NIST Special Publication 1191 | Research Roadmap for Smart Fire Fighting Summary Report
NIST Special Publication 1191
Research Roadmap
for Smart Fire Fighting
Summary Report
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NIST Special Publication 1191
i
Research Roadmap for
Smart Fire Fighting
Summary Report
Casey Grant
Fire Protection Research Foundation
Anthony Hamins
Nelson Bryner
Albert Jones
Galen Koepke
National Institute of Standards and Technology
http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1191
MAY 2015
This publication is available free of charge from http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1191
U.S. Department of Commerce
Penny Pritzker, Secretary
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Willie May, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director
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Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an
experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or
endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities,
materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. The content of this report represents
the contributions of the chapter authors, and does not necessarily represent the opinion of NIST or the Fire
Protection Research Foundation.
National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1191
Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1191, 246 pages (MAY 2015)
This publication is available free of charge from: www.nfpa.org/SmartFireFighting
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Table of Contents
List of Keywords viii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xii
List of Acronyms xiii
Overall Abstract xx
Acknowledgements and Disclaimer xxi
Section 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Background and Vision 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The Current State of Fire Fighting 4
1.3 A Vision of Fire Protection and Fire Fighting in the Future 5
1.4 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) 6
1.5
Technical Challenges 14
1.6 Steps in the Development of Smart Fire Fighting 18
1.7 References 18
Section 2 Core Chapters 21
Chapter 2 Communications Technology and Delivery Methods 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Remote Voice Communications Technologies 24
2.3 Remote Data Communications Technologies 25
2.4 Overview of Emergency Responder Wireless Communications 32
2.5 Perceived Priorities for Research 35
2.6 References 36
Chapter 3 Sensors as Part of Personal Protective Equipment 39
3.1 Description of Problem 39
3.2 The Fire Fighting Environment and Associated Measurements 43
3.3 Physiological Monitoring and Measurements 48
iii
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iv Table of Contents
3.4 Sensory Support 49
3.5 Tracking and Location 51
3.6 Electronic Textiles and Wearable Technologies 52
3.7 Other Considerations 52
3.8 References 54
Chapter 4 Mobile Sensors 59
4.1 Use of Sensor Technology Integral to or Delivered by Portable Equipment
and Mobile Apparatus 59
4.2 Literature Review 62
4.3 Summary of Perceived Future Trends 68
4.4 Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research 69
4.5 Perceived Priorities for Research 71
4.6 References 73
4.7
Additional Reading 75
Chapter 5 Stationary Sensors 77
5.1 Description of Stationary Sensors 77
5.2 Historical Context and Literature Review 78
5.3 Summary of Current State of the Art 80
5.4 Summary of Perceived Future Trends 83
5.5 Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research 84
5.6 Perceived Priorities for Research 85
5.7 References 93
5.8 Case Study References for 5.6.4 94
5.9
Additional Reading 95
Chapter 6 Data Collections 97
6.1 Overview 97
6.2 Planning and Analysis 97
6.3 Preparedness 99
6.4 Response 100
6.5 Recovery 102
6.6 National Incident Reporting Systems in Use or Under Development 103
6.7 Looking Forward: Data Collection at the Local Level in a Unified and Scalable
“System of Systems” 105
6.8 Conclusion 107
6.9 References 107
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Table of Contents v
Chapter 7 Hardware/Software 109
7.1 Introduction and Content 109
7.2 Hardware/Software and Interoperability: A Fire Fighter Perspective 110
7.3 Case Study to Present the Technological Research Roadmap 114
7.4 Potential Action 119
7.5
Acknowledgments 120
7.6 References 120
Chapter 8 Real-Time Data Analytics 123
8.1 Case Study Description of Topic Area 123
8.2 Risk-Based Preparedness and Fire Prevention Efforts 125
