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All fields are Mandatory to be filled
Course Name: Sociology Course Code: GS(324)
Registration No: SUIT-18-02-021-0014 Roll No: 18-SP-00527
Name: MUHAMMD JAMEEL Father Name: MUHAMMAD AYUB
Degree Program: BBA Date: 26-01-2021
Student’s Signature: __________m.jameel_______ Page Number: __1__ of _7_
pages
STAR YOUR ANSWERS HERE
Q no 1: Answer short question:
Sociology
Ans:
Sociology is a social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and
change them. It does this by examining the dynamics of constituent parts of societies such as
institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups. Sociology also studies social status or
stratification, social movements, and social change, as well as societal disorder in the form of crime, deviance,
and revolution.
Humans depend on social institutions and organizations to inform their decisions and actions. Given the
important role organizations play in influencing human action, it is sociology’s task to discover how
organizations affect the behavior of persons, how they are established, how organizations interact with one
another, how they decay, and, ultimately, how they disappear. Among the most basic organizational structures
are economic, religious, educational, and political institutions, as well as more specialized institutions such as
the family, the community, the military, peer groups, clubs, and volunteer associations. The broad nature of
sociological inquiry causes it to overlap with other social sciences such as economics, political
science, psychology, geography, education, and law. Sociology’s distinguishing feature is its practice of
drawing on a larger societal context to explain social phenomena.
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Scope of Sociology
Ans:
Scope means the subject matter or the areas of study. Every science has its own field of inquiry. It becomes
difficult to study a science systematically unless its boundary or scope is determined precisely. Sociology as a
social science has its own scope or boundaries. But there is no one opinion about the scope of Sociology.
However, there are two main schools of thought regarding the scope of Sociology. The Specialist and Synthetic
school. There is a good deal of controversy about the scope of Sociology between the two schools.
Specialist School: The supporters of this school of thought are George Simmel, Vierkandt, Max Weber,
Vonwise, and F. Tonnies. The main views of the school regarding the scope of Sociology are –
(i) Sociology is a specific, pure and independent social science.
(ii) Sociology studies the various forms of social relationships.
(iii) Scope of Sociology is very narrow and limited.
(iv) Sociology deals with specific form of human relationship.
(v) Sociology need not study all the events connected with social science.
(vi) Simmel believes that it is a specific social science and it should deal with social relationships from
different angles.
Synthetic School: The supporters of synthetic school are the sociologists like Ginsberg, Durkheim, Comte,
Sorokin, Spencer, F. Ward, and L.T. Hobhouse.
According to this school-
(i) Sociology is a general and systematic social science.
(ii) Scope of Sociology is very vast.
(iii) Sociology needs help from other social sciences.
(iv) It is a synthesis of social science.
(v) Sociology is closely related with other social sciences.
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Community
The term community is one of the most elusive and vague in sociology and is by now largely without specific
meaning. At the minimum it refers to a collection of people in a geographical area. Three other elements may
also be present in any usage.
(1) Communities may be thought of as collections of people with a particular social structure; there are,
therefore, collections which are not communities. Such a notion often equates community with rural or
pre-industrial society and may, in addition, treat urban or industrial society as positively destructive.
(2) A sense of belonging or community spirit.
(3) All the daily activities of a community, work and non-work, take place within the geographical area,
which is self-contained. Different accounts of community will contain any or all of these additional
elements.
We can list out the characteristics of a community as follows:
1. Territory
2. Close and informal relationships
3. Mutuality
4. Common values and beliefs
5. Organized interaction
6. Strong group feeling
7. Cultural similarity
Society
Sociologists define society as the people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural
bond may be ethnic or racial, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. The
term society can also have a geographic meaning and refer to people who share a common culture in a
particular location. For example, people living in arctic climates developed different cultures from those living
in desert cultures. In time, a large variety of human cultures arose around the world.
Culture and society are intricately related. A culture consists of the “objects” of a society, whereas a society
consists of the people who share a common culture. When the terms culture and society first acquired their
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current meanings, most people in the world worked and lived in small groups in the same locale. In today's
world of 6 billion people, these terms have lost some of their usefulness because increasing numbers of people
interact and share resources globally. Still, people tend to use culture and society in a more traditional sense: for
example, being a part of a “racial culture” within the larger “Pakistani society.”
Pure and Applied Sociology
Ans:
Pure Sociology: Pure sociology refers to the field of sociology in which the primary focus is to
gain knowledge. This includes various perspectives such as functionalist perspective, Marxist perspective,
symbolic interactionism, etc. It also includes a variety of theories and concepts on all social aspects ranging
from family to globalization. In pure sociology, the sociologist attempts to broaden his understanding of
sociology as an academic discipline.
