to the people who helped and supported us
throughout this work. First and foremost, we would like to thank our honorable supervisor,
Nur E Tasnova Habib, Lecturer, Department of EEE, for giving us enormous support,
advices and valued guidance concerning this thesis.
We are grateful to Md. Hazrat Ali, honorable Chairman, Department of EEE, Faculty of
Engineering, European University of Bangladesh (EUB) for his comments, encouragement
and support.
We are grateful to our respected coordinator Md. Shiful Islam, Senior Lecturer,
Department of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, European University of Bangladesh (EUB)
for kindly agreeing to examine my thesis.
Next, we would like to thank our family and friends for their valuable support to complete
this thesis.
Finally, we would like to express our heartiest gratefulness to Almighty Allah for His
heavenly blessings. Without his blessings it would not possible to complete our work
successfully.

Thank you all

Authors

5
 Executive Summary

In this topic we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply

walking on foot step on piezoelectric sensor. A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses
the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain,
or force by converting them to an electrical charge. Piezoelectric sensors generate AC
current. By using full bridge rectifier, AC current can be converted into DC current and
store it to DC battery. This DC power will be used for mobile charging and other usage
with help of RFID systems and Arduino Uno. When RFID card punch on RFID Reader,
RFID reader sends the signal to Arduino, and Arduino sends the signal to Relay to operate.
Consequently, a user gets the access of electricity.

6
 Table of Contents
Letter of Transmittal 2
Declaration 3
Certificate 4
Acknowledgement 5
Executive Summary 6
List of Figures 9
List of Tables 9

Chapter 1 Introduction PAGES

1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Motivation 11
1.3 Objectives 11
1.4 Methodology 11
1.5 Organization of the book 11

Chapter 2 Literature Review

12

Chapter 3 Equipment PAGES

3.1 Mandatory Components 13

3.2 Piezoelectric Sensor 13
3.3 Arduino Uno 14
3.4 RFID Card and Reader 15
3.5 Voltage Sensor 15
3.6 5V Relay 16
3.7 16x2 LCD Display 16
3.8 5v Voltage Regulator (7805 IC) 17
3.9 12V Battery 17
3.10 Transformers 18
3.11 Diode 1N4007 18
3.12 Capacitor 18
3.13 Bread Board 19
3.14 Jumper Wire 19

Chapter 4 Working Procedure and Algorithm PAGES

4.1 Working Procedure 20

4.2 Flow Chart 21
4.3 Block Diagram 22
4.4 Circuit Diagram 23

Chapter Design and Analysis PAGES

5
5.1 Introduction 24
5.2 Actual Design 24
7
 5.3 Cost Analysis 25
5.4 Summary 25

Chapter Discussion and Conclusions PAGES

6
6.1 Discussion 26
6.2 Future Work 27
6.3 Conclusions 27

References 28

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Piezoelectric 1

Figure 3.2 Arduino uno 2
Figure3.3 RFID Card and Reader 3
Figure 3.4 Voltage Sensor 4
Figure 3.5 16x2 LCD Dislay 5

Figure 3.6 5V Voltage regulator 6

Figure 3.7 12V Battery 7
Figure 3.8 Transformer 8
Figure 3.9 Diode 9
Figure 3.10 Capacitor 10
Figure 3.11 Breadboard 11
Figure 3.12 Jumper Wire 12
Figure 4.1 Flow Chart 13
Figure 4.2 Block Diagram 14
Figure 4.3 Circuit Diagram 15
Figure 5.1 Actual Design 16

8
Figure 6.1 Voltage VS Pressure Curve 17

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.1 Cost analysis 1

Chapter 01
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Energy is nothing but the ability to do work. Power has turned into help for the human
populace nowadays. Its request is expanding rapidly. In day to day, life innovation needs
an immense measure of electrical power for its different activities. Power generation is the
single largest wellspring of contamination in the world. Due to which numerous energy
resources are produced and wasted. Electricity is generally generated from resources like
water, wind, coal, etc. for generating the electricity from these resources development of
big plants that are needed having high maintenance and high cost. In like manner, it is the
target of the present development to give the technique for electrical power generation
from which regularly expanding human populace that does not adversely affect the natural
resources. This innovation depends on a rule called the piezoelectric effect impact, in
which certain materials can develop an electrical charge from having weight, the strain
applied to them. The piezoelectric effect is the effect of specific materials to generate the
electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress on it. It is the effect in which
mechanical vibrations, pressure or strain applied to the piezoelectric material are
converted into electrical form. Piezoelectricity alludes to the capacity of a few materials to
produce an electric potential in light of connected weight. The inserted piezoelectric
material can give the enchantment of the changing overweight applied by moving
individuals into the electric current, which is stored in a battery and further distributed
using RFID cards.

