Lesson 3
Patterns of
Development
Activity
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Activity Guided by the clues,
identify the aim used by
the following statements:
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N_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
NARRATION
Baking and sharing Christmas
cookies is my favorite holiday
tradition.
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D_ _ C _ _ P _ _ _ N
DESCRIPTION
The table at my grandmother's
Thanksgiving dinner is covered
with delicious, great smelling,
and colorful holiday dishes.
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D_ _ I _ _T _ _ N
DEFINITION
A pizza is a flat bread, which
may be covered with tomato
sauce, cheeses, and a variety of
toppings.
COMPARISON
CO_ _A _ _ _ _ _
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& &CONTRAST
_ _NT_ _ _ _
Real Italian food, the kind that
is eaten in Italy, is very
different from American Italian
food.
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C_ _S_ _ _ _CA_
CLASSIFICATION _ _ _
Although traditionally pizza is an
Italian dish, Greek pizza, Mexican
pizza, and Hawaiian are becoming
increasingly popular.
CAUSE
_ _U_ _&
& EFFECT
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E__E__
Italian food in Italy is very
different from American Italian
food because of regional
variations and because of
availability of ingredients.
PROBLEM &
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_ _ _ _L_ _ & _ OL_ _ _ _ _
SOLUTION
Because we lack ingredients in the
house, my mother decided to buy
some from the supermarket.
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Patterns of
Development
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• help us sort out information
and shape paragraphs or
essays
• help organize an outline
• can determine the form that a
paper will take
“
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Remember that most paper will
use a combination of methods,
working together in function of
each other
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1. Narration
2. Description
3. Definition
4. Exemplification/ classification
5. Comparison & constrast
6. Cause & Effect
7. Problem & solution
8. Persuasion
1.
Narration
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○ tells a story
○ relates an incident or a
Narration
series of events that leads
to a conclusion or ending
○ tells the readers when,
where, and what happened
A narrative
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paragraph contains
Narration
action verbs and
transition words that
indicate time or
sequence
pattern tells
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○ what happened,
Narration ○ how it happened,
○ why it happened,
○ where it happened,
○ when it happened, and/or
○ who was involved
To signal time or sequence order:
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○ First, second, etc.
Transition ○ After, next, then, eventually, soon
Words Meanwhile, a short time later, during,
○ at the same time, simultaneously
○ suddenly, instantly, momentarily, The
next day, following, thereafter
○ In the end, ultimately
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○ usually used in the
Narration humanities.
○ In a writing class, for
instance, you can write
about a particular event or
situation
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We find narratives everywhere:
- biographies - letters
-speeches - histories
- diaries - sermons
- news stories - journals
- novels - television shows
2.
Description
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○ gives information of what a
person, an object, a place,
Description
or a situation is like.
○ appeals to the reader’s
senses; it makes the reader
see, hear, taste, smell, or
feel the subject
A descriptive paragraph
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has concrete and specific
Description
details, which are
carefully chosen by a
writer to paint a picture
in the mind of the
reader.
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○ Literary analyses
Examples ○ descriptive essays
○ business plans
○ lab reports
○ research papers
3.
Definition
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○ explains a concept, term, or
subject.
Definition
○ Its main purpose is to tell
what something is.
(1) the term, concept, or
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○
subject to be defined;
Parts ○ (2) the general class to
which it belongs, and
○ (3) the characteristics that
differentiate it from the
other members of its class.
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○ commonly used in the
Definition sciences, humanities,
and business
4.
Exemplification
/ Classification
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○ one of the most common
Exemplification
and effective ways to show
or explain an idea or point
(e.g., observation, opinion,
belief).
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○ the main idea is explained
Exemplification
by giving an extended
example or a series of
detailed examples
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○ Argumentative and
Examples
(Often used exemplification essays,
in) feature articles,
reviews, reports, and
case studies
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○ refers to sorting or
Classification
arranging subjects (e.g.,
persons, places, things,
ideas) into groups or
categories according to
their common or shared
characteristic.
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○ The subjects can be
Classification
grouped in many different
ways depending on your
purpose.
○ The group or category
should have a single basis
of classification
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○ Classifying historical events
Examples by year,
(Often used ○ popular TV shows by genre,
in) ○ diseases based on mode of
transmission,
○ cleaning products based on
manufacturer, and
○ animals based on habitat
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○ You can use both
exemplification and
Usage classification in developing a
paragraph.
○ You can begin by classifying
some ideas and then explain
each idea by giving examples
5.
Comparison and
Contrast
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○ common in writing in many
Comparison & academic disciplines like
Contrast the humanities, sciences,
and business
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○ A paragraph developed by
Comparison & comparison and contrast has
Contrast a unifying idea or purpose.
○ It must be balanced in such a
way that there is an equal
amount of information for
each subject to avoid bias.
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○ character analyses;
○ various kinds of essays;
Usage ○ political science, sociology,
and historical papers;
○ lab reports;
○ progress reports;
○ book and film reviews; and
○ marketing campaigns
6.
Cause & Effect
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○ A cause is simply “why
something happens,” and
Cause & Effect
an effect is “what happens.”
○ the writer can explain how
an event or action leads to
another.
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○ as a result
○ accordingly
Signal Words ○ because of (this)
○ due to (this)
○ Consequently
○ hence/therefore/thus.
7.
Problem &
Solution
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○ A problem in general is an
unsatisfactory situation that
Problem &
causes troubles or difficulties
Solution
○ Therefore, it needs a solution,
a way to deal with the situation
so that the troubles or
difficulties are removed
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○ used to deal with topics that
Problem & pose problems and present
Solution solutions in a logical manner.
8.
Persuasion
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○ A persuasive paragraph
intends to convince readers to
Persuasion do or believe in something
○ strong use of persuasive
paragraphs to state opinions
and to influence others
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○ Knowing how to write a
persuasive paragraph allows
Persuasion you to express your personal
conviction or opinion about an
issue or topic and make the
readers agree with or adopt
your conviction or opinion.
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○ critiques or reviews,
○ reaction papers,
Usage
○ editorials,
○ proposals,
○ advertisements, and
brochures
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Thanks!
Any questions?
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