cover

Ridwan Yasin
T20188042

Moch Sofyan
T20188077

Makrifatul Khoiriyah
T20188043

Nurul Hilmiyah
T20188060

i
 Validity sheet

Module : Learnig module

Courses : General English

Class : Bio 2

Shool year : 2019/2020

Semeser : 2

Lecturer identtity name : Muhammad Junaidi M. Pd. I

Campus identity name : Institut Agama Islam Negeri Jember

know

Vice dean of acadrmic Supervisor

Ahmad faizin muhammad junaidi

ii
 PREFACE

With all his praise and thank to god the almighty, who has given us his blessing and mercies
for finishing the English paper by a simple contain.

After a long tri, finally the last examination (UAS) of English courses has passedit discuss
about learning English module.

May this module be able use for one of bint, guideline, or orientation for a reader.

Thanks, I would like thanks for all who have read this module. In this occasion I will say
thanks to English course lecture who has given me guide in arranging this module.

So that we hope to the reader to give the suggestion which made a perfection to this
module.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENT
FOREWORD

VALIDITY SHEET

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

a. Background
b. Problem Identification
c. Purpose

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

1. Part of Speech
2. Adjective
3. Present Continous Tense
4. Simple Present Tense
5. WH-Question
6. Possesive Noun and Adjective
7. Corruption
8. Passive Voice
9. Future Topic
10. Comparative of Degree
11. Descriptive Text Agreement opinioun Adjective Clause

CHAPTER III COVER

a. Conclusion
b. suggestion

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

iv
 BAB I

INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND
English language is an international language used for introduction to
communication between nation. The stipulation that english a san international language.
Then, everyone tend to change to know english so thet they do not lose in international
competition. Many people make effort for study and knor about english. In learning
english there is gramar that is used as a standartd to know the leaguage used is correct or
not. The standart used is usually clled gramar. In gramar there are many ways or methods
to arrange sentences in a story communication with other people correctly. By studying
gramar properly and correctly it will produce an understanding of the structure of good and
correct english. One of the difficulties in learning english in gramar is tenses. Gramar is a
set of rules that manage it sarrangee parts. While tenses is changes in structure sentence
verb forms that depend on the time and of the event on a sentence arragement.

B. Problem Identification
1. To know Part Of Speech
2. To know Adjective
3. To know Present Continous Tense
4. To know Simple Present Tense
5. To know WH-Question
6. To know Possesive Noun and adjective
7. To know Coruption
8. To know Passive Voice
9. To know Future Tense
10.To know Comparison Degree
11.To know Descriptive Text

C. Purpose
1. Know Part Of Speech
2. Know Adjective
3. Know Continous Tense
4. Know Simple Tense
5. To know WH-Question
6. To know Possesive Noun and adjective
7. To know Coruption
8. To know Passive Voice
9. To know Future Tense

To know Comparison Degree

1. To know Descriptive Text

v
 BAB II
DISCUSSION

 THE FIRST MEETING

A. VOCABULARY ( Legal Context)

 Number of words in all languages.
 All words someone knows or uses in a particular book.
 Lists of words and their meanings, especially those found in textbooks in foreign
languages.
Ability, able, abroad, abundance,
Abuse, accelerate, accept,
Acceptable, access, according,
Authority, account,
Accountability, accuracy,
Accurately , accusation, accuse,
Achieve, acknowledge, acquire
Act , action, activist,
activity, Adjourn, adjust,
administer, Administration,
administrative, Administrator,
admission, admit, Adopt,
adoption, advance, Advanced,
advantage, advice, Advise,
adviser, advocate, Aesthetic,
affair, affect, afford, Afraid,
agreement, agricultural, Ahead,
aid , aide, aim, aircraft.
B. Grammar ( Parts Of Speech / POS)

A set of structured rules of rules that govern the arrangement of sentence phrases and
words in language.1

 Language components :
1. Letter / Alphabet
Are symbols that have sound, but have no meaning,
Example: F, G, H ex. I and A
2. Word
Is a letter that has meaning,
Example: Hold, thankful, shine, and others
A. Kinds of words
1. Noun : Pen, Marker
2. Pronoun : You, your, someone, and others
3. Verb : Wash, make, and others
4. Adjective : Hot, cool, dark, and others
5. Adverb : Here, there, now
6. Conjunction : And, but, when, and others
7. Preposition : In, at, on, without, and others
8. Interjection : Ahh…. Ohh… Wow
a) Noun

Based on its form.

1. Concrete noun.
 Common noun / mountain, river, mosque, and others
 Proper noun / kelud mountain, brantas river, and others
 Material noun / sand, land, rock
 Collective noun / family, army, club, team, and others
2. Abstract noun -> happiness, spirit, darkness.
Based on the amount

1. Countable noun
 Singular noun
Ex. Student, tutor, cat, store, and others
 Plural noun
 Regular plural noun
1
Murphy, Raymond. 1997. Essential Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press.

1
 2

o If it ends “ch, sh, x, s, z”

Ex : Brush Brushes
Box Boxes
Fish Fishes
o If it ends “O”
O + S = Pranus, Radios
O + S = Heroes, Mangoes
o If it ends “F/Fe”
Calf Calves
Knife Knives
Wolf Wolves
Wife wives
 Irregular plural noun
Person People

Foot Feet

Child Children

Tooth Teeth

 Noun which is always plural ( not having singular)

Scissors
Pants
Shoes
Glases
2. Uncountable noun
 Small object ; sugar, sand, dush
 Gas ; O2, air
 Liquid ; water, oil
 Natural phenomena ; darkness
 subjects ; mathematics, physics, economics

3. Mixed noun
Is a word that can be shaped countable or uncountable noun. Ex :

 Hair ; in the head (un), has fallen (c)

 Glass ; glass (un), glass (c)
a. Verb
 Form ;
 3

 Present; Bare Infinitive (V1)

Additional Infinitive (Vs/es)
 Past (V2)
 Participle ; Present participle (Ving)
Past participle (V2)
 Change ;
 Regular verb (+ed)
 Irreguler verb (-)
 Position ;
 Ordinary ; Transitive ; monotransitive, distransitive
Intransitive ; complete, incomplete
 Auxialary ; Primary ; Be : is, am, are …
Have : has, had …
Do : does, did …
Capital ; original : can, will, may …
Seom : be able to …

*Note I = V1 -> Ving

If the verb ends “e”

Move -> moving

Hope -> hoping

If the verb ends “ee”

See -> seeing

If the verb ends “ie”

Lie -> lying

Die -> dying

Tie -> tying

If the verb ends C+V+C (made double)

Consist of one syllable

Sit -> sitting

Cut -> cutting

Consist of two syllable with stressing at the end

 4

Prefer -> preferring

Infer -> inferring

* Note II = V1 -> V2 -> V3

If the verb ends “e”

Move -> moved

Hope -> hoped

If the verb ends “ee”

Agree -> agreed

If it ends C+V+C ( double right)

Consist of syllables

Beg -> begged

Stop -> stopped

Consist of two words that have funal stressing

Prefer -> preferred

Infer -> inferred

* Exception

Verb that end in CVC in notes I & II do not apply if terminated X,Y,W. Ex.

Borrow -> borrowed / borrowing

Fix -> fixed / fixing

* Ordinary : main verb

Always in the sentence (max I)

Last place

Ex. I am studying English at eagle

* Auxialary : auxiliary verb

May or not in a sentence

If there is a maximum 3

Located before the vord

 5

Ex. I have been studying English

#Note

Auxialary can be ordinary if :

1. “be” nominal sentence

2. “do” meaningful “do”
3. “have” meaningful “heve”
Ex.
It is excellent waterfall
I can do it well
She has angry bird

* Note IV verbal and nominal

Sentence is said to be nominal if the ordinary verb consist of members “be”. Ex. She is
amazing.

Sentence is verbal if the ordinary verb does not consist of members “be”. Ex. She is
waiting for me

* Note member “be” : is, am, are

Was, were

Been, being

Example legal context.

An important question is when judges should consider contextual evidence about the
meaning of a statute. Judges usually will read a statute's text in light of judicial precedent
prevailing at the time of its enactment to understand the contemporary meaning of various words
or phrases in the statute.' A more difficult issue is whether courts should consider contemporary
judicial context if a statute's text is silent about an issue. The use of contemporary context to
imply statutory meaning has been especially controversial where the issue is whether courts
should imply a private right of action. From approximately 1964 until 1975, the Court applied a
relatively liberal standard for implying private rights of action where a statute was silent, but a
private remedy advanced the statute's broad purposes. 2 Since 1975, the Court has applied an
increasingly restrictive standard and demanded specific evidence that Congress intended to
establish a private right of action.3 For statutes enacted between 1964 and roughly 1975, should
courts apply the liberal implication standard prevailing at the time a statute was enacted based on
the presumption that Congress probably intended to follow contemporary judicial precedent?
 6

B. Reading
Reading is the complex cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning. Reading is
an active process of constructing meanings of words. During this processing of information, the
reader uses strategies to understand what they are reading, uses themes to organize ideas, and
uses textual clues to find the meanings of new words. Each of the three components of reading is
equally important.

Reading is the process of seeing a series of written symbols and obtaining the meaning of
these written symbols. Ex.

