Linux For BeginnersPhotoshop For Beginners Cloud Cetus 4 For Beginners Photography For Beginners yr tcl) For Beginners i=]E Te ea anid Pe eeyr ln For Beginners C++ & Python Leo) =i) ed ALLL Lela fst) Coding For Beginners FRITZ!Box Lael g ==) Ce ma Google For Beginners Landscape ively a old {tala oidThe Complete Linux Manual “That's what makes Linux so good: you put in something and that effort multiplies. It's a positive Feedback cycle.” Linus Torvalds (developer of the Linux kernel) Linux is everywhere. It powers the Internet as the main operating mn R eR eee ee el eee le lara eo a) Om eC eccatr cu tcean Ret Te M oe AUS eR STM AVSIM Co) CCRel Ue -Ma NVa (red od IU (aesese-]o) (MC n ea nen cecil Reon) elie elma lke[m RAM ek CoM MTU Ana RSNA la ML CORO operating system. Its unique configuration allows the user to etree Meena Oe VAM ROSIN Mita Umea Rent lale Meal -lim OM Ole -laleAc-l MeL Re Reece} the next, install thousands of freely available apps and programs and take back control of their computer. PETTY aloo aM COL oe SA Cee Keo) approach of other restrictive operating systems, freedom to choose what you want on your computer, freedom to alter it and use it how you please. It’s a worldwide community of like- minded users, all striving to get the best development from this incredible OS. With this book, you too can become a part of the open community lm Rt ate Mae aU cel CA Une te( RT| elt Re a to grips with Linux, show you how it works, what you can do with it and how you can code with it to take your Linux experience to even greater heights. [pyco MEN a) eo 00rent CCR eee cue SP ens ony Install Apps via the Terminal - Part 1 Cece? eels tiep acum ea Which Distro? Pee ace Creating a File Using the Terminal el eee ea eae cog PG AMA rege ea se gcn ee ere Pe a eae Pee enn arene Pe eee Installing Linux in a Virtual Environment Pre cee ec eee ga (eee eee Cee eee eae eee ease t ede) Reena emu ec) Cee ae! eee easy 10 Things to do After Installing Linux Mint Gre U ial sxer een Pree eee eeeis eae eae Customising the Desktop Cee Pee exe te Se Se ae Pacem ne Mem cy Coe ae aefeels lag ones Reece CePY saytettototinux =Say Hello to Linux PNM Rn cara etea teks OTe ed PTE ORCA ior aC Oy aed Cy De enue feta eters eee eure are and powerful operating system but PRE MCU Os Cole) CD ae ed aun uk neo but you need to know where to start; we're here to help you out. In this section you can learn what Linuxis, what a distro isand what a desktop environments. You canalso begin to explore how Linux Pee ee ese eeemy Say Hello to Linux) Why Linux? elm Aeg Tew) a= 6(oL ieee Ker 1Ke(a) Pee ei rcm ies Mraene Cente kesee cy Pie MOE mea cuso eae eee Cauericae arn) you may think though. FREE AND OPEN Linux isa Fantastic fit for those who want something different. The efficiency of the system, the availability of applications and stability are just a few good reasons. “The first thing you need to know i that there is no such operating system called Linux. Linuxis in Fact the operating system kernel, the ‘core component of an OS. When talking about Linux what we, and ‘thers, are referring to are one of the many distributions o distros, that use the Linux kernel. No doubt you've heard of atleast one of the current popular distros: Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora, openSUSE, Debian, Raspbian, thelist goes on. Each one of these distros offer ‘something alittle different For the user. While each has the Linux keel at its core, they provide the user with a different looking ‘desktop environment, different preloaded applications, different ‘ways in which to update the system and get more apps installed and a slightly cifferent look and Feel throughout the entire system, However, at the centre lies Linux, which is why we say Linux. Linux is a great operating system on which to start coding. OB * on Linux works considerably afferent to Windows or macOS. k's Free Forastart: Free to download, Fee to install on as many computers as yu lke, Free to use for an unlimited amount of time and Free to Upgrade and extend with, equally, free programs and applications. This ree to use element is one of the biggest draws for the developer, While a Windows license can cost up to £100, and a Mac considerably more, a user, be they a developer, gamer or someone who wants to put an older computer to use, can quickly download a distro and get to work in a matter of minutes. Alongside the free to use aspect comes a level of freedom to customise and mould the system to your own uses. Each of the available distros available on the Internet have acertain’spin,“There are thousands of free packages available for programmers under Linux. in that some offer increased security a Fancy looking desktop, _agaming specific spin, or something directed toward students. ‘This extensibility makes Linux a more desirable platform to us, _as you can quickly mould the system into a development base, including many different kinds of IDEs For the likes of Python, web development, C++, Java and so on; or create a base for online ‘anonymity, perhaps as a Minecraft server, media centre and much more, ‘Another remarkable advantage for those looking to learn how toccade,is that Linux comes with most ofthe popular coding enviconments built in. Both Python and C++ are preinstalled ina high percentage of Linux distros avaliable, which means you can, start to program almost as soon as you install the system and boot it up for the First time, Generally speaking, Linux doesn’t take up as many system resources. ‘as Windows or macOS; by system resources we mean memory, hard rive space and CPU load. The Linux code has been streamlined ands Free from third-party ‘bloatware which hogs those systems resources, A more efficient system of course means more available resources forthe coding and testing environment and the programs ‘you eventually create, Less use of resourcesalso means you can Use Linux on alder hardware that would normally struggle or even © Why Linux? Vv 9 Oa Je Mandriva elackware sD @ & Each distro offers something unique to the user butall have Linux atthe core. refuse to run the latest versions oF Windows or macOS;so rather than throwing away an old computer, it can be reused with a Linux distr. Ie'snotall about C++, Python or any of the other more popular programming languages though. Using the command line of Linux, also called the Terminal, you're able to create Shel scripts, which are programs that are designed to run from the command line and made up of scripting languages. They are used mainly to automate tasks or offer the user some Form of input and output for a certain operation, Final, although there are many more advantages we can list, there are thousands and thousands of Free programs and apps available that cover nearly every aspect of computing. Known as packages, there are (atthe time of writing) over 8,700 spectic programming applications just on Linux Mint alone and an incredible 62,000+ ‘overall packages catering for everything from Amateur Radio to WWW tools Linux then, isa great resource and environment for programming in. l’s perfectly suited For developers andis continually improving and evolving. you're serious about getting into coding, or you just want to try something new, give Linuxa try and see how it works, Foryou. {A Linux programming environment can be as simple or as complex as you need it tobe.my Say Hello to Linux. ) The Best Linux Distributions BUTE ols elm (oa ol ane) EPL aes (oS different ethos and approach. Here are five great distributions to try and where you can get them. GOING LINUX ‘The installation process for most distributions i similar. You download a disk image From the website and bur it to an optical disk or create a USB Flash Drive installer. Just be careful to get the right distribution For your hardware and read the instructions carefully. eae 8 Far the most popular Linux distro (distribution) is Linux Mint Mint began life back in 2006, as an alternative to the then most popular distro, Ubuntu. Although based on Ubuntu's Long Term ‘Support bul, Linux Mint tooka different direction and offered the user a better overall experience. Linux Mint has three main desktop