Utilization of power turns to be necessary for every work in today's world. To comfort
9
our daily routines the devices are used in large numbers. The benefits of roadway energy
harvesting systems are potentially excellent. Energy harvesting is defined as capturing
minute amounts of energy from one or more of the surrounding energy resources. To
generate the power through footsteps as a source of renewable energy sources that we can
obtain while walking on a certain arrangement like stepping foot on piezoelectric tiles. an
advanced footstep power generation system proposed here uses the piezoelectric sensors.
To generate a voltage from footstep the piezo sensors are mounted below the platform. To
generate maximum output voltage the sensors are placed in such an arrangement. This is
then forwarded to our monitoring circuitry. The circuit is the Arduino Uno based
monitoring circuit that allows users to monitor the charges and voltage a connected battery
to it and this power source has many applications. It also displays the charge generated by
our footstep and displays it on an 16x2 LCD. Also, it consists of a USB mobile phone
charging point where a user may connect cables to charge the mobile phone from the
battery charge. The current is distributed using (radio-frequency identification) RFID
cards so that only an authorized person can use the generator for charging. Thus, we
charge a battery using power from footsteps, display it on LCD using a Arduino Uno
circuit and allow for mobile charging through the setup. Our project model cost is
effective and easy to implement and also it is green and not harmful to the environment.

1.2 Motivation

Energy harvesting is the process of extracting, converting and storing energy from the
environment that can also be described as a response of smart materials when they are
subjected to an external stimulus such as pressure, vibrations, motion and temperature
emanating from wind, rain, waves, tides, light and so on. Piezoelectric effect is a unique
property that allows materials to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and
conversely, electrical energy to mechanical energy. The stimuli for piezoelectric materials
can be human walking, wind, rain, tide and wave etc. We can say piezoelectric sensors-
based power generation is one kind of renewable source.

1.3 Objectives
We have some specific objectives for this project and they are pointed below:
• To set Piezoelectric sensors on card board.
• To design full bridge rectifier, convert AC current to DC current for charging a DC
battery.
• Construct RFID systems to distribute the electrical power.

1.4 Methodology

Our methodology for the project:

10
 • Creating an idea for design and construction of a Advanced Foot Step Power
Generation Using RFID. And designing a block diagram & circuit diagram to
know which components we need to construct it.
• Collecting all the components and programming the Arduino to control the whole
system.
• Assembling all the blocks in a board and to run the system & for checking
purposes.

1.5 Organization of the book

This book is organized in such a way that each purpose, every part of construction detail
equipment list and cost, application, and other parts have been shown properly.

Chapter-02
Literature Review

Nowadays, electricity is an important one for the human population and has become the
basic need of every human being. Electricity is used in each and every place. We cannot
live without electricity. Electricity is used in day life, industries, transportation, etc. Every
day, we use electrical energy to help us do works and ease our burden in daily lives. We
will face many problems and difficulties to do our daily work if there is no electricity. For
example, if there is no electricity at home [1], it will be hard for us to do our house chores
such as wash our clothes because we cannot use the washing machine. We also will face
difficulties at night because we cannot use the lamp. Since a lot amount of energy has been
wasted there is a need for the alternate power generation. To avoid losing electrical power,
many people have come up with energy harvesting [2]. It is the procedure when energy is
developing from exterior sources such as solar energy and hydroelectric energy. In day-to-
day life electricity has become a salvation for mankind. The human population around the
world used electricity in day-to-day life. Accordingly, it is important to generate electric
power with the increasing of human population. On the other hand, we have been wasting
energy unconsciously in various methods. Thus, the main solution for this problem is to
develop this energy to become beneficial for all of us. As the development of technology
increases from time to time, household appliances and electronic devices also rise. We
11
cannot rely on energy invention with conservative techniques any longer. There is a
necessity for a structure to surge a diverse generation of energy [3].
Therefore, it will be a main aim for current discovery to offer a technique of the electrical
power generation for the usage of the constantly growing civilization that not harmfully
effect the surroundings [4]. So, based on a principle called the piezoelectric effect, a
technology is built whereas some resources have the capability to accumulate electrical
power after taking force and tension exerted to them. It is also called as Piezoelectricity.
Meanwhile, harvesting of energy can be defined as utilizing the existing energy that is
going to be wasted to become useful energy. The pressure from human motion can be
converted into electric current by using implanted piezoelectric material. Additionally,
piezoelectric sensor also can be used to measure force and acceleration, for the conversion
in electrical signals [5-7]. Thus, the footstep power generator system is the best method to
generate and saving more power.