ALLAH THE GOD

God is the lord of universe. He is the creator of the universe. He creates the world for us
and also creates us in the best form. In Arabic, God is called Allah. Allah is the proper name for
the one and only God. Therefore, God is one and Almighty. There is no one like him and he has
no Partner, children or parents. He is eternal and knows everything. God is great as well as
merciful. He is kind, loving and provides us with everything. God sent Prophets to guide us,
from Adam, the first prophet to Muhammad the last Prophet. The prophets told us how to thank
God and obey.2

him. They also taught us how to live like good human beings, be happy and successful.
Therefore, we have to believe in God, thank him and obey him.

Jadi ide utama paragraph ini ialah There is no God but Allah

C. Writing
An activity or activity writing for the needs or completing a study assignment in an
educational institution. Overall, there are four forms or structures of sentences in English,
namely :

1. Simple sentence
Simple sentence atau kalimat sederhana is a sentence consisting of one
independent clause, an independent clause has a subject and verb as well as whole
thoughts
2. Compound sentence
Compound sentence atau kalimat majemuk is a sentence consisting of two
independent or more clauses or independent clauses that are combined with conjunctions.
Two important punctuation in compound sentences are comma and semicolon.
3. Complex sentence

2
Giyoto. 2006. Reading For Islamic Studies. Pabelan Cerdas Nusantara.
 7

Complex sentence is a sentence consisting of independent clauses. The dependent

clause starts with connecting pronouns. Have verbs and subjects but do not express intact
thoughts.
4. Compound-complex sentence
Complex compound sentence which consists of at least two (or more) clauses.
Independent and one (or more) dependent clauses.

So, simple sentence from the text “ALLAH THE GOD” ialah “we have to believe in
God, thank him and obey him.
 8

 THE SECOND MEETING

A. IDEFINITION OF ADJECTIVE
An adjective clause is a dependent clause (dependent word + subject and verb) that
describes a noun. You can imagine that an adjective clause is taking two sentences about the
same noun and making them into one sentence. Adjective clause is a group of words which
contains a Subject and Predicate of its owm, and does the work of an adjective. Adjective
clause can be reduced to adjective phrases under certain grammatical conditions. In the
examples below, you will see a noun  modified by an adjective clause and then an example
of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots indicate that the
main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase reductin in these
examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative pronoun must be a Subject pronoun in
all cases.3

B. Characteristic Feature
- Adjectives in English are usually located in front of a modified noun or pronoun.
- Adjective writing in English after to be (is, am, are, was, etc.)
- and is located after the object.
C. Detail Info Adjectives In English
Adjectives in English can be modified by adverb (adverbs), or by phrases or clauses
that function as adverbs. Examples of adjectives:
- My husband knocks intricately patterned mittens. Adverbs "intricately" (complicated)
modify the adjective "patterned" (patterned)
Some nouns, many pronouns, and also the past participle (verbs used in the past) can
be used as adjectives. Examples of adjectives:
- Eleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow. The thick
word is muffled (hidden) and hidden (hidden) is the past participle
Articles ("the", "a", "an") can also be adjectives. Examples of adjectives:
- A Bird
- An Ant
The article in the sentence describes the number of modified nouns.
D. Types of Adjectives in English
a. Adjective of Quality
Adjectives that indicate "quality" of modified nouns or pronouns.
Example : He is a nice boy. The nice word in the sentence shows the quality of the
boy. Which if translated into him is a good boy
3
Krohn, Robert. 1986. English Sentence Structure. The University Michigan Press.
 9

b. Adjectives that indicate "number" of modified nouns

Example : I eat some rice. Some say the amount of rice eaten by I.
c. Adjective of Numeral
Similar to Adjectives Quantity is only this type of adjective using numbers like one,
two, three, etc.
Example : Three Blind Mice. Word three shows the number of blind mice. If
translated into 3 blind rats
d. Demonstrative Adjective
Types of adjectives that modify nouns or pronouns by "pointing" to the word using
this, that, these, those.INFO:
These and That words are used for singular nouns, and These and those words are
used for plural nouns.
Example : This bag is not mine
Those bags are mine
e. Proper Adjective
This type uses certain words such as place names, people's names, etc. to modify a
word.
Example : Japanese robes are called Kimono. The Japanese word describes the word
robe (cloak) which indicates that the robe was named a kimono from Japan
f. Interrogative Adjective
Use question words which or what to modify words
Example : Which car was involved? What book are they reading?
g. Possesive Adjective
Types of adjectives that indicate "belonging" usually use My, your, his, her, its, our,
their
Example : This is My book
h. Distributive Adjective
Adjective type that refers to each member of the group. Usually it uses the words ,
Every, Either, Neither.
Example : Every participant was asked to complete the survey. Either of this
movie,would be interesting for me.

E. Adjective clause pronouns used as the subject

I thanked the woman In (a) : i thanked the woman = a main
clause
She helped me
            Who helped me = an adjective
↓ clause
 10

(a)    I thanked the woman               who helped me An adjective clause modifies a noun
(b)   I thanked the woman               that helped me In (a) the adjective clause modifies
woman

In (a): Who is the subject of the

The book is mine adjective clause.
It is one that table In (b): that is the subject of the adjective
                                    ↓ clause.

(c)    The book which                 is on the table         is NOTE: (a) and (b) have the same
mine meaning; (c) and (d) have the same
meaning.
(d)   The book that                    is on the table         is
mine Who = used for people
Which = used for things
That = used for both people and things

(e)   CORRECT: The book that is on the table is mine. An adjective clause closely follows the
noun it modifies.
(f)     INCORRECT: The book is mine that is on the
table.

               

A clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of
clauses: Independent and dependent. In example (a):
·         The main clause (I thanked the woman) is also called an independent clause. An
indpendent clause is a complete sentence and can stand alone.
·         The adjective clause (who helped me) is a dependent clause. A dependent is NOT a
complete sentence and cannot stand alone. A dependent clause must be connected to an
independent clause.

F. Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb

The man was Mr.Jones Notice in the example: the
adjective clause pronouns
I saw him are placed at the beginning
of the clause.
↓
(a)    The man who(m)   I saw    was Mr. Jones In (a): who is usually used
instead of whom, especially
in speaking. Whom is
 11

generally used only in very

formal English.

In (c) and (f): An object

pronoun is often omitted
(O) from an adjective
clause. (A sunject pronoun,
however, may not be
omitted)

Who(m) = used for people

(b)   The man  that          I saw    was Mr. Jones
Which   = used for things
(c)    The man ф              I saw    was  Mr. Jones
That       = used for both
people and things
The movie was’t very good.
We saw it last night.
                             ↓

(g)    Incorrect: The man who(m) I saw him was Mr. Jones In (g): The
pronoun him must be
                   The man that i saw him was Mr. Jones removed. Is is unnecessary
because who(m), that, or O
                   The man I saw him was Mr. Jones
functions as the object of
the verb saw.

G. Adjective Clause pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition

She is the woman. In very formal English, the preposition
comes at the beginning of the adjective
I told you about her ↓↓фф clause, as in (a) and (e). Usually, however, in
everyday usage, the Preposition comes after
(a)    She is the woman
the subject and verb of the adjective clause,
(b)   She is the woman as in the other examples.

(c)    She is the woman NOTE: If the preposition comes at the

beginning of the adjective clause,
(d)   She is the woman only whom or which may be used. A
preposition is never immediately followed
by that or who.
INCORRECT: She is the woman about who I
told you.
INCORRECT: The music to that we
li1stened last night was good.
 12

H. Using Whose

I know the man. Whose is used to show possession. It carries

the same meaning as other possessive
His bicyle was stolen. pronouns used as adjectives: his, her, its, and
their.
↓↓
(a)    I know the man whose bicyle was stolen.
Like his, her, its, and their, whose is
connected to a noun:
The student writes well.
His bicyle → whose bicyle
I read her composition.
Her composition → whose composition
↓
(b)   The student whose composition I read
Both whose and the noun it is connected to
writes well.
are placed at the beginning of the adjective
clause Whose cannot be omitted.

(c)    I worked at a company whose Whose usually modifies people, but it may
employees wanted to form a union. also be used to modify things, as in (c).

(d)   That’s the boy whose parents you met. Whose and who’s have the same

pronunciation.
(e)   That’s the boy who’s in my math class.
Who’s can mean who is, as in (e), or who
(f)     That’s the boy who’s been living at our has, as in (f).
house since his mother was arrested.

I. Using where in Adjective Clauses

The building is very old. Where is used in an adjective

clauses to modify a place (city,
       He lives there (In building). country, room, house, etc)

If where used, a preposition is NOT

included in the adjective  clause, as
(a)    The building     where      he lives     is very old.
in(a).
(b)   The building     in which     he lives        is very old.
        The building     which         he lives in    is very
If where is not used, the preposition
old.
 13

 The building     that            he lives in    is very old. must be included, as in (b).

 The building     Ф                   he lives in   is very
old.

J. Using when in Adjective Clauses

I’ll never forget the day. When is used in an adjective clause to

modify a noun of time (year, day, time,
      I met you then (on that day) century, etc).

The use of a preposition in a adjective

clauses that modifies a noun of time is
(a)    I’ll never forget the day     when         I met you.
somewhat different from that in other
(b)   I’ll never forget the day     on which   I met you. adjective clauses: a preposition is used
preceding which, as in  (b); otherwise,
(c)    I’ll never forget the day     that            I met you. the preposition is omitted.
(d)   I’ll never forget the day     Ф                   I met
you.