versions available wth ‘each new version of the core OSikreleases. This may sound confusing at ist but it’s quite simple. Currentiy, Linux Mint uses the Cinnamon Desktop Environment asits flagship madet there's MATE and xfce models available too. ‘Cinnamon a graphically rch desktop environment, MATE uses less ancy graphics, and is more stable on a wider variety oF desktop systems, and Xfce san extremely streamlined desktop ‘environment thatsbuil for speed and ultimate stably, Throughout this title we'llbe using the Cinnamon version; however, you can try out any ofthe other desktop environments ‘as you wish. n Fact its recommended that you do spend some time trying ifferent environments, and even different distros, tosee which suits you and your computer best. wwwslinuxmint:com “The second most popula stro available is Ubuntu, which isan ancient African word meaning humanity to others: UUbuntu's popularity has Fluctuated over its Fourteen year life. systemin the world but some wrong choices along the way ‘ith regards to its presentation, and some unfavourable, controversial elements involving privacy, sadly saw it topple From the number one spot “That aid, Ubuntu has since made amends andi slowing crawling its way back up the Linux leader board. The latest impressive environment, although it can be aitie confusing For Former Windows users and ia litle heavy on system resources, especially if youre planning on installing it on an older computer: Ubuntu, Forallits Faults, isa good Linux distr to start and offers the user a complete Linux experience ‘wwwubuntu.com ‘Atone time, it was easily the most used Linux-based operating versions ofthe OS use the GNOME 3 desktop environment, an experimenting with. Isa clean interface, easy to use and install‘Arch is one of longest running Linux distributions and forms the basis oF many other versions of Linux. Why install Mint or Ubuntu when you can install ‘Arch? Many users do exactly that but it's not ideal for beginners. Ubuntu and Mint both offer an easier installation path and ‘come with software packages to help you get started. ‘arch on the other hand, isa more ‘bare bones’ affair. rch is committed to Free software and its repositories contain over 50,000 apastt install, including with any other distro. Leah rel No doubt you've heard of the Raspberry Pi. Is hard notte have, asthis remarkable, tiny computer has taken the technology ‘world by storm forthe lasts vars since it was introduced There are several aspects to the Raspberry Pithat makeit such asought after piece ofthe computing world. For one its cheap, costing around £25 For whats essentially afully working computer. t's smal, measuring nat much bigger than a creditcard. You can build electronics with it, using a Fully ‘programmable interface; andit comes with Raspbian its own custom-made, Debian-based operating system that includes an Office suite alongside many different programming languages ‘and educational resources. Raspblan is exclusive ta the Pi hardware, since the Raspberry ruses an ARM processor to power it. However, the Raspberry i Foundation has since released aPC version of Raspbian: Raspberry Pi Desktop. ust like the Pi version, Raspberry i Desktop comes with the allthe coding, educational and other apps you will ever need W's quick, stable and works superbly. you're interested in stretching your Linux experience, then thsi certainly one of the top distros to consider. www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspberry-pi-desktop ‘means your Arch dstra wor't came with ll the unnecessary Files and appsthat others have preinstalled it’s custom made for you, by you. multiple different Desktop environments, and use as you would wwwarehlinuxorg (The Best Linux Distributions om ‘Arch isa distro for when you're more experienced with Linux. You start with nothing but the command lin and from there you have to manually partition your hard drive, et where the installation Files go, create a user, set the OS locale and Finally installa desktop environment along with the apps you want. ‘The advantage though forallthishard work, isa cst that you have created. This Most Linux distributions fall into two camps. There are ones, with the latest Features and technology tke Ubuntu and Mint and those with Few new Features but rock solid reliability, lke Debian, Mearubile, openSUSE attempts to cover both bases OpenSUSE Leap isthe rock solid system. I's developed openly bya community along with SUSE employees, who develop ~anenterpriselevel operating system, SUSE; this powers the London Stock Exchange amonastother thing. tis designed for mission critical environments where ‘there is no scope For instability. If you find ll that too sensible, openSUSE Tumbleweed sa rolling release with all the latest features, and the occasional crash. ‘openSUSE isa highly respected Linux distribution and many ofits core contributors work on the Linux Kernel, LibreOffce, Gnome and other key Linux reas. short, openSUSE is where you'l Find the pros hanging out ‘wwwopensUSE.orgmy Say Hello to Linux. ) Equipment You Will Need The system requirements for successfully installing Linux Mint on to a PC are surprisingly low, so even a computer that’s several years old will happily run this distro. However, it’s worth checking you have everything in place before proceeding. MINTY INGREDIENTS Before we start working our way through this book, here's what you need to install and run Linux Mint. You have several choices available, so take your time and see which works best For you. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS. ‘The minimum system requirements For Linux Mint are asfollows cPU-700MHz RAM/Memory—512MB Hard Drive space - 9GB (20GB recommended) Display - 1024 x 768 resolution Obviously the better the system you have, the better the experience will be and quicker too. 7 USB INSTALLATION ‘You can install Linux Mint onto your computer via USB or DVD. \We look into each alittle later on but iFyou're already Familiar with the process, or thinking oF USB and just gathering the hardware you need, then you're going to need a minimum 4GB USB flash drive 0 stare the Linux Mint ISO. DD installation of Linux Minesimply need an optical rive (a DVD Writer rive) beFore youre ble to transfer or burn the IsO image othe disc( Equipment You Will Need om Mai eso Installation toa virtual environment isa favourite method of testing and using Linux distros. Linux Mint works exceedinaly well \when used ina virtual environment but more on that later. There are many different virtual environment apps available; however, VirtualBox, from Oracle, is one of the easiest to into. You can find the latest version at www. virtualbox.org. VirtualBox INTERNET CONNECTION le goes without saying really, that an internet connection is vital For making sure that Linux Mint is up to date with the latest updates and patches, as wellas the installation of Further software. although you don't need an internet connection to use Linux Mint, you'll miss out on world offree software avallable For the distro. MAC HARDWARE Although Linux Mint can be installed ‘onto a Mac, there's a school of thought that recommends Mac ‘owners use a virtual environment, such as Virtualbox or Parallels and why not, macOS is already a splendid operating system. If you're wanting to breathe new life into an ‘older Mac, make sure t's an intel CPU model and not the Power PC ‘models, Beware though, it's not as pain Freeas installing on to aPC.PY sey Hello tovinux Desktop Environments WHICH MINT? ADesktop Environment is the graphical interface which you use to interact with the core Linux system. Just as the graphical desktop for Windows 10 is also called Fluent Design. Linux Mint offers the user a choice of versions ofthe distro: Cinnamon, MATE and Xfce. While that may sound alittle confusing For the newcomer, essentially each of the versions avaliable contains the same core Linux structure and kemel, the kernelis the core oF the operating syster, that handles all he instructions between the software and hardware Each versions simply a diferent desktop environment, the Graphical User interface (GU!) that you use to interact with the ‘operating system. Each of the desktop environments uses different ‘apps to access or use the system, such as the file manager to browse the operating system's file structure or the way it launches other ‘apps. Again though, the core available productivity, video and ‘raphicsuites are the same, and Function in the sare way. \Why bother then with afferent desktop environment? Simply put, its ‘down to personal taste. Some users prefer MATE, as MATE sa Fork oF the classic GNOME 2 environment andi litte more menu-centrc and performs well on older computers. Others prefer Cinnamon, which is more modem environment that works better on recent hardware and features some cutting edge desktop code. Xfce, on the other hand, is lightweight desktop environment that works well on older hardware due to is extremely low use ofthe avaiable system resources In short, Cinnamon i the Flagship desktop environment For Linux Mint. MATE is more compatible with a wider variety of hardware, Where Windows, For example, only offers one desktop environment towork in, Linux offers mary. Linux Mint has therefore opted to bring the user a wealth of choiceDesktop Environments é BEST MATE MATE is a simple to use and intuitive DE that's fast and stable. In comparison to Cinnamon it looks a litle antiquated but that's only on the surface. There's plenty to like with MATE. FAB FEATURE 1 MATE isan excellent desktop vironment for older computers. It ‘works better with alarger number of hardware components that Cinnamon generally does but is also just as capable of delivering a creat looking desktop as well as advanced customisation. FAB FEATURE 2 Due to its highly configurable nature, MATE can be customised to a Fine degree, There ae plenty of options available to the user who ddemandsa litle more from their desktop environment, including Compiz Settings, where you're able to configure all manner oF desktop effects, even a 3D desktop cube.ry Say Hello to Linux Which Distro? DISTRO HOPPING Distro hopping is aterm used by the community for people who never sticktoa single distribution. Instead, they hop From one to the other and back again, testing each, using them, then moving on to another oranewly rel There'snathing 39, as i's 8 good way to get to ‘rips with what's out there and discaver the elements of one distro cover another that may or may not appeal to your tastes. cof course is which one do you use overall? While distro hopping sa good thing, 'snat exactly a stable way to enjoy Linux and get the most From i. We're not saying you should stick tone dstroand never laok elsewhere, as you would be missing alot oF great content outthere, but instead we recommend you find a handful and slowly progress through them based on your increasing Lnuxstil For example, Linux Minti an ideal starting place t's an easy to install and use distro, has althe software you would normally use on a dayto-day gently eases you into the unique’ performs, sis already installed out of-the-box a yorid of Linux and how it w Ubuntu offers much the same experience but it does this in aslightly diferent way. There's generally less preinstalled with Ubuntuthan with Linux Mint, so you would need to manually install it yourself Another point worth considering isthe sheer volume of content and help pages dedicated to Ubuntu users when using Linux. IFyou get stuck, you're never too far froma solution to the "Moving on, asyou begin to grow more confident wt teston Linux, you may Fedora or Debian, These ae al lent distros and each offers the user a slightly different perspective on how the system runs, Some are more demanding, in terms of Linuxskils, than others, ut essentially they each have some valuable lessons to learn forthe user. the likes oF open You may Find yourself moving toa particular distro because it offers something radically different from the norm, Tals Linux, For example, Isa dlstro that’s designed purely for online anonymity. It contains complexand military grade eniyption tools as wel as tools and browsers designedto help you browse the web without ever being detected, traced or monitored, Kal Linux is designed for security professionals and contains many different kinds of ethical hackingWhich Distro? QI tools preinstalled, that a user can run for penetration testing against their network. There was once even a Hannah Montana Linux distribution but the less we tak about thatthe better. The point being, there's astro out therefor you. Needless to say, once you've mastered Linuxto arelatively high degree, probably a power user ability, then you will want to expand your sks and begin to build your awn Linux distro based on Arch, Debian or one of the many other distros avalable. Doing so involves a lot of command line knowledge, as well asknowiedge on how the Linuxsystem works and interacts with the hardware in the computer. You will need to Partition your own hard drive, install a desktop environment and eventually install the apps and programs you want. Doing so takes time and again there are a lot of skills you're going to need to learn. Eventually you can consider yourself technical Linux user but never consider yourself an expert, after all we're always learning something ‘new. Youccan build your own distro from scratch, help other Linux Users out with problems, maybe even contribute tothe improvement of distro during itstesting phase or build. Where next then? (Oddly enough, most higher-end technical users find themselves back at square one, using a distro like Linux Mint. The main reasons Usually because i's an easy option, and i's a stable environment Just because you know the system inside and out, doesn’t mean you always want to be Fixing potential issues. Most of us would prefer the easy life, especialy where technology is concerned, so the logical choice would be to choose astro that's simple, yet still powerful enough to do everything you want it ta do, hence Linux Mint. However, inthe end, it's purely down to choice, your own personal choice. Youmay ind that after going through the tutorials inthis title you dont tke Linux Mint or the Cinnamon desktop. Fine, you may prefer Ubuntu, Debian or openSUSE: that's the beauty of Linux. The Freedom to change what you want, to distro hp from one to another without being penalised by cst or lack oF access, The answer to the question, which distro is any which one you like! It canbe as complex or easy as youneedit tobe, aslong asit does what youwantittodo, then ts perfect.ean (developer of the Linux kernel)Getting Started with Linux Tern Re eae Ets Reese tan Nt ed al Metre ea acy ent ORCA One Cee ee cea eeray rea ene une Le ea eRe tunes ole) operating system and even how to install Pees SOU User) Linux while still using your main operating urs Mu ue Intrigued? Read on and find out more. Cee ee_ my Getting Started with Linux.) Creating a Linux Installer on Windows You need to transfer the downloaded Linux ISO to either a DVD or a USB key before being able to install it onto a computer. This will be a live environment, which allows you to test the OS prior to installation, but first you need to create the bootable media. DVD BOOTABLE MEDIA ‘We're using a Windows 10 PC here to transfer the ISO to a DVD. If you're using a version of Windows from 7 onward the process is extremely easy. FATE ERD istlocate the ISO image of Linux you've already REESE Right-click the Linux ISO and from the menu select downloaded. You can usually findit in the Burn Disc image. Depending on the speed of the PC, Downloads Folder in Windows 7,8.1 and 10 computers, unless you it may take a few seconds before anything happens. Don't worry too spectied afferent location when saint. sich, unless takes mre than a minute, in whic case might be . vot starting your PC and tying again With ck, the Windows Name DiscImage Burner should launch. H Quick access . Se eee {8 Dropbox Team B04 |-cinnaren-6ébit © Mount ta onedine um dsc image Bare EB] Scan with Windows Defender. © co rive (E) Hisuite 2 Share @ Network Open with B Open with WinRAR B Adato archive. ESTEEM Next insert a recordable DVD disc into your FETED With the windows Discimage Burner dialogue box computer's optical drive. After a few