Chapter-03
Equipment
3.1 Mandatory Components

In this project we have used several necessary components that help us to successfully
finish of the project. These are:
● Piezoelectric Sensor
● Arduino Uno
● RFID Card and Reader
● Voltage Sensor
● 5V Relay
● 16x2 LCD Display
● 5v Voltage Regulator (7805 IC)
● 12V Battery
● Transformers
● Diode 1N4007
● Capacitor
● Bread board
● Jumper wire

12
3.2 Piezoelectric Sensor
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in
pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical
charge.
In the pressure sensor, a thin membrane is placed on a massive base to transfer the applied
force to the piezoelectric element. Upon application of pressure on this thin membrane, the
piezoelectric material gets loaded and starts generating electrical voltages. The produced
voltage is proportional to the amount of pressure applied.
In accelerometers, seismic mass is attached to the crystal element to transfer the applied
force to piezoelectric materials. When motion is applied, seismic mass load’s the
piezoelectric material according to Newton’s second law of motion. The piezoelectric
material generates charge used for calibration of motion. An acceleration compensation
element is used along with a pressure sensor as these sensors can pick up unwanted
vibrations and show false readings.

Fig: 3.1 Piezoelectric sensor

3.3 Arduino uno

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with
sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six
capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the
USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20
volts. It is similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design is
distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available
on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are
also available. The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial
release of Arduino Software. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino
boards; it and version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino,
which have now evolved to newer releases. The ATmega328 on the board comes
preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of
an external hardware programmer. While the Uno communicates using the original
STK500 protocol, it differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

13
 Fig 3.2: Arduino Uno

3.4 RFID Card and Reader

An RFID system consists of two main components, a transponder or a tag which is
located on the object that we want to be identified, and a transceiver or a reader.
The RFID reader consist of a radio frequency module, a control unit and an antenna coil
which generates high frequency electromagnetic field. On the other hand, the tag is usually
a passive component, which consist of just an antenna and an electronic microchip, so
when it gets near the electromagnetic field of the transceiver, due to induction, a voltage is
generated in its antenna coil and this voltage serves as power for the microchip.
Now as the tag is powered it can extract the transmitted message from the reader, and for
sending message back to the reader, it uses a technique called load manipulation.
Switching on and off a load at the antenna of the tag will affect the power consumption of
the reader’s antenna which can be measured as voltage drop. This changes in the voltage
will be captured as ones and zeros and that’s the way the data is transferred from the tag to
the reader.
There’s also another way of data transfer between the reader and the tag, called
backscattered coupling. In this case, the tag uses part of the received power for generating
another electromagnetic field which will be picked up by the reader’s antenna.

14
 Fig 3.3: RFID Card and Reader

3.5 Voltage Sensor

A voltage sensor is a sensor used to calculate and monitor the amount of voltage in an
object. Voltage sensors can determine the AC voltage or DC voltage level. The input of
this sensor is the voltage, whereas the output is the switches, analog voltage signal, a
current signal, or an audible signal.

Fig 3.4: Voltage Sensor

3.6 5V Relay
It is frequently used in an automatic control circuit. To put it simply, it is an automatic
switch to control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal.
The relay uses an electric current to open or close the contacts of a switch. This is usually
done using the help of a coil that attracts the contacts of a switch and pulls them together
when activated, and a spring pushes them apart when the coil is not energized.
There are two advantages of this system – First, the current required to activate the relay is
much smaller than the current that relay contacts are capable of switching, and second, the
coil and the contacts are galvanically isolated, meaning there is no electrical connection
between them. This means that the relay can be used to switch mains current through an
isolated low voltage digital system like a microcontroller.

15
 Fig 3.5: 5V Relay

3.7 16x2 LCD Display

LCD modules are very commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its
cheap price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across
these displays in our day-to-day life, either at PCO’s or calculators. The appearance and
the pinouts have already been visualized above now let us get a bit technical.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2
LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of
5×8 Pixel Dots. A Single character with all its Pixels is shown in the below picture.
16x2 LCD Pixel Now, we know that each character has (5×8=40) 40 Pixels and for 32
Characters we will have (32×40) 1280 Pixels. Further, the LCD should also be instructed
about the Position of the Pixels. Hence it will be a hectic task to handle everything with
the help of MCU, hence an Interface IC like HD44780is used, which is mounted on the
backside of the LCD Module itself. The function of this IC is to get the Commands and
Data from the MCU and process them to display meaningful information onto our LCD
Screen.