K. Using Adjective Clauses to modify

Pronouns
(a)    There is someone I want you to meet. Adjective clauses can modify
indenfinite pronouns
(b)   Everything he said was pure nonsense. (e.g).,someone evrybody).
(c)    Anybody  who wants to come is welcome. Object pronouns (e.g., who(m),
that, which) are usually omitted in
the adjective clause, as in (a) and
(b).

(d)   Paula was the only one I knew at the party. Adjective clauses can modify the
one (s) and those.*
(e)   Scholarships arew available for those who need
financial assistance

(f)      I who am a student at this school Adjective clauses are almost

never used to modify personal
               Come from a country in Asia. pronouns. Native English
speakers would not write the
 14

sentence in (f).

(g)    It is I who am responsible. Example (g) is possible, but very

formal and uncommon.
Example (h) is a well-known
(h)   He who laughs last laughs best. saying in which he is used as an
indefinigte ptronoun (meaning
“anyone” or “any person”).

           

L.  Punctuating Adjective Clauses

General guidelines for the punctuation of adjective

clauses:
(1)    Do NOT USE COMMAS IF the adjective clause is
necessary to identify the noun it modifies.*
(2)    USE COMMAS IF the adjective clause simply
gives additional information and is not necessary to
indentify the noun it modifies.**

(a)    The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an

excellent lecturer.
(b)   Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an In (a): No commas are used. The
excellent lecturer. adjectuve clause is necessary to
identify which professor is meant.
In (b): Commas are used. The
adjective clause is not necessary to
identify Professor Wilson. We
already know who he is: he has a
nime. The adjective clause simply
gives additional information.

(c)    Hawaii, which consists of eight principal island, is a GUIDELINE: Use commas, as in (b),

favorite vacation spot. (c), and (d), if an adjective clause
modifies a proper noun. (A proper
 15

(d)   Mrs. Smith, who is retired teacher, does volunteer noun begins with a capital letter).
work at the hospital.
NOTE: A comma reflects a pause in
speech.

(e)    The man who(m) In (e): if no commas are ued, any

possible pronoun may be used in the
                 that           I met teaches chemistry. adjectivew clause. Object pronound
may be omitted.
                      Ф

In (f): When commas are necessary,

(f)     Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches chemistry.
the pronoun may not be used
(only who, whom, which, whose,
where, and when  may bw used), and
object pronouns cannot be omitted.

COMPARE THE MEANING: In (g): The used of commas means

that all of the children wanted to play
(g)    We took some childreen on a picnic. The children, soccer and all of the children ran to
who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field as an open field. The adjective clause is
soon as we arrived at the park. used only to give additional
information about the children.
In (h): The lack commas means that
only some of the children wanted tp
(h)   We took some children on a picnic. The children play soccer. The adjective clause is
who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as used to identify which children ran to
sson as we arrived at the park. The others olayed a the open field.
different game.

*Adjective clauses that do not require commas are

called essential or restrictive or identifying.
**Adjective clauses that require commas are
called nonessential or nonrestrictive or nonidentifyin
g.
 NOTE:Nonessential adjective clauses are more
common in writing than in speaking.

M. Using Expressions of Quantity in Ad

jective Clauses
In my class there are 20 students. An adjective clause may contain an
expression of quantity with of: some
                               Most of them are from Asia. of, many of, most of, none of, two of,
half of, both of, etc.
 16

(a)    In my class there are 20 students, most The expression of quantity precedes
of whom are from Asia. the pronoun. Only whom,
which,and whose are used in this
(b)   He gave several reasons, only a few of which  were pattern.
valid.
This pattern is more common in
(c)    The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose writing than speaking.
problems was poor study habits.
Commas are used.

N. Using which to Modify a Whole

Sentences
(a)    Ttom was late. That surprised me The pronouns that and this can refer to the
idea of a whole sentence which comes
(b)   Tom was late  , which surprised me before.

In (a): The word that refers to the whole

sentence Tom was late.
(c)    The elevator is out of order. This is too bad.
(d)   The elevator is out of order, which is too
bad. Similarly, an adjective clause
with which may modify the idea of a whole
sentence.

In (b): The word which refers to the wholr

sentence Tom was late.

Using which to modify a whole sentence is

informal and occurs most frequently in
spoken English. This structure is generally
not appropriate in formal writing.
Whenever it is written, however, it is
proceded by a comma to reflect a pause in
speeach.
 17

O. Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases

CLAUSE: A clause is a group of related words that contains An adjective phrase is a

a subject and a verb. reduction of an adjective
clause. It modifies a noun.
PHRASE: A phrase is a group of related words that does not It does not contain a
contain a subject and a verb. subject and verb.

(a)    CLAUSE: The girl whomis sitting next to me is Mai. Examples (a) and (b) have
the same meaning.
(b)   PHRASE: The girl sitting next to me is Mai.

Only adjective clauses that

(c)    CLAUSE: The girl (whom) I saw was Mai.
have a subject
(d)   PHRASE: (none) pronoun--- who,
which, or that ---- are
reduced to modifying
adjective phrases. The
adjective clause in (c)
cannot be reduced to an
adjective phrase.

(e)   CLAUSE: The man who is talking to John is from Korea. There are two ways in
which an adjective clause
PHRASE: The man       Ф Ф talking to John is from is changed to an adjective
Korea. phrase.

(f)     CLAUSE: The ideas which are presented in that book 1.If the adjective clause
are good. contains the be form of a
verb, omit the subject
PHRASE: The ideas Ф Ф presented in that book are good.
pronoun and the be form,
as in (e), (f), and (g).*

(g)    CLAUSE: Ann is the woman that is     responsible for the

error.
PHRASE: Ann is the woman        Ф Ф  responsible for the
error.

(h)   CLAUSE: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 2.If there is no be form of

letters. a verb in the adjective
clause, it is sometimes
PHRASE: English has an alphabet       Ф     consisting of possible to omit the
26 letters. subject pronoun and
 18

change  the verb ton its-

ing form, as in (h) and (i).
(i)      CLAUSE: Anyone who wants         to come with us is
welcome.
PHRASE: Anyone  Ф       wanting    to come with us is
welcome.

(j)     Paris, which is the capital of France, is an exciting city. If the adjective clause

requires commas, as in (j),
(k)    Paris, the capital of France, is an exciting city. the adjective phrase also
requires commas, as in (k).
An adjective phrase in
which a noun follows
another noun, as in (k), is
called an appositive.

*If an adjective clauses that contains be + a single adjective is changed, the adjective is moved to
its normal position in front of the noun it modifies.
CLAUSE:                               Fruit that is fresh tastes better than old, soft, mushy fruit.
CORRECT PHRASE:           Fresh fruit tastes better than old, soft, mushy fruit.
INCORRECT PHRASE:      Fruit fresh tastes better thn old, soft, mushy fruit.

P. Short Paragraph Adjective

There’s this girl and she’s beautiful. She’s always happy. Her name is teysa but most
people call her Ty. She’s energetic. When you’re around everything is positive and yo’re
mood changes. She’s an amazing person.

 THE THIRD MEETING

A. DEFINITION OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present countinuous tense is a form of verb that is used to talk about the current action or
plan in the future. Because it can be used in current actions or plans in the future, this
tense is often accompanied by adverb of time to clarify it.4

4
Hasan, Saharuddin dkk. 2002. The Easiet Way Of Comprehending English. Jakarta: Batavia Press.
 19

B. FUNCTION OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. To declare an activity that is ongoing or that is happening in the present or when
speaking.
Example :
 She is talking to her father now.
 I am dreaming about you.
 They are standing there
2. Future Function
To declare an activity in the future that is certain.
Example :
 I am leaving for USA next month.
 We are playing football next week.
 He is fishing in the river tomorrow.
C. PETTERN AND EXAMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
a) Affirmative
S + To Be ( am, is, are ) + V ing + O + Adverb of time
Example :
 I am working now
 She is writing a letter
 You are all peeeping
b) Negative
S + To Be ( am, is, are ) + not + V ing + O + Adverb of time
Example :
 I am not working now
 She is not writing a letter
 You are not all peeping
c) Interogative
To Be ( am, is, are) + S + V Ing + O + Adverb of time
Example :
 Am I working now ?
 Is she writing a letter ?
 Are you all peepi

D. DESCRIPTION OF PICTURE
 20

( + ) She is coocking a vegetables in the kitchen

( - ) She is not coocking a vegetables in the kitchen

( ? ) Is she coocking a vegetables in the kitchen ?

( + ) They are selling fruits and vegetables in the market

( - ) They are not selling fruits and vegetables in the market

( ? ) Are they selling fruits and vegetables in the market ?

 21

 THE FOURTH MEETING

A. Definition of Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is a simple phrase used to describe a daily activity or daily habits.

The Present tense also states an act or activity that takes place or occurs in the present
time in a simple form.

B. Purpose Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense can be used as follows:

1. Used to express a habit that is done at a certain Example :

- I only eat vegetables

- She drinks tea at breakfeast

- He visits my house twice a week

2. Used to express an activity that is repetitive Example :

- I go to market every morning

- My parents are always at home on Sunday

3. Used to express a general truth, a common truth that happens continuously

Example :
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
 22

- The earthis round

- A week have seven we

4. Used to express an instruction or direction.

Example :
Used to express an instruction or direction.