seconds, while ‘open, click on the Verify dis after burning’ tick the discs read, Windows displays a pop-up message asking you —_box then the Burn button, The process should take a few minutes, ‘what to:do with the newly inserted disc Ignore this, as we're going depending on the speed of your PC's optical drive, Once i's to.use the built-in image burning Function. complete itruns through the verification stage and when done the optical drive should auto-ject the disc For you © Windows Disc Image Burner x Disc image ile: linuxmint-19.1-cinnamon-6tbitico Dise burner: BO-ROMDiive(D) Status Burning dice image to recordable dsc... 207 \ USB BOOTABLE MEDIA Creating a Linux Installer on Windows om USB media is Faster than a DVD and often more convenient, as most modern PCs don't have an optical drive installed. The process of transferring the image is easy but you need a third-party app First and a USB flash drive of 4GB or more. FER Fico Fm FEI nen youre ready click on the tarbkton atthe Chow pe bottom ofthe usp, Te may open up another browser and gotoWWW. — cee dialogue box asking you to download and use a new version of rufus.akeo.ie/. Scroll. (Ram RECS eTED ~ _ SysLinux. SysLinux is a selection of boot loaders, used to allow a ‘down the page alittle and tute Sc vue modern PCtoaccess and boot From a USB flash drive. tis necessary, Youcometoa Download mans ae soiFased chon esto contin, fang andere Il 3 Ss ithe testerson of aosvanaaverens eemanial Teshouldhaveatready Format pons =| 2 Thenapeyotue necado oha nope Tenant cme Per peel TREES ES Sop Dt gS Use ashe ot st = les --7 spammed remove andrenser — fecee spat ocean vec se ie Pte motte | @vien so mage mode Recormmende) a som awe | OventOmgene a | =n Een PETER First olance the Rufus interface can look alittle confusing but don't worry, its really quite simple. ‘To begin with, click on the SELECT button next to the ‘Disk or ISO Image (Please select’ pulldown menu. This launches a Windows Explorer window where you can locate and select the Linux SO. na EE the Linux IsOisnow Drive Properties transeredtothe USB fe : fiashdtive.Theprocess Sate shouidnttake oolong, asians ae agsindependingonthe temo ee speed of the USB device =| eee a and the PC. You may find ~ Swvstestsnercran Rufus auto-opensthe USB Format Options divein windowstxplorer Sucmnew ding the process; don't fam am worry you can minimise or close itifyou want. When the pracessis complete, click on the Close button, corm aenz Getting Started with Linux Installing Linux on aPC UEFI BIOS ‘The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is used to identify hardware and protect a PC during its boot-up process. It replaces the traditional BIOS but can cause issues when installing Linux. insert your DVD or USB flash drive into your PC and, Fyou haven't already, shutdown Windows. n this instance we're using the USB boot media but the process is virtually identical. Stare the PC and when prompted press the appropriate keys to enter the BIOS or SETUP, which could for example be: F2 Delor even F12. FETED There are different versions of a UEFI 8105, 0 covering them all would be impossible. What you're looking for is section that detail the Boot Sequence or Boot "Mode. Here you have the option to turn off UEFI and choose Legacy or disable Secure Booting, Most distros work with UEFI but it can be atrcky process to enable it to boot. ETS SE DD With UEF tuned to Legacy mode, there are now two ways of booting into the Live Environment, The First is via the BIOS you're already in. Locate the Boot Sequence and change the first boot device fram its original setting, usually Internal HDD or similar, to: USB Storage Device forthe USB media option o DVD Drive for the DVD mecia option. Sere ern ey Pierre arene First bet eves M1SBmb1 Tem teal > FETED Atematively use the Boot Option Menus With this ‘option you can press F12 (or something similar) to display list of boot media options; From there, you can choose the appropriate boot media. Ether way, you can now Save and Exit the 0S by navigating to the Save & Exit option and choosing ‘Save Changes and Exit 2. Aetunk oot frm 0 708 i esa bestess S.Returk bt Tro 0 ae7E8 2 ter SetupINSTALLING LINUX Installing Linux on a PC (Once the Live Environment has booted, you see the option to install the distro to your computer. Have a look around and when you're ready, look for the Install option on the desktop. during the installation, Generally, the questions aren't too ifficut, nothing very technical, but some suchas ‘nstlling third-party software...’ can be confusing n this case you can click Continue but iF you're unsure, have an Internet-connected device available to ask ‘any questions. ) with the new, When you reach this stage of the installation process, ensure the ‘Erase disk and install Linux. option is selected, NOTE: ‘This completely wipes Windows 10 fram your computer, somake sure you have backups ofall your personal files and data, FERED ®*0viding you're connected to the intemet (if not, then do so now) and you're inthe Live Environment, start the installation process by double-clicking on the Install Linux Minticon on the desktop. Other distros display their own name, oF course, but the process isthe same, Click Continue when you're ready. FETED wile the installation process is very similar across ‘most Linux distros, some offer different questions FETED Before the installation process begins, you're asked ifthe choice you made regarding the erasure of the hard drives correct. This is your last chance to back out. IFyou're certain you don’t mind wiping everything and starting again with Linux Mint, click Continue. Ifyou need to backup your files emove the Linux disc/USB, reboot, backup and start again, Eventually you ae asledto se up your ux SUES username and password. Enter your Name to begin vith then the Computer Name which the name sided onthe networkas Next chose Usemame, flowed by & good Pasnord. Youn kth Login tomatic option but ave the Encrypt Home Felder option for now BETSSEDD The installation process can be quick, and there may bemore questions to answer, or it may simply start. installing Linux based on your previous answers. Either way, you tend up being asked to Continue Testing the Live Environment or Restarting to use the newly installed OS. IF youre ready to use Linux, then click Restart Now. ‘ZY Save, then File > Quit, Reboot Linux Mint and you should notice a sight hike in performance. EERE Security is alwaysa concern in this modern digital ‘While Linux Mints a secure system, it's advisable to always try and improve it. Click the Menu button and search For Firewall; click the Firewall Configuration icon and enter your password, n the Firewall window, click the Status slider to On,ting to Know Linux Apollo 11 aT PRE eeu pee een cuca mankind first stepped on the moon, The peers ee geen eee nan ee Selene ak cs at the time and had to be developed Teer ern ks eke ene eho MCL Cee gee anc cid econ ae aE) special version of assembly. DID U KNOW. Incredibly, that code is freely available xeon ce Ey Fete emu ee un easter Pi or eam Rasen Peon abridge ey Pree Tune amc otc 925 with the comment “Goodbye. Come Preece Deer dst eu eats you can find. Programmers sense humour See whateleeie inthere. Ey ae = een One giant leap for \ mankind, and coding.Na ADC Laeee a providing you various content: brand new books, trending movies, ee Ey eae eae ecm Unlimited satisfaction one low price Cheap constant access to piping hot media Protect your downloadings from Big brother Safer, than torrent-trackers 18 years of seamless operation and our users' satisfaction PTR Ey tert Ie Tama Amel e Le oleic AvaxHome - Your End Place We have everything for all of your needs. Just open https://avxlive.icuGetting to Know Linux.) ~s) ) Creating Users When you first install Linux Mint it is configured for use with a single user. While SPUR MU m-lecolt AUR MEUM MeN eon R eR a Role) need to create separate users with their own unique Home folders. NEW USERS Having different users means each user has access to his or h ‘on are separate, as with multiple users on other operating sy: Click on the Linux Mint Menu and type ‘users’ to Sia begin searching