Fig 3.6: 16x2 LCD Display

3.8 5V Voltage regulator IC

7805 is a three terminal linear voltage regulator IC with a fixed output voltage of 5V
which is useful in a wide range of applications. Currently, the 7805 Voltage Regulator IC
is manufactured by Texas Instruments, ON Semiconductor, STMicroelectronics, Diodes
incorporated, Infineon Technologies, etc. They are available in several IC Packages like
TO-220, SOT-223, TO-263 and TO-3. Out of these, the TO-220 Package is the most
commonly used one. Some of the important features of the 7805 IC are as follows:
1.It can deliver up to 1.5 A of current (with heat sink).
2.Has both internal current limiting and thermal shutdown features.
16
3.Requires very minimum external components to fully function.

Fig 3.7: Voltage regulator IC

3.9 12V Battery

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and
electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the
cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source
of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal.
When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-
energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to
the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred
to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices
composed of a single cell.

Fig 3.8: 12V Battery

3.10 Transformers
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a
varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical
energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive)
connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831,
describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled
by the coil.

17
Transformers are most commonly used for increasing low AC voltages at high current (a
step-up transformer) or decreasing high AC voltages at low current (a step-down
transformer) in electric power applications.

Fig 3.9: Transformers

3.11 Diode 1N4007
A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It
allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in
the opposite direction.

Fig 3.10: Diode 1N4007

3.12 Capacitor

A capacitor is a device that stores electric charge in an electric field. It is a passive

electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as
capacitance.

Fig 3.11: Capacitor

3.13 Bread Board

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally the word

referred to a literal bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the
18
1970s the solderless breadboard became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is
commonly used to refer to these.

Fig 3.12: Breadboard

3.14 Jumper Wire
A jump wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or group of
them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply
"tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other
prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without
soldering.

Fig 3.14: Jumper wire

Chapter-04
19
 Working Procedure and algorithm
4.1 Working procedure

The Footstep power generator works on the principle of piezoelectric effect impact.
Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials for generating electric charges in
response to applied mechanical stress on the piezoelectric plate. Thus, squeeze certain
crystals and you can make electricity flow through them. In most crystals, the unit cell is
symmetrical in piezoelectric crystals. Normally, the piezoelectric crystals are electrically
neutral and atoms inside the piezoelectric plate may not be symmetrically arranged, but
their electrical charges are perfectly balanced, the positive charge in one place cancels out
a negative charge nearby them. However, if you squeeze or stretch the piezoelectric
crystal, you deform the structure, negative, and causing net electrical charges to appear.
This effect carries through a whole structure so net positive and negative charges appear
on the opposite, outer faces of the crystal. Normally, the charges in the piezoelectric
crystal are exactly balanced, even if they are not symmetrically arranged. If you squeeze
the crystal (massively exaggerated in this picture!), you force the charges out of balance.
Now the effects of the charges are no longer eliminated one another out and net positive
and negative charges appear on opposite crystal faces. By squeezing a crystal, you have
produced the voltage across its opposite faces and that's piezoelectricity. In this project,
we have used the same phenomenon of producing piezoelectricity from the piezoelectric
crystal in the form of a coin shape disc. When one steps on a weighing machine the
piezoelectric disc gets compressed. After the leg is lifted a crystal is decompressed. Thus,
a full vibration is sensed by a crystal disc and a voltage across it is produced. This voltage
is rectified by full bridge rectifier. Then, this voltage is sensed by a voltmeter and
displayed on its display. Also, at the same time, this voltage is used to charge the 12V DC
Battery. This event is notified by a glowing LED on the PCB. An Arduino Uno is
programed in such a way that a user can register his RFID card for charging his/her mobile
phone because a RFID reader is connected with Arduino Uno. And convenient message
every will be seen at 16x2 LCD display.

20
4.2 Flow Chart
Start

Initialize LCD and ADC

Display Initial Message

No If Master Tag Yes

Set

ADC Read
Display Message
Display Voltage

No Yes
If Valid
Master Tag Program Mode
ADD/Remove User

No yes
If
Authorized
Access Denied
User card

Access Granted
Charging

21
 Fig 4.1: Flow chart

4.3 Block Diagram

When Piezoelectric sensors will be pressurized by human foot steps, electricity generates
in AC form. AC electricity will be converted into DC by using full wave bridge rectifier.
This DC voltage will show on 16x2 LCD display. DC electricity store in DC battery.
Stored charge will be used to mobile charging. For proper distribution of stored charge,
RFID card will be punched in RFID reader. In a consequence, a user will get sufficient
time to charge his/her mobile phone.