Example :

-Open the bottle and pour the contents into glass

-I’ll let you enjoy dinner

5. Used to state situations that do not change

Example :
- His father arrives tomorrow

- Our new year starts on the 1st January

C. Verbal Sentence

Subject + Verb 1 + Object

Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object

DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?

Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentences that use verbs

Example:

She speaks English everyday

She doesn't speak English

 23

Do you speak English?

1.The positive verbal sentence formula used is:

- For the subject I, You, We, They :

Subyek + infinitive (Verb 1)

For the subject He, She, It :

Subyek + infinitive (Verb 1) + s/es

Information :

Infinitive is also called the first orm verb (Verb 1)

Exempel:

- I write a letter everyday

- She reads a magazine every morning

- They visit their grandmother every Friday

There are some rules to watch out for when adding s / es to basic verbs, which are as follows:

a. In general, the verb is directly coupled with the suffix "-s"

NoVerb 1 (infinitive) Addict a Suffix “-s” Meaning

1. Read, Reads: Membaca

2. Work, Works: Bekerja

3. Write, Writes: Menulis

b. The verb (infinitive) which ends with the letters "ch, o, s, sh, x, z" plus the suffix "-es"

No Verb 1 (infinitive) Addict a Suffix “-es” Meaning

1. Teach, Teaches: Mengajar

2. Reach,Reaches:Menjangkau

3. Do, Does: Mengerjakan

 24

c. The verb (infinitive) ends with the letter "-y" and preceded by the consonant, then the
suffix "-y" is changed to "-i" and then "-es" is added.

Verb 1 (infinitive) Addict a Suffix “-s”Meaning

1. Buy, Buys: Membeli

2. Play, Plays: Bermain

3. Lay, Lays: Berbaring

d. The verb (infinitive) ending with the letter "-y" beginning with the vowel, is
sufficiently coupled with the "-s" suffix.

e. If the verb (infinitive) begins with an auxiliary verb, it does not get an extra "s / es".

No Example Word Mean

1. Must try

2. Must work

3. Can speak

2. The negative verbal sentence formula used is:

For subject I, You, We, They :

Subyek + do + not + infinitive (Verb 1)

For subject He, She, It :

Subyek + does + not + infinitive (Verb 1)

Information :

a. To form a negative verbal sentence should be added "do / does + not" which is placed before
the verb (infinitive).

b. Do is used when the subject is I, You, We, They

c. Does used when the subject is He, She, It

d. In the form of a negative verbal sentence, the addition of "s / es" to the verb is omitted.

Example :

- I do not write a letter everyday

- She does not read a magazine every morning

- They do not visit their grandmother every Friday

 25

3. Word Order of Question with Do and Does

The verbal sentence formula used is:

- For subject I, You, We, They :

Do + Subyek + Infinitive (Verb 1) ?

- For subject He, She, It :

Does + Subyek + Infinitive (Verb 1) ?

Information :

The verbal sentence question is formed by putting the do / does at the beginning of the sentence
so the addition of "s / es" to the verb (infinitive) is also omitted (not required).5

Example :

- Do I write a letter everyday?

- Does She read a magazine every morning?

- Do they visit their grandmother every Friday?

4. Question Word Verbal

If in a verbal sentence question is used along with a question word like:

What, Where, When, Who, Why, Which, How, then the pattern of the sentence is

1. When the question word (question word) is used does not ask the subject, for

example: Where, What, When, Why, Which, How can be used formula:

For subject I, You, We, They :

Question Word (QW) + do + Subyek + Infinitive ?

For subject He, She, It :

Question Word (QW) + does + Subyek + Infinitive ?

Example of sentence:

- Where do you live? = I live in Jakarta

- What does she write? = She writes a letter.

2. When the question word is used asks the subject, eg Who, then the formula as
is:

5
Bouten, J, and Nayons A. F.M. 1950. An Elementary History of English Literature.
 26

Question Word (QW) + infinitive + s/es?

Information :

In the form of this question, the verb (infinitive) is added with "s / es" in accordance with the
preceding rules.

Example :

- Who always helps your father? = My brother always helps my father.

5. Nominal Sentence
Expressing Simple Present Tense sentences that do not use verbs

Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object

Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object

To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Example :

I am a teacher.

I am not a teacher.

Are you a teacher?

1. The formula of positive nominal sentences used is:

Subyek + To be + Noun Adjective/Adverb

 27

Information :

Non verb or not verb (verb), can be noun (noun), adjective (adjective) or adverb (adverb).

To be (is, am, are) tailored to the subject of a sentence.

- is for the subject He, She, It

- are for the subject We, You, They

- am for subject I

Example :

- You are sad = kata sifat

- We are in the library = kata keterangan

But if before to be preceded by a verb, the form to be (is, am, are) changed to be for all subjects.

Example :

- I must be there

- He can be ill

2. The nominal negative sentence formula used is

Subjek + To be + not +Noun Adjective/Adverb

Information :

Negative nominal sentences are formed by adding notes back to be. -

You are not sad.

- We are not in the library.

- She is not a teacher.

3. The nominal sentence formula formula used is:

To be + Subjek + Noun Adjective/Adverb

6. Question Word Nominal

If the nominal sentence in question used the question word (question word), then
the formula used is:

Question Word (QW) + To be + subyek ?

Example: - Where is your mother?

-?
 28

 THE FIFTH MEETING

1.1 Definition Wh Questions
question words are words that are used to ask time, place, person, thing, thing, reason,
etc.
question words in English in the form of various wh-words, namely words that begin
with wh- ( what, where, when, why, which, who, whom, whose ) or words that contain
letters w and h ( how )
Sentence Pattern:

W-H + to be v/ auxiliary erb + subject + verb

+ object / information ?

1.2 Types, Functions and examples of times with question words.6

The following types, functions and examples of sentences for each question word:
a. WHAT
This question is used to ask things.
Example : - What do you want from me ?
- What are you doing here ?

b. WHERE
this question word is used to ask for a place
Example : - Where does he live ?
c. WHEN
this question word is used to ask time
Example : - when does the train from yogyakarta arrive ?
d. WHY
this question word is used to ask for reason
Example : - why do you hate cats ?
e. WHICH
This question word is used to ask people, things or things that are meant between a
number of people, things or things.
Example : - which one is better ?

f. WHO

6
Kasmini Mien, Siwi Kadarmo. 2017. Modul English Grammar. Jakarta Selatan: Cmedia Imprint
Kawasan Pustaka.
 29

This question word is used to ask people (person)

Example : - who send me a letter ?
- who is date man ?

g. WHOM
This question word is used to ask the person who received the action or in other words:
direct object.
Example : - whom are you going to meet ?

h. WHOSE
This question word is used for people who have something.
Example : - whose turn is it ?

i. HOW
this question word is used to ask how. This question word can also be combined with
various letters to be HOW OFTEN (how often, HOW FAR (how far), HOW MUCH /
MONEY (how many), HOW LONG (how long).
Example : - how did you meet your soulmate ?
- how often sould i can change my toothbrush ?
- how far is moon from earth ?
- how much do we need ?
- how long dose eat take to get pregnant ?
1.3 YES – NO QUESTIONS
A statement that requires both yes and no answers, called yes-no question:
Example :

Do you like vanilla ice cream? (answer : yes or no )

Have you ever seen a ghost? ( answer : yes or no )

a. Ormation Yes-No Questions

1. With auxiliary verb
We form yes-no question with the auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject +
main verb or with modal verb:
Be : Is she working very hard? Were they travelling together?
Do : Does that tante okay? Did you go to the concert?
Have : Have they eaten yet? Had they visited Rome before?S
Modal : Could you help me lift this? Should I open the window?

If there is no verb help verb be, have or verb capital in the statement, we use
the word help do, does, did:
 30

Statement form (no help) Statement form

You usually walk to work. Do you usually walk to work?

Bukan : walk you...?
You liked disco music in the 70s. Did you like disco music in the 70s?
Bukan : Liked you...?

We don't use auxiliary verbs when using be as the main verb: Is she your
sister?
Not: Does she be your sister ?
a) Without help verbs
When we ask yes-no questions use the main verb be, we don't use
auxiliary verbs.
Order: be + subject
Is the weather nice in turkey in the winter?
Was she angry when you told her about the accident?
If we ask yes-no questions with the main verb have, we can also use the
sequence: workmanship + subject, but it looks more normal.
We use have got and docarena is more normal or informal choice:
Have you an identity card? ( formal )
Do you have an identity card? (netral )
Have you got an identity card? ( informal )
b) Respon yes-no questions
Another way to say yes and no includes yeah, yep, mm, okay and well,
nope.
This is informal :
A : Would you like to play tennis with me later?
B : Okay. ( means yes )
A : Have you seen Greg?
B : Nope, ( means no )
We can also give more than just yes or no. We can sometimes add more
information:
A : Can I grow potatoes in a pot?
B : Yeah. They grow really well in pots.
 31

A : Will you be going to Ryan’s party?

B : No. I’m actually going to be away on Friday night.
Sometimes we don't use yes or no as an answer, but an answer that means
yes or no:
A : Do you know Tina Gomez?
B : We’ve known each other for years. We went to the
same school. ( means yes )

A : Do you have theThrills latest album?