forthe relevant console, From the ‘search results, choose Users and Groups and enter your password, ‘The Users and Groups console is quite basiclooking, and thankfully ‘easy to use. At fist, you can just see your own username from when you installed Linux Mint. 1ers own areas on the system. Documents, pictures, videos and so stems. Enter the new user's Full Name, followed by the Username they need when logging nto Linux Mint. ‘Make sure the username isallin lower case, az and 0-9 characters tony. You can have Fullstops, underscores or hyphens if you wish, Click the Add button when you're ready to continue. I “man ante User you can create, Standard and Administrator. Unless the new User has need to install new apps or access parts ofthe file system beyond their Home Folder, then opt For the Standard account type. ‘Otherwise, use the Administrator account type. Toadd anew user, click the Add button atthe bottom of the console. There are two types of rs Ey Siar ‘The new user appears inthe ist of current Linux ‘Mint users, in alphabetical order. At present, there's, no password set so click the user in the list of current users, then lick the No Password Set option under the user's username. eran rns --0 sepmienteYou can now enter a password forthe new user a0 Password text box to generate a password for you, as well as, displaying it Naturally i's good idea to come up with as strong a password as possible. When you're done, clk the Change button. Creating Users om PEPE nce logged in the new user is requiredto set up their own desktop wallpaper, icons, Panel, Menu and so on, Depending on what Account Type you set up For them, Standard or Administrator, they won't be able toinstall any new apps. Thisscreenshot i from a Standard user account type. Youcan dos the Users and Groups console window SUES now, as the new user has been created. If you click the Mint Menu, followed by Logout, you are presented with the Mint Login Manage The new user show pesentin the is oF Current avalble users Cckon himfr tog them COMMAND LINE ACCOUNTS You can create as many new accounts as you Sues need and you're able to switch between them when required. I's best to have ust one account that's capable of installing new software, that way you can keep track of what's on yoursystem. Session Log out ofthis system now? Switch User Just as you'd expect, you can also create a new user within the command Line. Open up a Terminal session under the main Oye neers’ ‘The process for adding anew command line relatively simple. To begin Tyausername>) the new user's login name, You're then asked to create anew Pei tr tama eg ae Click yto confirm the details and create the user act STEP 1 (SfifJeudo“adduser y ae a eee ts Delete button in Users and Groups. eet the new user from within the Users and Groups Ie eratemy Getting to Know Linux Customising the Desktop Customising the operating system desktop is one way to make it your own: a Prater re Mel cjoLeM ea Aaa Caco NOUR OL MATT C MONK M KIM RUS company logo. Whatever your reasons For having your own desktop, here's how it’s don YOUR DESKTOP. Linux is probably one of the customisable operating systems thet some imagination, you can create something Metistsoatofeetoncutoision sto ESTEE) out esto cite ables om ary SUE? change the wallpaper. Right-click the desktop and SUES ‘of the locations provided to have them install as the choose Change DestapBackroune Thsopensthe Backorunds_desitopwallpaper ndcentaly, you havelmages stored anther SopinUnxbit remember ether dos maypresentter—_laetononyour same nebvriyou can 260 them by cng on background walpaper selection tos erent the Piss atthe otto the Bacgrounds corel, using the fle manager to locate them, is. With just a Few tweaks, one or two extras installed and credible. PEPER More recent versionsof Linux Mint display available REAM ay clicking on the Settings tab you can instead, backgrounds depending on the version the users play numerous images as a slideshow or change the running, You normally et three categories followed bya fourth, aspect ofthe wallpapers toa variety o choices Pictures, which is separated From the others. The Pictures option is different because it reads the image content from the Pictures Folder in your Home area = 8: 5 ie cyfF none ofthe avaable walpapers take your SHAPE fancy, open a browser and search For the type of background iage you peer When youve Fond the image you wane asthe desktop wallpaper ightclck it and choose Set Ae Desktop Background From heise of options When the Set Desktop Background console ope, click the Set Desktop Background button, 7) Be ae Clckthe Men button and search or ‘desktop SiG and click the Desktop Settings result. The Desktop consoeallonsyouto pick the aout, deltop cons and options formulsmontr support you wan. You can experiment wth he options forthe best setup, according to your personal ates. ination te changing te desleopwaloape, SHEP and how the icons are displayed, you can also alter the overall theme for Linux Mint, From the Mint Menu, search for ‘hemes and click the Themes app as it appears in the search results. “ Customising the Desktop vw Tees allonsyou to change the way etin SIEPG aspects of the Mint desktop look: Window Borders, kon, Controls Mouse Pointer and Dest, Inthe Setting ab youcan exten the options wh ew ono sider Buttons to you dckon the Ademovebutoninthe centre Sa) of the three available options, you can choose the default ew from a umber of preinstaled themes. lick the theme you wan then cick theta downward porting arow button toenabet, _ al sy Clckbackon Themes then Desktop andyou can SUP HO locate the newly installed theme and apply to your desktop Any staled Themes cn ao be uinstaledva the Ad Remove buon les worth spending soe ie pesonasig you desktop how you wanttand there are somelncedbe themes svalabletoomy Getting to Know Linux Becoming Anonymous Online The digital age has led to many great advances in communications; however, it has also brought on a new age of spying and snooping. Most of us are no strangers to the Frequent news stories of governments, secret organisations and underground hackers breaking our privacy but how can you combat this? ANONYMITY WITH MINT ‘hile it's virtually impossible to become totally anonymous online, you can take measures to ensure our privacy is at its best. Pe nnn wcvfcrsust FEED ine eotits mor anything that’s transmitted over HTTPS is secure (hence the S part at the end) and encrypted, When you're browsing, consider using the Incognito (or Private browsing mades available ina browser. ‘This disables your web history and web cache, allowing you to browse without the details being stored For later scrutiny by someone else. However, it doesn't stop any data or search tracking. 2 ‘Although using Google may seem like the obvious choice for a modern internet search, the company does trackall searches made by an individual. Instead, consider an alternative search engine, such as DuckDuckGo, a search engine that doesn't store personal data or track ou. Grae) IF you're regularly on the internet then consider Installing some ofthe browser plugins that enhance your privacy. For example, for FireFox, use Ghostery, NoScript and Adblock Plus to black trackers, adverts and other data ‘mining techniques.VPNS AND TOR ‘The previous steps can aid your online privacy but to really become anonymous you need a Virtual Private Network and Tor. FETED VPN isa remote server or cluster of servers, that establishes 2 connection with your computer. The ‘end resultis that your computer's identity on the Internet is hidden bochind the VPN remote server; so you couldtivein the UK but have ‘an Paddress (the computer online identity) belonging to iceland, HowfZN works? aoe When the downloads fished ro into the Sua96) Terminal and enter the Downloads folder, cd Downloads/. Enters to checkthetarxz Tres resent, then enter: tar oxF ‘tor-browser-Linux64-8,0.40n-US. tar. x2 (Tor updated regula s0 your version diferent press Tab to autocomplete the tor-bronser ename) whenthe les ae Unpacked, use c@ tor-browser-en-US/ tener the new ole PEPTSPIM ost good VPNs charge a monthly or annual Fee butit’s worth the expense. We use