8.3 Summary of Perceived Future Trends 126
8.4 References 128
8.5
Additional Reading 128
Chapter 9 Fire Service Data User Applications —
Pre-Emergency and Post-Event 129
9.1 Description of Topic Area 129
9.2 Literature Review 130
9.3 Current State of the Art 132
9.4 Summary of Perceived Future Trends 132
9.5
Terminology 137
9.6 References 137
Chapter 10 Use of Data During an Emergency Event 139
10.1 Introduction/Motivation 139
10.2 Literature Review and Summary of Current State of the Art 140
10.3 Where Is the Starting Line? 140
10.4 Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research 142
10.5 Proposed Approach 143
10.6 Fire Service Information Needs 149
10.7 Use of Data During a Wildland Fire 152
10.8 Use of Data During a Special Event (e.g., Hazmat, EMS, Tech Rescue) 154
10.9 Evaluation, Validation, and Technology Transfer 156
10.10 Future Research Problems and Priorities 158
10.11 References 159
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vi Table of Contents
Chapter 11 Non–Fire Fighter Data User Applications 161
11.1 Overview 161
11.2 Call Processing Centers and Emergency Point of Contact (9-1-1 Centers) 162
11.3 Emergency Medical Receivers (Hospitals) 165
11.4 General Public and Building Occupants 167
11.5 Governmental Administration 172
11.6 References 174
11.7
Additional Reading 175
Chapter 12 User Interface Delivery Methods 177
12.1 Introduction 177
12.2 Review of Literature 180
12.3 Current State of the Art 183
12.4 Perceived Future Trends 188
12.5 Technology Gaps 193
12.6 Perceived Priorities for Research 194
12.7 References 194
Section 3 Conclusion 197
Chapter 13 Core Chapter Observations 199
13.1 Introduction 199
13.2 Research Priorities for Communications Technology and Delivery Methods (Chapter 2) 199
13.3 Research Priorities for Sensors as Part of Personal Protective Equipment (Chapter 3) 200
13.4 Research Priorities for Mobile Sensors (Chapter 4) 200
13.5 Research Priorities for Stationary Sensors (Chapter 5) 202
13.6 Research Priorities for Data Collections (Chapter 6) 202
13.7 Research Priorities for Hardware/Software (Chapter 7) 203
13.8 Research Priorities for Real-Time Data Analytics (Chapter 8) 204
13.9 Research Priorities for Fire Service Data User Applications — Pre-Emergency
and Post-Event (Chapter 9) 205
13.10 Research Priorities for Use of Data During an Emergency Event (Chapter 10) 205
13.11 Research Priorities for Non–Fire Fighter Data User Applications (Chapter 11) 206
13.12 Research Priorities for User Interface Delivery Methods (Chapter 12) 207
13.13 References 208
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Table of Contents vii
Chapter 14 Summary Observations and Recommendations 209
14.1 Introduction 209
14.2 Overview of Research Roadmap Key Elements 209
14.3 Standardization 209
14.4 Developmental Gaps 211
14.5 Broad Conceptual Gaps 215
14.6 Solution Approaches 218
14.7 Overall Summary and Next Steps 220
14.8 References 223
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viii Table of Contents
List of Keywords
actionable intelligence, 118
alerting, 161
building information modeling (BIM), 77
communication, 23
communication technologies, 25
computation, 109
computer-based simulations, 126
context of use, 178
cyber-physical systems (CPS), 3, 59
dashboard, 142
data, 23, 97
data analytics, 125
data collection, 102
database, 104
data-driven approaches, 158
decision making, 193
decision theory, 127
delivery methods, 178
education, 130
electronic safety equipment (ESE), 54
emergency dispatch, 163
enforcement, 137
fire service emergency responder, 5
geographic information systems (GIS), 141
hardware, 109
human centered design, 179
human sensing, 77
inspection, 130
integration, 179
Internet of Things, (IoT), 66
interoperability, 110, 179
investigation, 130
mobile communications, 68
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Table of Contents ix
mobile computing, 59
mobile sensor platforms, 69
modeling, 90
networking, 25
NG9-1-1, 162
notification, 161
personal protective equipment (PPE), 39
post-event, 132
pre-emergency, 132
pre-planning, 133
protocols and interface standards, 112
risk-based inspection, 161
robotic applications, 61
sensors, 39, 140
simulation, 116
situational awareness, 141
Smart Fire Fighting, 3
software, 109
stationary sensors, 78
training, 133
unmanned aircraft system (UAS), 60
unmanned vehicles, 60
usability, 178
user interface, 177
user testing, 193
visualization, 146
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