B : I’m afraid we’ve just sold the last one! ( means
no )
We sometimes respond using the form of an auxiliary verb besides the yes
and no questions:

A : Hey Tim, did you go fishing today?

B : I did. I went with the boys.
A : Has jason had breakfast?
B : He hasn’t. He’s still in bed
2. Yes-No Questions Negatif
We can use the yes-no negative question to examine or confirm something
we believe, expect or if we consider something that is the best we can do :
Isn’t that pauline’s car? (I'm pretty sure that this is correct. I'm asking
for confirmation)
Sholdn’t we leave? (I think that we should leave now.)
We form the yes-no negative question with notes. We usually use the
contraction. If we use notes in complete form, the question sounds very formal:
Isn’tthat the oldest building on this street?
 32

 THE SIXTH MEETING

E. Definition of possessive noun and adjective

a) A possesive noun is a noun that possesses something. In most cases, a possessive

noun is formed by adding an apostrophe + s to the noun, or if the noun is plural
and already ends in s, only an apostrophe needs to be added. In the following
sentence, boy’s is a possessive noun modifying pencil : the boy’s pencil snapped
in half. It is clear that the pencil belongs to the boy; the ‘s signifies ownership.
Example : the cat’s toy was missing.
The cat possesses the toy, and we denote this by use of an apostrophe + s at the
end of cat.
When a noun ends in the letter s or an s sound, the same format applies. This is a
matter of style, however, and some sytle guides suggest leaving off the extra s.
Example : I have been invited to the boss’s house for dinner.
Plural nouns ending in an s simply take an apostrophe at the end to form a
possessive noun. Of course, there are many plural nouns in english that are
irregular and do not end in s.
Example : the chickens’ eggs were taken by the farmer early in the morning.
Sometimes the idea of possession is more abstract. When you talk about long
you’ve been doing something, it’s possible to use an apostrophe.
Example : Ten years’ experience in marketing has taught me what works and
what doesn’t.7
b) A possessive adjective is a modifier. Possessive adjective modify nouns, and the
way they modify nouns is by showing ownership over them.

7
Airin, Jenny, Tim English Power. 2018. Top Scoure Toefl Booster. Yogyakarta.
 33

Possessive adjective are used to show possession or ownership of something.

While we use them when we refer to people, it is more in the sense of relationship
than ownership.
SUBJECT PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
I MY
YOU (singular) YOUR
HE HIS
SHE HER
IT ITS
WE OUR
YOU (plural) YOUR
THEY THEIR
The possessive adjective need to agree with the possessor and not with the thing
that is possessed.
Example :
My car is very old.
Her boyfriend is very friendly.
Our dog is black.
Their homework is on the table.
Like all adjectives in english, they are always located directly in front of the noun
they refer to. (possessive adjective + noun)
We do not include an S to the adjective when the noun is plural like in many other
languages.
Example :
Our cars are expensive. (correct)
Ours cars are expensive. (incorrect)
F. The Rules of possessive noun and adjective
Grammar rules for possessive nouns.8
There are five basic rules for possessive nouns.
 Rule #1 : Making singular nouns possessive
Add an apostrophe + “s” to most singular nouns and to plural nouns that don’t end
in “s.”
You’ll use this rule the most, so be sure to pay attention to it. English has some
words that are plural but do not add an “s.” Words like children, sheep, women,
and men. These irregular plural words are treated as if they were singular words
when making noun possessive.
If a singular noun end in “s,” you can either add an apostrophe + “s” or just an
apostrophe. Both are considered correct, and often which you choose depends on
how awkward the word sounds with an extra “s” on the end: “the Smiths’ house”
sounds better than “the Smiths’s house.”
Example :
Singular nouns : Kitten’s toy, Joe’s car, James’/James’s book.
Plurals not ending in s : women’s dresses, sheep’s pasture, children’s toys.
8
Learning, Sulastri. 2008. English Grammar Sistem 24 Hours. Giri Utama Surabaya.
 34

 Rule #2 : Making plural nouns possessive

Add just an apostrophe to plural nouns that already end in “s.”
You don’t need to add an extra “s” to plural nouns that already end in “s.” Simply
tuck the apostrophe on to the end to indicate that the plural noun is now a plural
possessive noun.
Example :
The companies’ workers went on strike together.
You need to clean out the horses’ stalls.
The two countries’ armies amassed on the border.
 Rule #3 : Making hyphenated nouns and compound nouns plural
Compound words and hyphenated words can be tricky. Add the apostrophe + “s”
to the end of the compound words or to the last word in a hyphenated noun.
Example :
My mother-in-law’s recipe for meatloaf is my husband’s favorite.
The United States Post Office’s stamps are available in rolls or packets.
 Rule #4 : Indicating possession when two nouns are joined together
You may be writing about two people, places, or things that share possession of
an object. If two nouns share ownership, indicate the possession only once, and
on the apostrophe + “s” to the second noun only.
Example :
Jack and Jill’s pail of water is prominently featured in the nursery rhyme.
Abbot and Costello’s comedy skit “who’s on first” is a classic.
 Rule #5 : Indicating possession when two nouns are joined, and ownership is
separate
This is the trickiest rule of all, but you probably won’t need to refer to it too often.
When two nouns indicate ownership, but the ownership is separate, each noun
gets the apostrophe + “s.”
Example :
Lucy’s and Ricky’s dressing rooms were painted pink and blue. (Each has his or
her own dressing roo, and they are different rooms).
President Obama’s and Senator Clinton’s educations are outstanding. (Each owns
his or her education, but they attained separate educations).
The Rules of possessive adjective
Things to remember :
1. Possessive adjective are different from possessive pronouns.
Example :
This is your (possessive adjective) book and this is mine (possessive pronoun).
2. Its, their are possessive adjective.
Example :
Its color is beautiful.
Their car is in their garage.
3. It’s, they’re and there are not possessive adjective – its is a contraction of it is or
it has; they’re is a contraction of they are; there is an adverb of place.
It’s not my book = it is not my book.
 35

My house is big. it’s got five bedrooms = it has got five bedrooms.
Nancy and Alan are from New York. They’re my friend = they are my friend.
Please, put the chair there. (adverb)

G. Text Using possessive noun and adjective

Example text possessive nouns :

o Person :

My husband! We are newly weds-just got married in July. He’s the most
important person in my life and my best friend.

o Place :

St. Simons Island! I love the beach, and I can’t think of where I would rather be.

o Thing :

Children’s books! I just went to the Scholastic Book fair at school, and my wish
list keeps growing!

o Animal :

I love all animals, but I guess I would say a guines pig because that is what we
have right now, and she is our little baby.

Example text possessive adjective :

o My head goes woozy when you climb your ladder.

o Take his spoon and put it by your plate.

o She got her looks from her father. He’s a plastic surgeon.

o It only wants its ball back.

 36

 THE SEVENTH MEETING

1. Definition of Corruption and Background Occurrence

Understanding corruption according to Fockema Andreae, that is, the word corruption comes
from Latin, namely "corruptio or corruptus". But the word "corruptio" comes also from the
original word "corrumpere", which is an older Latin word. From this Latin then down to many
European languages such as English, namely corruption, France, namely corruption, the
Netherlands is corruptie. It is from this Dutch that then goes down to Indonesian, which becomes
corruption.

In Law No. 31 of 1999, the definition of corruption is that anyone who intentionally violates the
law to commit an act with the aim of enriching himself or another person or a corporation which
results in the loss of state finances or the economy of the country.

Syeh Hussein Alatas introduced the notion of corruption, according to him corruption was a
subordination of public interests under personal interests which included violations of norms,
duties and public welfare, which were carried out with secrecy, betrayal, fraud and ignorance of
the consequences suffered by the people.

Alatas said there are three types of phenomena that are covered in the term corruption, namely
bribery, extortion and nepotism. Of the three types are different, but it can be drawn a common
thread that connects the three types of corruption that is placing the public interest under
personal interests with violations of the norms of duty and welfare, carried out with secrecy,
betrayal, fraud and neglect of the public interest.

Syed Hussein Alatas gave the following characteristics of corruption:

 37

(1) Characteristics of corruption always involve more than one person. This is what distinguishes
between corruption with theft or embezzlement.

(2) Characteristics of corruption in general are confidential, closed especially the motives behind
the development of corruption.

(3) The characteristic of corruption is that it involves elements of obligations and reciprocal
benefits. These obligations and benefits are not always in the form of money.

(4) The characteristic of corruption is trying to take refuge behind legal justification.

(5) The characteristic of corruption is that those involved in corruption are those who have the
power or authority and influence those decisions.

(6) Characteristics of corruption, namely in every act containing fraud, usually in public bodies
or in the general public.

(7) Characteristics of corruption, namely each form involves a contradictory dual function of
those who carry out these actions.

(8) Characteristics of corruption are based on intentions to put public interests under personal
interests.

Citing the theory put forward by Jack Bologne or often called GONE Theory, that the factors
that cause corruption occur:

 Greeds (greed): related to the existence of greedy behavior that potentially exists in
everyone.
 Opportunities: relating to the condition of an organization or institution or community in
such a way that it opens opportunities for someone to commit fraud.
a. Needs: relating to factors that are needed by individuals to support a reasonable life.
 Exposures (disclosures): relating to actions or consequences faced by fraudulent actors if
the perpetrators are found to be cheating.9

Greeds and Needs factors are related to individuals who are corruptors, namely individuals or
groups both within organizations and outside organizations who commit corruption that harm the
victims. While the factors Opportunities and Exposures relate to victims of acts of corruption
(victims), namely organizations, agencies, communities whose interests are harmed.