CyberGhost, ‘www.cyberghostvpn.com, which offers VPN connections for Windows, Mac, Mint (as well as other Linux distros), Android and 10S devices, Detall for each OS can be Found at wwwsupport. ‘cyberghostvpn.com/hc/en-us/articles/213190329-Read-me-first- Ciena ‘Another option isto use Tor. Tor’s an open network that you can attach to that hides your IP address behind countless nodes around the world t's available For Windows, Macand Linux computers and is very easy to install and use, Start by navigating to www.torproject.org/download/download-easy. hhtmLen and clicking on the Download Linux 64-bit button. ESTER 4 quick 1s reveals a couple of entries: a Folder called Browser and a file called 'start-tor-browserdesktop’ To star the Tor setup, type ./start-tor-bronser .desktop. This command launches the Tor setup, where you are offered two ‘options: Connect or Configure. For most users, the Connect option will suffice, Click Connect when you're ready. Tode| Browser ‘After the connection is established, the Tor Browser launches. Thisis a customised version of Firefox and From here you can securely browse the Internet without Fear of being viewed or tracked. Mixing both a VPN and Tor makes For an extremely secure and private connection tothe online world (Becoming Anonymous Online omUsing the Terminal — Anonymous (Posted on comp. software.testing)Using the Terminal Boruc eae Preece anc iaen Fromit, you can bring the OS to its knees, or update it to something Bese ae eter computers, look at an animated Dede ae Ce el Pe ORC aCe ok froma serverin the Netherlands, and code intricate automated scripts. aneee cn n tctd intricacies of the Terminal, and how it works with Linux. You will learn how to Date ee coer the Terminal, and you will discover Pee Rte te On) cee BU Ce ua cell Ca aru SL) ner nats eeeLY) using the Terminal ) Basics of the Terminal Most operating systems use two kinds of interface, the GUI, which is the desktop that Windows, macOS and Linux Mint boot into and the command line. While modern operating systems shy away from the command line, Mint uses the Terminal to give the user greater control of the system. TAKING COMMAND ‘The command line, or Terminal, is an extremely powerful interface. Everything you can do on the desktop can be done within the Terminal, Let's start by seeing how it works. PEPER The Terminal can be accessedby either clicking on REIEM what you currently seein the Terminal is your login the Terminalicon on the Panel, located between name Followed by the name of the computer; as you the Firefox and files icons or launched by opening the Menuand named it during setup when you firstinstalled Mint, Th line then selecting it from the left-hand quick launch strip. tends with the current folder name; a first this isjustatilde ~, which ‘means your Home folder. Piet eCe std FETED The Terminal ives you acess to the Linux Mint FETEP DD The flashing cursor at the very end ofthe lineis Shell called Bash, which gives you access to the where your text-based commands are entered. You Underlying operating system. Everything in Mint, including the canbegin to experiment with a simple command, Print Working desktop and GUI, sa module running from the command line, Directory (pw), which outputs the current folder you'e into the screen. Type pid and press Enter.Basics of the Terminal (@ Alvecnmnsevertrvorntenme — ESSE vewandschopletyou tert got SIEPE ‘manner: you enter the command, include any S18 the Terminal window and of course search within, parameters entered tess ofthe command end press Eterto th Terinl for sry partly woes execs the commande youve entered Type into the Terma tome “ane pres Ente Ths dsl sone sterner mation — regarding aT are vesetveneingcanmendsletstie ESSE terete eens tea nd Suz6 a moment to see what menus the Terminal has to Sua) sizing and allows you to alter the character encoding, offer. The File menu option allows you to open anew Terminal, Interestingly, yucan also setieto a Read Only mode, which stops you ‘create anew profile, where you can alter the size, colours and From entering any commands into the Terminal: this s good For when behaviour of the Terminal, adda new tab, and closeall current. youneed to permanently display the Terminal contents active Terminal sessions, ED itteeerercnadance corms: EARP rests te tt option denser toand om the Terminl and other sourceshardy and version number the Terminal orto be For when you want to copy a verylong and complex command froma more precise, GNOME Terminal well simply refer toit as Terminal in ‘web page. It also allows you to edit the current profile preferences. future. The Contents are worth having a quick read through, to help Familiarise yourself with how the Terminal works.L)) using the Terminal. ) Update Mint via the Terminal Up to now you've been using the shield icon to launch Mint Update Manager in order to update the system and upgrade the currently installed apps, tools and other elements. However, you can also accomplish a complete system update and upgrade from the Terminal. USING APT-GET ‘To update and upgrade via the Terminal you use the APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) command. It’s a powerful command and combines different elements depending on its use. PETSEM seartby opening anew Terminal orifyou already — BBEMBMB Actoet is used to update and upgrade the have one opened clear its contents with the clear software in Mint, as well as Ubuntu and other ‘command, Tis starts you off with a clean slate on which to work Debian-based distros. Using the Update element retrieves new package lists and updates the lst oF source files. Upgrade ‘downloads and performs an upgrade to the latest versions of those AIRC files, To start the entire Upgrade and Update process, enter: sudo apt-get update, followed by your password, PEPER Enter apt-get intothe Terminal. This brings upa EEA Notice now the addition ofthe sudo command, The st of the most used apt-get commands, along with ‘sudo command once meant Super User Do; these days it's more acceptable as Substitute User Do. It means that the administrative user (Super User) uses APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) to Get any Updates. Now try this: sudo apt-get upgrade. ‘brief description of what the command does. It's worth having 2 lookat, evenif it doesn't make a huge amount of sense at this time.( Update Mint via the Terminal A Essentially, that’ it, your system s now up to date according to the available list of packages from the apt-get update command, You can run through the process one ‘more time, just to check f everything went okay. To recap, enter: sudo apt-get update, press Enter, then type: sudo apt-get upgrade and press Enter. FEED There's likely tobe a long list of what seems gibberish now filing your Terminal window butdontt worry. The files necessary forthe upgrade have been downloaded, prepared, unpacked, processed, installed and set up correctly. There's a lot going on when you perform an upgrade, even with the smallest package TERMINAL VS UPDATE MANAGER? Why use the Terminal to update and upgrade over the Update Manager, regardless of the distro you're using? Some users greatly prefer using the Terminal to update their Linux systems and accompanying apps, in the belief that it’s better. However, that’s not often the case, Using the Terminal, apt-get upgrade, doesn't handle changing, ‘dependencies between versions of packages, sof a package has its dependent files changed from one version to another, ‘then the upgrade is held back. ‘The Update Manager, or Software Manager (depending on the. distro), often phases its updates and marks those packages FERED ctecestingly, Linux Mint, among other distros, offers you the ability to chain several commands together. In this example, therefore, we can use sudo apt-get. update & sudo apt-get upgrade. The double ampersandis, what combines the commands and works perfectly, providing the preceding command went without a hitch. It's recommended to start any session with the update and upgrade combo, ‘with changed dependencies For updating, However, and this is ‘where Linux can often get confusing, sometimesit doesn't. tall boils