RFID

Fig 4.2: Block Diagram

22
4.4 Circuit Diagram

Fig 4.3: Circuit Diagram

23
 Chapter-05
Design and analysis
5.1 Introduction
We have implemented our own idea in this project after collecting all components from
electronics shop. At first, two sets of four sensors are connected in series, then two sets are
connected in parallel. A full bridge rectifier is constructed on breadboard for converting
AC to DC. Arduino Uno is programmed with help of Arduino IDE. And all parts and
connections are completed.

5.2 Actual Design

24
 Fig 6.2: Actual Design

5.3 Cost Analysis

Sl.no Particulars Specification Qty. Unit Price Total Price

(Taka) (Taka)
1 Piezoelectric sensors 8 40x8 320

2 Arduino Uno Uno 1 550 550

3 RFID Card and Reader   1 200 200

4 Voltage Sensor 1 180 180

5 5 V Relay 1 150 150
6 16x2 LCD Display L293d 1 180 180
7 12V Battery HC-05 1 800 800

8 Transformers 1 400 400

9 5V Regulator IC 7805 1 20 20

10 Diode 1N4007 5 2x5 10

11 Capacitor 320 uF 1 10 10

12 USB Port 1 30 30

25
13 Breadboard Medium 1 120 120

14 Jumper Wire Male to Male & 40+40 80

Male to Female
  Total 3050

Table 5.1: Cost Analysis

5.4 Summary

Although we had faced many troubles during the project construction but we did it
properly. Ours project is well functioned.

Chapter - 06
Discussion and Conclusion

6.1 Discussion

The voltage generated by the piezo-electric sensor is according to the amount of

force or pressure exerted by the steps of human on it is shown in Figure 6.1. The
output shows 0V when no force exerted to the piezo-electric sensor. For extremely
low pressure, the amount of voltage generated is only 0.04V while for very low
pressure, the voltage generated is still small which is 0.58V. For low pressure, the
amount of voltage generated increases a bit to 1.53V while for medium pressure, the
voltage generated is 2.89V. It is shown that the amount of voltage generated keep
increasing as the amount of pressure exerted increases. For high pressure, the voltage
generated is 5.81V. For very high pressure, the voltage generated is 6.90V. Lastly,
for extremely high pressure, the voltage generated is 8.29V. All the generated
voltage will then be stored in to the battery for future used. The existence of electric
current produced by the piezoelectric sensor can be proved by using a mobile phone
which act as the output to show that the rechargeable battery which has been charged
by the piezoelectric is well functioning. The functionality of the circuit is checked by
connecting USB cable from the USB port in the circuit to the mobile phone. The
screen of the mobile phone shows the charging symbol. A user can charge his/her
26
mobile phone with help of an authorized RFID Tag. It can be summarized that the
amount of voltage generated by the piezoelectric sensor is depending on the amount
of pressure exerted into it. The voltage then can be stored in the rechargeable battery
and beneficial for future used. From this project, a new source of renewable energy
with low-cost budget was developed. Besides that, the knowledge of conventional
process in transforming mechanical energy to electrical energy has been gained.

Fig 6.1: Voltage vs Pressure curve

6.2 Future Work

As we have already discussed about the limitations of our project so definitely there’s
room for improvement and thus, we have lots of future scope of work available to us for
this project. Some of these are listed below:
 In future, we will use more Piezoelectric sensors.
 In future, more users will get access.
 In future, we use a such kind of DC battery which charging time is less.

6.3 Conclusion

27
The project undertaken is effectively tried and actualized which is the best conservative,
reasonable vitality answer for average citizens of our country. This can be utilized for
some applications in rustic zones where control accessibility is less or thoroughly truant.
As Bangladesh is a creating nation where vitality administration is a major test for the
gigantic populace. By utilizing this task, we can drive both A.C. and besides, D.C loads as
indicated by the power we connected on the piezoelectric sensor. This technique gives an
effective power generation in very populated nations as it diminishes control request
without contamination. As a reality, just 11% of sustainable power source adds to our
essential vitality. On the off chance that this undertaking is sent at that point not just, we
can conquer the vitality emergency issue yet, besides make a solid worldwide ecological
change.

6.4 References:

1. C. F. Heuberger, L. Staffel, N. Shah, N. M. Dowell, Computers and Chemical

Engineering, (2017)
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136, (2016)
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3814–3816, (2015)
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Energy Systems RTES
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8. J. Ananth, Power Generation Using Foot Step. Int. J. of Eng. Tren. Tech. (IJETT) 1, 33–
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