According to Arya Maheka, the factors that cause corruption are:

 Law enforcement is inconsistent: law enforcement is only a political agenda, temporary

and always changes every change of government.

9
Jur, Andi Hamzah. 2007. Pemberantasan Korupsi Melalui Hukum Pidana Nasional dan
Internasional. Penerbit PT Raja Grafindo Persada Jakarta.
 38

 Abuse of power and authority for fear of being considered stupid if you don't use the
opportunity.
 The scarcity of anti-corruption environments: anti-corruption systems and guidelines are
only done as a formality.
 Low state administration. The income obtained must be able to meet the needs of state
administrators, able to encourage state administrators to achieve and provide the best
service for the community.
 Poverty, greed: people are less able to do corruption because of economic difficulties.
Whereas those who are well off commit corruption because they are greedy, never
satisfied and justify any means to gain profit.
 Tribute member culture, rewards for services and prizes.
 The consequences of being arrested are lower than the benefits of corruption: when
caught can bribe law enforcement so they are released or at least punished. Formula:
Profit corruption> loss if caught.
 Permissive / all-permitting culture; I don't know: consider normal if there is corruption,
because it often happens. Do not care about others, provided that their own interests are
protected.
9. The failure of religious and ethical education: there is truth in Franz Magnis Suseno's
opinion that religion has failed to become the nation's moral barrier in preventing
corruption because of the behavior of people who embrace religion itself. Religious
followers consider religion to be only concerned with the problem of how to worship. So
religion barely functions in playing a social role. According to Franz, religion can
actually play a big role compared to other institutions. Because of the emotional bond
between religion and followers of religion, religion can make people aware that
corruption can have a very bad impact on themselves and others.

2.2 Types of Corruption.10

The criminal acts of corruption carried out are quite various forms and types. However, if there
are classified three types or types, namely form, nature, and purpose. Here's the explanation:

1. Form of corruption

This form of corruption consists of two types, namely material and immaterial. So corruption is
not always related to the misuse of state money. Corruption related to money is a type of
material corruption. An official who was trusted by a superior to carry out a development
10
Mencegah Korupsi dalam Pengadaan Barang dan Jasa Publik. Penerbit TI, Halaman 19-22.
 39

project, being tempted to get a large profit for a project worth IDR 1,000,000 was raised to IDR
2,000,000, the form was clearly inflating the value of the project related to the profit of money.
Whereas the immaterial is corruption related to the betrayal of trust, duty, and responsibility. Not
work discipline is a form of immaterial corruption. Indeed, the state is not directly harmed in this
practice. However, due to this action, the services that should have been carried out by the state
were finally hampered. This delay in service is an immaterial loss that must be borne by the state
or private institution. Likewise, those who intentionally use their position or responsibility to
extract personal gain.

2. Based on its nature

a) Public Corruption

In terms of the public it concerns nepotism, thirst, bribery, and bureaucracy. Nepotism is related
to the closest relatives. All opportunities and opportunities that exist as much as possible are
used for the victory of close relatives. Close relatives can be nieces, siblings, grandmothers or
cronies. Fraus, meaning trying to maintain its position from outside influences. Various methods
are used for this purpose. Bribery, meaning giving tribute to people who are expected to provide
protection or help for the ease of their business. Bribery also has a significant impact on business
progress. However, the goal, more focused on the results of work.

b) Private Corruption

Sisilain corruption is reviewed from the private, what is meant private there are two, namely
private legal entities and the public. The practice of corruption occurs in private public bodies
and the community occurs because of the interaction between private legal entities and the
bureaucracy, between the community and the bureaucracy. So, the nature of the interactions that
occur is reciprocal. These interactions produce certain deals that are mutually beneficial. So,
corruption is not only institutionalized by state institutions, but with the private sector rolling,
because there are interactions. Without any interaction between the private sector and the
government, nothing will happen. There are two models of corruption, namely: first internal,
namely corruption committed by insiders. Both internal-external, namely collaboration between
the private sector and the public.

3. Based on the purpose

In general the purpose of corruption is to obtain personal benefits, but specifically includes the
following four objectives:

1) Politically, people commit corruption because of political aims. The practice of

corruption is carried out simultaneously with practical political activities. The main
purpose of this type of corruption is to achieve position.
2) In the economic field, it is also done for the success of his business. More or less the
same form, corruption practices here are also carried out in all ways. However, the target
is the holder of power. The goal is twofold, namely: first, get facilities in the field of
 40

licensing and business development. Second, to gain market access. Monopoly is a

concrete form of the game of corruption in the economic field.
3) At education field. Institutions that should be the bottom of the candradimuka, where the
nation's future candidates are brewed, can also be a fertile land for corrupt practices. The
phenomenon of buying and selling titles and values is strong evidence that this institution
has also contracted corruption.
4) In the field of law, corruption practices are aimed at obtaining legal facilities and
protection. Facilities here are in the form of legal certainty for corrupt businesses or
businesses. Meanwhile, legal protection concerns the efforts of corruptors to play the law
so that they can be free from all threats of criminal law.

2.3 Impact of Corruption

1. Financial Impact

Financial Impacts can consist of:

3. Expenditures are not important with high costs for spending, investment, services, or
state revenues being low because there is no need for permits, permits, concessions etc.;
i. Sub details of supply quality or work do not match the price paid;
 Imposing financial obligations to the government on expenditures or investments that are
not needed or not useful which are usually of very high economic value; and
o The charge for the initial repairs to the government which is often followed by various
reasons for maintenance costs.

2. Economic Impact

Economic impacts can consist of the burden on the government for the costs of implementing,
maintaining and borrowing debt for investment or expenditure, which are not used properly for
the economic interests of the country. Furthermore, the economic impact can occur if the level of
investment continues to decrease as a result of the high rate of corruption that can threaten
business operators, so that later it will affect economic growth and labor.

In addition, if the government tolerates corruption in the expenditure of goods and services and
investment, and the basis for the selection of investments that are not based on economic
development but rather because of bribery, the country will sooner or later not be able to finance
its own investment. Furthermore, the government issued a policy of inviting foreign investors to
lure various facilities. This policy will certainly stifle the development of the domestic economy
and the poor will become victims.

 
 41

3. Environmental Impact

Corruption in the procurement of goods and services can cause adverse effects on the
environment. Because projects that are carried out usually do not follow the country's (or
international) environmental standards. As a result of the refusal to follow the standardization it
will have severe damage to the environment in the long run and certainly has implications for the
high risk of health problems.

4. Impact on Human Health and Safety

Risk of damage can occur to various human health and safety due to poor environmental quality,
anti-environmental investments or inability to meet health and environmental standards.
Corruption will cause poor quality of development, which can have an impact on the
vulnerability of buildings so that the risk of victims arises.

5. Impact on innovation

Corruption made a lack of competition which eventually led to a lack of innovation power.
Companies that depend on the results of corruption will not use their resources to innovate. This
will trigger companies that do not commit corruption to not feel the need to invest in the form of
innovation because corruption has made them unable to access the market.

6. Cultural Erosion

When people realize that dishonest public officials and business people, as well as weak law
enforcement for perpetrators of corruption, will cause people to leave the culture of honesty on
their own and form a greedy community personality.

The same thing happened to business people who would realize that offering competitive prices
and quality alone would not be enough to fulfill the requirements as the winner of the tender.

7. Decreasing Level of Trust in the Government

When people realize that the perpetrators of corruption in the government environment are not
sentenced, they will judge that the government cannot be trusted. Then morally, the community
seemed to get justification for its actions to cheat the government because it was considered not
to violate human values.

8. Losses for Honest Companies

If the bidders who commit corruption do not get punished, this will cause honest participants to
suffer losses because they lose the opportunity to do business. Although the actual results of the
work are far better than corrupt companies that rely on corruption to get tenders with the quality
of work that can be ascertained to be bad.

9. The Impact of Corruption on Social Life

In the social context, the impact of corruption poses a big problem. Deviation in the construction
of facilities related to education and health services has caused people to be vulnerable to various
 42

diseases and reduce their level of competence. Society also becomes increasingly permissive to
acts of corruption. Corruption is considered a common practice and even becomes a lubricant for
economic and political processes. Collusive and corrupt attitude and behavior will ultimately
eliminate the ethos of competition in a healthy manner. Strengthening the notion that those who
are in power and have money can manage everything, the gap between social groups is
widening, creating social insecurity.

2.4 Steps to Eradicate Corruption

Combating corruption against state finances:

 The Directorate General of Taxes in collaboration with the Corruption Eradication

Commission has tightened supervision of employees of the Directorate General of Taxes
and Taxpayers, which aims to increase compliance with tax collection and payment
 Modernization of the reporting and restructuring system of the Directorate General of
Taxes. There is a commitment from the Directorate General of Taxes to strengthen the
internal supervision function and case disclosure system
 Reducing the chance of tax authorities and taxpayers to compromise
 Improve supervision of budget use.