down to the developer of the package being updated and the way the package is held in the distro’s repositories and whether the update is classified as stable ‘or not. In essence, from the point of view of the user, iF you update and upgrade using both the Terminal and the Update Manager reqularly, then you willbe as up to date as possible, and get the essential and necessary stable versions of the packages and core software. If you're looking for cutting edge package updates, then it's best to opt For a rolling release: distro instead.L)) using the Terminal. ) Install Apps via the Terminal—Part 1 There are different ways to install apps and programs on Linux. You can opt for the graphical route, using a Software Manager, or you can use the Terminal. Often, the Terminal provides better control over the software being installed and sometimes, you have no choice in the matter. COMMAND LINE INSTALLS. Installing an app with the Terminal may require some nifty keyboard work but you get a better sense of what's being installed and where. BEER stalling apps orm the Terminalisoften relatively ETESMEMM Younced to enter y to confirm the installation, simple. First though, you need to make sure that which takes up around §.SMB of storage in the the system is up to date. To do this open up the Terminal and enter: syste, Once Stella i installed, you can see again that Mint has sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade.cnter automatically created the Games category in the Menu as well as your password and accept any necessary updates, the app shortcut. lecaryovesen sibastgtindteinarade EEEEPB) soneives wen itn stone you neo thats ready stad onthe stun How Goyou tal moe apps _lesmply the rate sere ection whore the ota shel though ego happens that es ertraorcnely simple. Fstyoualnguthel ts dependences he val aris and such it needs need anapp totaly soletsuse els egan Enter sudo Qpt- tofuncon, Sart by ping inthis Sudo add-ept-repost tory get install stella poaipeterievi/poa Press Ener when asad to and ecdhePPA (Personal Package hieThis adds the repo for the app Variety Wallpaper CChanger, an Ubuntu-based app that works in Mint ‘and changes the wallpaper automatically, Now thatthe repois added, ‘enter: sudo apt-get update, to update the new information and ‘add the contents of the repo to the package database. REMOVING APPS (_ Install Apps via the Terminal —Part 1 PEPEPD Nowto instal variety, enter sudo apt-get install. variety. Pressy to confirm and accept the installation, and to continue with the install. Once installed, you can type variety into the Terminal torun the app. In addition to installing apps, the apt command can also be used to remove any apps and helps keep the system tidy and free up resources. To uninstall, or remove, the Variety app enter the BALD ‘coving sudo opt-get renove variety. Enter y to continue with the uninstall oF the app; notice aso that {you're informed of how much space you're Freeing up on the hard drive asa result oF removing the app. rs While the ‘apt-get remove’ command uninstals an app it doesn't get rid of the extra clutter that comes ‘with an app, such as configuration and library files. To completely remove the clutter, enter:sudo apt-get purge variety, FETISEDD when you remove apps from the system you're be informed that some packages that were automatically installed are no longer required. You already saw in the previous tutorial, that you can tidy things up with the Following command: sudo apt-get autorenove, followed by pressing y toaccept the process. Finally, to tidy up al the non-used packages in the system, and to remove elements that the autoremove command didn't, you can enter: sudo apt-get ‘utoclean. These lat few steps are vital for keeping your Linux Mint setup in good working order and to trim off the unnecessary excess caused by installations and upgrades. Fie 6 Won Seth Teil ep 4L)) using the Terminal. ) Install Apps via the Terminal—Part 2 Most of the time you'll get to install apps from the Terminal using the standard apt- get command. However, sometimes an app demands a little more work. This means installing an app From its source code, which isn’t as scary as it First sounds. FROM THE SOURCE ‘The commands you'll need to become familiar with here are Configure, Make and Install. You'l Find a lot of apps use installing From source, so it's certainly a skill worth investing time in. PEPTSEDD source code files for Linux usually comein the form RNB The wget command retrieves content from the Of TAR.GZ or TAR.BZ2. Both are compressed files internet, in this case the 822 file For Vim. To check holding allthe core files needed to ‘make’ the app. Start off this _the file was downloaded successfully, enters. According to Mint’s tutorial by creating a new folderin Home:mkdir Vim, file system colour key, the compressed fie should be displayed in red. aT Vim bythevoy isanadionced textedtor which [ERISBIPBR, we need uncompresthe contents ofthe file wetiyseosan example ost Enter the new now so ener tar xf Vine?-4.tar.bzz to fede cdVin then om witinthenew Voli eter the Trial Ntzou can pe" end pes he Following command into the Terminak wget ftp://Ftp.vim. key toautofillthe remaining Fle name. ‘org/pub/vin/unix/vim-7.4.tar.bz2.ESTEE "you enter 1s again, you'll notice that anew folder has been created: vim74; in light blue text representing a older in Mint. ls always handy to create root Folders forthe main app, then as you upgrade apps through this method the individual versions wll each have their own Folder. Type nc vin74 to enter the foley, ands agin Sue6 to view its contents. There will likely be a Fair number of fies resent most arethe apes oe les, wile others ibe Labeled README or NSTALL Its lays ise to read theses fist 2stheyprovdevauabe information regarding the instalation FERED Te firstpart ofthe installation requires you to enter /configure. The jconfigure command will check ‘your system for any missing dependencies associated with the app. IF {you received an error regarding a Compiler, then enter: sudo apt= get install build-essential. The third-party app Nurses ‘was recorded as missing, We need to install that with: sudo opt— get install LibncursesS-dev Libncursesn5-dev. A (_ Install Apps via the Terminal —Part 2 You may need to keep installing new dependencies, depending on the app. After each new dependency isinstalled, re-run ./configure and when it doesn't report back with an error you can continue to the next stage of the installation Note: you may needto search onine For some error messages. FE osc oppure ves Be RER Final, you need to enter: sudo make install into the Terminal This will install the app, and ‘make it ready for use in the system. When complete you can execute the app, in this case by entering vim into the Terminal or searching For itvia the Dash(One uura eur ene: Cecemrrnatas7 Toys ream Screen sce ROE et mre Cal Enabling fast FPU save and i CIT Enabling unm 5 CeCe i eee Initializing Teen TT) | enables ieee ea (order: 0, 4096 bytes) MECC) Ca bytes) pee oe acl (tieme mC) Gane cece ris fixmap a ETC Or) sta data ror checking if this pro honours the WP bit even in supervisor mode elena) 5 cific routine.. 4047.64 BogoMIPS (1pj=2 ey CeCeeL)) using the Terminal. ) Creating a File Using the Terminal Using the Terminal, you're able to create folders, files and even execute Linux Mint apps. In truth, iF you didn’t have the GUI at hand, you could still accomplish the same from the Terminal. MORE TERMINAL WORK Creating content using the Terminal isn't quite as strenuous as it may first appear. Yes, the Terminal can look a daunting place For the newcomer, but once mastered it's realy quite intuitive. PEPER) open upthe Terminal and makesureyourein the — [EIENBB Your command ine should change to the Test folder ome Folder. not use the ed ~ command to return and if you enter Ls (List folder contents) there'll {YoU to the Home folder From wherever you're curently located, bbe nothing within the Folder as you've just created it.The mkdir ‘command is fairy self explanatory: Make Directory Followed by the name of your choosing. 