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Generation of Computers

The document discusses the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, power-hungry machines. The second generation introduced transistors, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more efficient. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits which placed many transistors on a single chip. The fourth generation brought microprocessors which placed an entire computing system on a chip. The fifth generation focuses on artificial intelligence using parallel processing and ultra-large scale integration. Moore's Law observes that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles every 18-24 months, driving rapid computer advancement.

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73 views10 pages

Generation of Computers

The document discusses the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, power-hungry machines. The second generation introduced transistors, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more efficient. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits which placed many transistors on a single chip. The fourth generation brought microprocessors which placed an entire computing system on a chip. The fifth generation focuses on artificial intelligence using parallel processing and ultra-large scale integration. Moore's Law observes that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles every 18-24 months, driving rapid computer advancement.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND

ARCHITECTURE
Dr.M.Sindhuja
Assistant Professor(Senior Grade)
School of Electronics
VIT, Chennai
MODULE 1

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
Before mid-1900s,
•Mechanical devices constructed from gear wheels, levers, and pulleys to perform basic arit
hmetic operations

•Holes on punched cards used to control the automatic sequencing of calculations


-Output results were punched on cards or printed on paper.

1930’s to 1940’s ,
•Electromechanical relay devices used in early telephone switching systems,
for performing logic functions in computers.

• During World War II: mechanical relay to vacuum tube technology

•This technology initiated the modern era of electronic digital computers


FIRST GENERATION -1940’S- 50’S VACUUM TUBES

•ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine- First computing


system designed in 1946

•It used 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 30 tons and occupied 30ftx50ft space

•Magnetic core memories and magnetic tape storage devices were developed

• Assembly langauage was used


SECOND GENERATION -1950’S AND 60’S
TRANSISTORS
•Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors, invented at bell labs in 1947.

•Smaller, faster, cheaper and produce less heat compared to vacuum tubes

• Early high level language were developed (Fortran and COBOL)

•The first computer in this series was IBM 1401

•Magnetic core memories and magnetic drum storage


devices were widely used
THIRD GENERATION- 1960’S AND 70’S
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
•Microelectronics technology was introduced

•Fabricate many transistors on single silicon chip called Integrated Circuits

•IC memories replace magnetic core memories

•Introduction of microprogramming, parallelism and pipelining, SSI and MSI

•IBM/360 and PDP minicomputers are commercial products


FOURTH GENERATION- 1970’S TO
PRESENT MICROPROCESSOR
• Tens of thousands of transistors placed on a single chip, called
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology.

•Complete processor fabricated on single chip known as Microprocessors

•It greatly reduced the size of the computer

•Embedded computer systems, portable notebook computers, and versatile mobile


telephone handsets are used widely
FIFTH GENERATION- PRESENT AND
BEYOND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• ULSI (ultra large scale integration) are used in this generation.

• Production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components

•Based on parallel processing hardware and AI software

• All high level language such as C, C++, Java are used


MOORE’S LAW
• One constant for computer designers is rapid
change, which is driven largely by Moore’s Law.

•It states that integrated circuit resources double


every18–24 months.

•Refers to an observation made by intel


co-founder Gordon moore in 1965

•He noticed that the number of transistors on


integrated circuits had doubled every year
since their invention.

•Moore’s Law graph to represent designing for rapid change

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