Combating Corruption against Organizing the Country:11

 Be careful in utilizing voting rights. Voting rights can be used in various ways, on a
massive scale such as elections that determine the future fate of the nation in the next 5
years voters should exercise their right to vote in a clean and competent legislative and
executive election based on the quality of candidates, not from what the candidate offers
in short term like money or promises that don't make sense
 Following the development of the political world. By actualizing themselves in the
political condition of the nation, it is hoped that in the next election we can get rid of
dirty political actors from our chosen candidate list
 Ensure our representation in the legislature. The Legislative Institution is the embodiment
of people's representatives so that we must ensure that the people who represent us truly
represent the people, not the interests of the legislators themselves
 Increase political awareness. As our knowledge increases in terms of politics, the
narrower the space for corruption politicians to move in action. This increase in

11
John M. Echol and Hasan Shadily. 1978. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. PT Gramedia. Jakarta
Indonesia.
 43

knowledge is expected to increase participation and the people to know their rights and
obligations in politics
 Transparency of campaign funds. Through elections we hope to produce leaders with
integrity so that we must be encouraged by managing transparent and accountable
campaign funds
 Increase attention to law enforcement. In the era of a free press, people can find out the
latest conditions for a case, so with extra attention we can guard a legal process so as not
to buy and sell legal decisions.
 Combating Corruption in the Conditions of Social Life:
 Thankful for the things we have. With gratitude we will not be easily tempted by bribery
efforts from various interested parties
 Procurement of a good internal control system. A good internal control and monitoring
system can identify errors and deviations in a related process
 Be objective. With an objective attitude we will be able to see the person from the
qualifications he has compared to who the person is and the relationship with a party
 Improve the quality of education especially anti-corruption and moral education. With
the increase in education quality it is expected that the quality of human resources will
increase so that corruption decreases.
 44

 THE EIGHTH MEETING

H. Definition of Passive Voice

The “passive voice” is a grammatical construction in which the subject of a

sentence or clause denotes the recipient of the action rather than the performer. Passive
voice is used because the object of active voice is more important rather than the subject.
Many language critics and language usage manuals discourage use of the passive voice.
In English this advice is not usually found in older guides, emerging only in the first half
of the twentieth century.12

I. The Rules of Passive Voice

1. The sentence must have oject (transitive verb). It must have question word which
asks object.
2. Object in active will be subject in passive.
3. Subject in active will be object in passive.
4. We must use past participle (verb-III).
5. The arrange of sentence depends on tenses.
J. Pattern and Example Passive Voice
 General Pattern
Subject + tobe + Verb 3 + by + Object + modifier
Example :
Active : She waters this plant every two days.
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
 Pattern of passive voice in tenses
1. Simple Present Tense
Subject + To Be ( am/is/are ) + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
12
Indayatun, Sri. 2014. Prantical Grammar Understanding. Pare: Wacana Sri.
 45

Active : He meets them everyday.

Passive : They are met by him everyday.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Subject + To Be ( am/is/are ) + being + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met by him now.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Subject + has/have + been + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He has met them.
Passive : They have been met by him.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Subject + has/have + been + being + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He has been meeting them.
Passive : They have been being met by him.
5. Simple Past Tense
Subject + was/were + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He met them yesterday.
Passive : They were met by him yesterday.

6. Past Continuous Tense

Subject + tobe ( was/were ) + being + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier

Example :

Active : He was meeting them.

Passive : They were being met by him.

7. Past Perfect Tense

Subject + had + been + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He had met them before I came.

Passive : They had been met by him before I came.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject + had + been + being + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier

Example :

Active : He had been meeting them.

 46

Passive : They had been being met by him.

9. Simple Future Tense

Subject + Will/Shall + be + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :

Active : He will meet them tomorrow.

Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.

10. Future Continuous Tense

Subject + Will/Shall + be + being + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He will be meeting them.
Passive : They will be being met by him.
11. Future Perfect Tense
Subject + Will/Shall + have + been+ Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Subject + Will/Shall + have + been + being + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He will have been meeting them.
Passive : They will have been being met by him.
13. Past Future Tense
Subject + Would/Should + be + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He would meet them.
Passive : They would be met by him.
14. Past Future Continuous Tense
Subject + Would/Should + be + being + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
15. Past Future Perfect Tense
Subject + Would/Should + have + been + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier
Example :
Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have been met by him.
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject + Would/Should + have + been + being + Verb 3 + By + Object + Modifier

Example :
 47

Active : He would be meeting them.

Passive : They would be being met by him.

K. Text Using Passive Voice

Explanation Text :

How Earthquakes Happen

Earthquake is one of natural disaster that destroying a certain area the most. It
recently happens in Tasikmalaya, West Java Province. Earthquakes are caused by
suddenly breaks of underground rock along a fault. This sudden release a huge
amount of seismic waves Energy. The ground will be shaken when it happen. When
two plates or two blocks of rock are rubbing against each other, they will be
sticked together. But, they don’t slide smoothly.

The rocks are not moving but still pushing against each other. After several
times, the rocks will be broken due to all the pressure that’s built up. When those
rocks break, the earthquakes happen. This is horrible and we have to maintain our
Environment, so there will be no earthquakes happen.
 48

 THE NINTH MEETING

A. Definition of Simple Future Tense
Tense in English means time. Word tenses means a verb or collection of words
that are used to express the relationship of time.
Tenses indicate what action is, activity is now, past or will come in addition to verb
tenses that indicate whether the activity has been going on in the past or each one
continues until now.
A form of tenses used to represent a devotion or even and can also be used to
show or explain something that will happen or the time that will come (future) is
called as simple future tense. It has a formula as follows.

Affirmative : S + will/shall + VI + O/C

Will : For all subject

Shall : Only for I and We

“Shall” still be determined in formal Englis but unusual in conversation as a

substitute we can use “Will”.

Example :

 I will wait for you

 I shall come to you house.
 You will be happy.
 He will be here at nine.
B. Active and Passive Sentence in Simple Future Tense13
1. Active Sentence
The use of simple future tense for active sentences is follows as :
a. If there is no previous plan used when there is no plan or decision to do
something before we speak. We do it spontaneously when speaking.
Example :
o Maybe I will stay here
o Hold on I Will get a knife
b. If it is a prediction in the future and tries to say what we think will
happen
Example :

13
Suryadi, dkk. 2008. Complete English Grammar. Yogyakarta:Pustaka Belajar.
 49

o I thing Hidayat will be the winner

o It will rain tomorrow
c. If you want to express your abality about something
Example :
o Why don`t your uncle ? He will happily help you
o Let`s go to the canteen, I will treat you
d. To make the play clause a hypothetical presupposition
Example :
o If we success, our parents will be very proun of us
o If the picks me up, I will come to your party
e. To make requests and orders more formal or more polite
Example :
o Will you pick me up, please!
o Will you give me some flower, please!

2. Passive Sentence

Used to state the activities of events or events that will occur. Time markers

like tomorrow, next week, next month, next year and etc. This passive sentence

in tense also explains that someone or something will be subject to work.

Negative : S + will/shall not + V1 + O/C

Example :

o I won`t come late.

o I shan`t help you
o You won`t get out in a few days.
o He won`t be back soon.

Interrogative : Will/shall + S + V1 + O/C

Example :

o Shall I work tomorrow morning ?

o (Shall be more usable for” I” and “We” in the form of questions)
o Shall we meet our boss this afternoon ?

Negative Interrogative : Won`t/shan`t + S + V1 + O/C

Or

: Will/Shall + S + not + V1 + O/C

 50

Example :

o Won`t you come here tomorrow ?

 THE TENTH MEETING

Comparison degrees
Degree of comparison is one of the English grammar that is often used in practice both
writing and conversation. The degree of comparison material is included in the adverbial and
adjective category because it uses both elements to make a sentence of degree of comparison. If
you want to really master English, then one of the grammar that you must master is this material.
Well, in this session I will explain what is the degree of comparison, the types, the rules of the
game and the example in sentences. Comparison degrees are sentences with comparative patterns
that are used to express the meaning of comparison. There are three comparative degrees patterns
that are very easy to understand:

Degree of comparison in English is divided into 3 types of levels: Positive,

Comparative and Superlative.

1. Positive degree is used to show similarity between two objects or more or comparing two or
more people or something that has the same quality of work or traits ..

Example:

• This book is as good as that book.

• Susan is as beautiful as jane.

• John is as clever as peter.

• Tono walks as fast as Toni (adverb).

• Tini is as tall as Tina (adjective).

2. Comparative degree is used to show more meaning between two objects that are compared or
compare two different objects or compare two or more people or something that has work
quality or characteristics that are not the same, where one of them is more than the other

Example:

• Marry is a cleverer than Jane.

• He runs faster than me.

 51

• I am older than you.

He is taller than me (adjective)

• Jono plays piano as well as Joni (adverb)

3. Superlative degree to show the best or prioritize an object between the number of objects that
are compared or compare someone or something with the group or group.

Example:

• Marry is the cleverest girl in the class.

• This is the oldest cinema in Bandung.

• It was the most beautiful house than I had ever seen.

• I am the most handsome in Gembiraloka zoo (adjective)

• Captain America runs the slowest super hero I've seen (adverb)

There are several things that need to be considered about adjective changes in the
comparative degree.

1. For adjectives consisting of one or two syllables , to say "more ... than ...", simply add
suffix-er:

Example:

• Big: Toni is bigger than Adi.