This usually includes research as well. However, the key difference is that even the research is conducted with
the purpose of building new theories, supporting existing theories or rejecting theories. In this sense, the link
that pure sociology has to the real world is only limited to knowledge. For an example, as a pure sociological
research, a sociologist conducts a research on the relocation of low-income families. Through the research, the
sociologist attempts to comprehend the changes that have come about in the lifestyle of people, the difficulties
they face, etc. Although the research highlights certain social issues, the main focus of the researcher is to
produce quality data and new knowledge.
Applied Sociology: Applied sociology is the field of sociology of which the primary focus is to find solutions
to social problems with the assistance of the theoretical knowledge. Unlike in pure sociology where the
sociologist is more interested in broadening his knowledge, in applied sociology, the focus is on the practical
aspects of the discipline.
Applied sociology consists of a lot of research both qualitative and quantitative that helps the sociologist to
understand the social phenomenon, attitudes of the people and even social issues. An applied social researcher
usually uses the theoretical knowledge that he has and combines it with the social setting. This allows him to
find solutions to the social problem. Let us take the same example of the relocation research. An applied social
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researcher would use his findings to provide solutions to the people in order to better their life conditions. This
is why for most projects; applied sociologists are also hired on policy as well as implementation levels.
Q no 2: Define community also describe types of community and difference between community and
society?
Ans:
Community: According to Maciver and Page, “The members of both groups are small or large and live
together in such a way that they share, not this or that particular interest, but the basic conditions of a common
life, this group is called community.” There are two elements of community one is locality and other is
sentiment and these element of community shape it as an area of people living in social cohesion.
As for locality, a community occupies a territorial area permanent or changing. Its sentiment is the social
coherence which the people inculcate within themselves. This sense of belonging together and to the residence
is the real sentiment of community. A common way of life of people along with its awareness on a common
territory is a community.
Types of Community: There are two types of communities Rural and Urban communities, due to different
social conditions in both rural and urban areas.
Rural Community: Rural community is a natural phenomenon. It is present in every society of the
world having distinct culture and pattern of social life. It is actually a product of natural free will of the people
having extreme similarity in their objectives and ambitions of living. Agriculture is the main identity and
element. People of this community mostly have. Face to face ‘interaction with high degree of homogeneity in
their identities. Basic urban facilities like school, hospital, market, municipal office, police station etc. are
usually missing in this community.
Urban Community: Urban community is the opposite of rural community. The urban people lifestyle
are highly impersonal with each other along high degree of complexity and heterogeneity in their living style
and identities. It is actually a product of rational choice. A complex division of labour with specialization in
their jobs is the identity of urban community. Modern civic facilities are usually available.
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Difference between Community and Society:
Society: Society can be defined as all classes of people or people at large. It is interesting to note that
the word ‘society’ has its adjectival form in the word ‘social’. Society indicates the totality of the human
conditions. When speaking of society, it is important to bear in mind that the society contains a number of
social institutions. They are family, religion, economy, politics, and education. The functioning of a society
with an expected degree of social order which allows the society to function naturally with minimal
disturbances depend on the independent as well as interdependent functioning of the social institutions.
However, this does not always mean that the society disallows the individuality and conforms to collective
actions only. On the contrary, it indicates the independent nature of the human beings in a setup.
The word ‘society’ refers to social community. It indicates the social way of life of human beings as in
the expression ‘high-society’. The word ‘society’ refers to the customs and the practices of men and women.
The values, norms, mores, folkways all contribute towards the formation of the culture of a society. Since the
society is a blend of people coming from various backgrounds, religions and ethnicities, a society can be created
through not a single culture but a combination of a number of cultures. Thus, it can be seen that the word
‘society’ has number of suggested meanings than expressed meanings.
Community: Community refers to a particular ‘class’ of people. The word ‘Community’ has its
adjectival form in the word ‘communal’. Community refers to ‘all the people living in a specific locality’. It is
important to know that the specific locality is inclusive of its inhabitants. Sometimes the word ‘community’ is
used to indicate ‘a group of people having the same religion or profession’. This is what is understood by the
expressions ‘immigrant community’. It is quite natural that any immigrant community has commonness when it
comes to profession, religion or occupation. The word ‘community’ is used in the biological sense too so that it
means ‘a group of animals or plants that live or grow in the same area’. The word ‘community’ has varied
expressed meanings, but a few suggested meanings. Now let us summarize the difference between the two
words in the following manner.
1. The word ‘society’ refers to all classes of people or people at large whereas the word ‘community’ refers
to a particular ‘class’ of people.
2. Society has its adjectival form in the word ‘social’. On the other hand, the word community has its
adjectival form in the word ‘communal’.
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3. Community is used in the biological sense so that it means ‘a group of animals or plants that live or
grow in the same area’. The word ‘society’ on the other hand indicates the totality of the human
conditions.
4. The word ‘society’ has number of suggested meanings than expressed meanings. On the other hand, the
word ‘community’ has varied expressed meanings but a few suggested meanings.
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