• Small: Wendy is smaller than Eli.

• Friendly: Kiki is friendly than Hanafi.

2. Whereas adjectives consisting of three syllables or more, to say "more ... than ...", need to
add a prefix: more ...

Example:

• Interesting: Bali is more interesting than Palu.

• Dangerous: crocodile is more dangerous than duck.

• I love Yogyakarta, because it is more interesting than Semarang.

The following is an adjective form change on superlative degree:

1. For adjectives consisting of one or more two syllables, simply add the suffix: -est
 52

Example:

• Big: mortan is the biggest.

• Small: wendy is the smallest.

2. As for adjectives consisting of three or more syllables, just add the prefix: the most

Example:

• Interesting: Yogya is the most interesting.

• Expensive: Nevada is the most expensive.

3. For adjectives ending in -ed, even though they only consist of two syllables, they are
considered the same as adjectives consisting of three syllables or more.

Example:

• I think the most interesting city in three world is Mexico.

• I guess, the most crowded park in central Java is Batu Raden park.

Adjective words that have one last consonant before a vocal, then the consonant is
duplicated: Big - bigger –the biggest.

While the two syllables that end in –er, -ble, -ple, -ow, - some, or –y (which in the case of a dead
letter) only add –er and –est.

One of the verb patterns in English that we know is a verb structure that is combined
with an adjective. If the adjective is then followed by the work certificate.14

Example:

• Solo is a safe place to live.

• Jakarta is terrible place to live.

• Jakarta is an expensive city to live.

• Yogyakarta is a very interesting city to visit.

Certain adjectives do not have a degree of comparison, namely: absolute, complete,

entire, eternal, everlasting, main, pure, preliminary, rectangular.

Meanwhile there are several adjectives whose irregular comparison:

Positive Comparative superlative

14
Siswanto, Agus, dkk. 2012. English Revolution. Yogyakarta: Mawas Press.
 53

Good Better best

Bad Worse Worst

Many More Most

Old Elder Eldest

Much More Most

Elder and eldest are used to show that there is a kinship relationship between them: -
my eldest son is married (my oldest child is married) or she is her elder daughter (he is his older
daughter).

Whereas the older an oldest is used publicly: - she is older than I am (she is older than
me).

Whereas the difference between farther and further. Farther is used to indicate the
distance from one place to another such as: the farthest corner of the earth (a distant plosok with
the earth). Whereas further can be used for distance and time meaning more broadly. For
example, the further ball from here (that's the ball farther from here)

Comparison degree besides can be used by showing the meaning "more ... than ...", it
can also be shown the meaning less than ... it can be expressed by using less ... than ...

• Lower density (less crowded)

Yogjakarta is less crowded than Jakarta, so you don't have to be worried if you are not very good
driver

• The comparative and superlative usage depends on the number of adjective syllables
(adjective). e.g: Tall (1 syllable), Famous (2 syllables), Beautiful (3 syllables)

1. syllable: just add the -est / -er behind it.

Example: I am slimer than you. My father is oldest in my family.

2. syllables. There are those who use more there who use -er for comparative. For superlatives
there are those who use the -est there who use most.

Example: Tukul more famous than Gogon or maybe Tukul cleverer than Gogon; We are the
cleverest / most clever creation of God.

3. or more. Must be obliged bin must use Most and More.

Example: She is the most beautiful girl in my life.

• Exceptions:
 54

Ø some adjectives in comparative and superlative will experience the last double letter. like:
big> bigger and biggest; sad> sadder and saddest.

Ø If the adjective ends with the letter "y", it is replaced by "i". Like: Happy> Happiest and
Happier

Ø Exceptions to special words below the changes are as follows:

Bad  > Worse > Worst

Good > Better > Best
Little > Less   > Least
Much > More > Most

• Examples in Sentences

1. Superlative

• Komodo dragon is the biggest lizard in the world (Komodo is the largest lizard in the world)

• For me you are the most beautiful girl I have ever met (For me you are the prettiest girl I've
ever met).

• I will do my best to help you (I will do my best to help you)

• Our company delivers the fastest of your goods (our company brings you the fastest).

• You must try the most spicy condiment in this restaurant (You have to try the most spicy
sauce in this restaurant)

2. Comparative

• Your car is bigger than mine (your car is bigger than my car)

• She can dive deeper than me (she can dive deeper than me)

• I'm smarter than you (I'm smarter than you)

• She drives better than me (he drives better than me)

• Cliff's climb can be higher than the others (Jack can climb the rock higher than others)

3. Positive

• You cry as loud as my baby (you cry as hard as my baby).

• I am not as handsome as my father (I am not as handsome as my father).

• Your smile is as sweet as mine (your smile is as sweet as my smile).

 55

• She works as a hard as her manager (she works as hard as her manager).

• Life is not as difficult as you think (life is not as difficult as you think)

 THE ELEVENTH MEETING

A. Definition of Descriptive Text

Before looking What is the definition of descriptive text as a whole, let us understand what is
meant by the word descriptive itself. Descriptive is an adjective that if we mean in Indonesian
means that the description (picture). If you were asked to describe an object, it means you have
to describe the object in question both in the size, color and so forth. According to Wikipedia, is
a Descriptive text is: "one kaedah data processing effort into something that can be expressed
clearly and precisely with the aim that can be understood by people who do not directly
experience it for yourself." So what is meant by descriptive text is an article or text that describes
the properties inherent in something, be it humans, animals, plants, or inanimate objects such as
houses, cars and so forth.

B. Purpose of Descriptive Text

Judging from the above understanding, then in fact we are able to understand what is the
purpose of descriptive text. Another goal is to describe everything be it human, animal, plant or
inanimate objects with properties attached to it such as size, type, color, and so forth so that the
reader or the reader can figure out what something is out of the picture we convey even though
he has not never seen.

C. Structure Text (Generic Structure) of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text has its own rules in writing, including in the structure or composition of
which must be written in order. If you are prompted to create descriptive text, then make sure the
structure is as follows:

1.      Identification: This section - in the first paragraph - the goal is to identify something to be
described or depicted. Explanation easy, Identification serves to introduce the reader about the
object or something that we have described before we tell about its properties. The goal is not to
get one of those readers. We want to describe a car, for example, but the reader assumed motors.
Example: you are asked to describe the new car, then the contents of his identification is: My dad
just bought a new car. This car is long I craved, but only now my father bought. (Means to be
portrayed is my car, not the car someone else).

2.      Description: This section - in the second paragraph and so on - contains the properties inherent
in something that you already introduced to the reader in the first paragraph. Example (continued
on cars above): This is my new car is the latest sports car from Toyota. Number bench only two,
one for the driver and one for passengers, as well as the door. This car can be sped up to speeds
of 500 km / h, almost equal to the speed of Fokker plane manifold.
 56

D.    Characteristics Descriptive Text

These characteristics are important for you to take into account when writing the descriptive
text is not wrong. So make sure you use the following features when using the genre will write
descriptive text:

1.      Using the Simple Present Tense. Why use the simple present tense? this is because we will
describe a fact or truth that is attached to something or someone. And one of the functions of the
simple present is to illustrate a fact or truth (eg fact: the sun is hot). Therefore, you should
always use the first form of the verb (verb-1). Your example will illustrate the properties of your
new car: The color of my car is black, it can run up to 500 km / hour.

2.      Because of its function is to describe something by explaining its properties, then the text will
be found many descriptive adjectives (adjective), as handsome, beautiful, tall, small, big, or if
the adjective is derived from the verb, then you will find additional -ve, -ing, -nt in tow,
Example:Create (create) creative(smart people make something).

Interest (interest)> interesting (something interesting)

3.      In the descriptive text we will often find Relating verb (copula) which is (as in characteristic
number 1). In Indonesian is often interpreted as "is". Because the purpose or function descriptive
text is to describe, then definitely we will often find the word was (is). His name is Andy (his
name was Andy), his height is 160 cm (height is 160 cm).

E. Sample Descriptive Text and explanation.

The National Monument

 The National Monument (or Monument Nasional) is a 132 meters tower in the center of
Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta. It symbolizes the fight for Indonesia’s independence. The
monument consist of a 117,7 m obelisk on a 45 m square platform at a height of 17 m. The
towering monument symbolizes the philosophy of Lingga and Yoni. Lingga resembles, rice
pestle (alu) and Yoni resembles a mortar rice (lesung), two important items in Indonesian
agricultural tradition. The construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Soekarno
and the monument was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame covered with gold
foil. The monument and museum is opened daily from 08.00 – 15.00 every day throughout the
week, except for the last Monday of the month the monument is closed.

Prambanan Temple

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located
approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture,
typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47 m high central building inside a large
complex of individual temples. It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the
second Mataram Dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after
 57

its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the
compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953.15

BAB III

COVER

A. Conclusion
English is very important to learn, even if is mastered, because English is an
international language that can help us develop. We can learn English from various
things such as listening to music, reading books or magazine in English, or learning
what we have learned from early childhood education (PAUD) arrived at college.
This shows the importance of learning English as an international language.

B. Suggestion

Basically, learning English is ot diffcult. Now there are many media that can help us
understand English. What we need to do is practice and believe in our abilities, that we can
master English. Then keep practicing and

15
Giyoto. 2006. Reading For Islamic Studies. Pabelan Cerdas Nusantara.
 58

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