1 es startby creating a new folder vthin Home, Tocreatean emoty textile caled Test, enter SuaPe and call it Test. The command you'll need is Uae) in the Terminal: touch Test. txt. You can then kd Test PressEntertocrestethefolderuhenyou'vetyped__use T's toview then lein the oder, Touch a tandrd Linx in the command, then ed. Test and press Enter. This wil Change command that allows the creation of files without the need to open Directory hence €D) to the newly created Test folder. a text editor, save the file, then clase the editor.FTES Let's say younow wanted to create a text file, wel callit Test2.bxt, complete with some content. To do so,enter:cat > Test2.txt, Thiswill create the file Test2.txt and putthe Terminal into an editing mode. davidedavt Fle Et View Search Terminal Help rr ( Creating File Using the Terminal (ZY Xed isa GUI app, and you can enter text and save Mia ‘main window, and the File > Save, or File > Save As Functions From its top menu bar options. koelas Youll notice that the cursors Flashing below the cat > Test2.txt command, without the usual prompt. This editing mode will alow you enter the text thatthe file «will contain, Enter some text, then press Ctrl+0 to exit and write the ‘contents to the file. (Of course you don’t always have to use the Terminal toeenter text into aie. Mint comes with a text ‘editor called Xed, which is similar to Windows’ Notepad. To view the previously created ile in Xed, type into the Terminal: xed Test2. ‘ext, and press Enter. Terminal. For example, try Firefox, and press Enter. Close Firefox to return to the Terminal. Providing you know the name of the app, ican run from the Terminal, Additionally, entering fireFox& opens Firefox, AND lets you still use the Terminal. I however,youpreferto remain working inthe Snare) ‘Terminal to edit/save/create files, you can use Nano. Nanos simple Terminabased text edo Tot wth the example enter nano Test2. txt. Thee'sa menu along the bot ofthe screen Toentandsave ay content in Nano, press Cex and follow the onscreen instuctos, We've used the Terminalto launch a Mint app, Xed, but any app can be launched From within theL)) using the Terminal. ) Creating and Removing Directories As with creating files in the Terminal, you can also create and delete directories, or folders if you prefer. Directories form the structure of your file system, without logical directories the filing system would be in utter chaos. MANAGING FOLDERS Learning how to create and delete Folders in the Terminal is an important Mint, and indeed Linux overall, skill to master. Here's the basics for you to try out. ERTISEDD withthe Terminal open enter cd ~ to make sure FETED you were to enter the command again, mkdir you'e in your own Home directory, Now enter Is testdir, youll receive a message stating: mkdir: toview the current folders you have housed in the Home directory. cannot create directory ‘testdir’: File exists.It You natice that Folders ae labelled in Mint in cyan (ight blve). {goes without saying then, that you're only able tohave one uniquely Let’ start by creating anew directory. Enter: mkdir testdir. named directory within the current directory, However, 3s Linuxis casesensitve, you can have Testi, TestDir,testDir and soon, ESSE | vounowenter's again, youll see that the new FTE ou can create directories within directories you've directory testi, has been created alongside the already created. For example, enterthe testdir ‘other directories in the Home area, Obviouslythe commandmkdir — directorywith cd testdir/ Followed by to ls the Folder structure, iswhat creates the directory, and no doubt you've already quessed Naturally there's nothing present, as youive ust created the director. itstands For Make Directory. Now drop backto Home with ed andentermkdir testdir/ reports. Gobacktothe testdir, cd. testdir/, and Ls again.The command to create directories s quite logical, therefore. Youll create the directory, and any sub- directories within, However, what iFyou want to create a directory and a sub-directory ina single command? Make sure you're at Home (cd~) andentermkdir -p Temp/finances. Now, od Temp/, and Istolist the new directory Creating and Removing Directories A FETED Now that we've created some directories, let's see ‘bout removing them, Start by entering the testir directory and listing its contents: ed testdirf, then Is. The previously created reports sub-directory is present. One way to remove itis to enter: rmdir reports, ten ls again to confirm isnot there. Command, Option, and Argument: Inthe previous step example, ‘command (mkdir), option (p), and argument (Temp/finances) Fle Edit View Search Terminal errr Help Cer Tr | FETISERD you want to dill down into the various options available For the mkdir command, you can enter mkdir =-help into the Terminal. This will provide a quick help ‘guide detailing the options and how the command structure works. eT Pri wil only remove empty directories, to remove directories containing sub-directories, or even files, youl need to use the rm command with the - option. For example, on the Temp/finance directories, use rm -R Temp. A.quick reveals that the parent Folder and al of its contents are removed. Careful when using this command,L)) using the Terminal. ) Fun Things to do in the Terminal Despite the seriousness of an operating system, the Linux community are certainly no strangers to a bit of Fun. The developers over the years have created and inserted all manner of fun and odd elements into the Terminal. TERMINAL FUN You'll be working exclusively in the Terminal For these next two sections, so start warming up your fingers. After all, all work and no play... as the saying goes. PPE The first command we're going to use is shit's FEPISED) you've ever fancied having the computer read a rnotinstalled by default so enter: sudo apt-get random fortune out to you, then you'e in luck. Most install sl. The command can berunwith sland when executed distros require you to install the Fortune app, however Linux Mint will display 2 Steam Locomotive travelling across the screen (hence differs somewhat by having it already pre-loaded. Allyou need to-do ‘51. Entering LS, note the upper case, also works isenter the command Fortune into the Terminal, and enjoy. SF Starwasevengetafawinentcomesto ESSAI The rev command iscerainy teresting, andat the Terma Sytningios rae server the Trauhatseent a qute uses sdanos tothe telnet command, you can watch Episode IV: ANew Hope being (0S. However, it can be used to create some seemingly unbreakable played out, albeit in ASCIL To view thisspectacle, enter: telnet _passwords. Enter: rev, now type some text, when you press Enter towel .bLinkenlights.nl next, everything you typed in will be reversed. Press CtrlsC to ext.(Fun Things to do in the Terminal @@Y PS TESED you're stuck trying to work outallthe possible FETED you really want to expand the whole cow thing, factors for any particular number, simply enter For whatever reason, then pipe the Fortune Factor Followed by the number. For example, factor 7doesn't command throughit, with: Fortune | consay; and for the offer much output, whereas Factor 60 displays more. ‘graphical cow equivalent: fortune | xcowsay. Plus, there's always cowthink. Try: cowthink ...This book is awesome. PETE There'sa fine line between the rather cool and PEPE The command toilet doesn't inspire much realy-quite-weird. Having an ASCII cow repeat text confidence, we'll admit. However, is not as bad as toyou could potentially fll inthe latter. Enter cowsay followed —_itfirstsounds. Start by installing it with: sudo apt-get install by any text you want, such as: cowsay Linux Mint is ace!. toilet. Then when installed, type something along the lines of In fact, you can even output the ls command through the cow,by toilet David. Or perhaps list the contents ofthe current Folder centering: Ls I cowsay. throughit, with: Is | toilet. Toutherthe cow element there's evn graphical Expanding the tot command, youcan actualy SPE ‘Le, non-Terminal, cow available, Install it with: SUP HO ‘generate some decent looking graphics through sudo apt-get install xcowsay, thenwhenisinstaled enter it, Forexample, uy this toilet -f monol2 -F metal David. something similar to cowsay suchas: xconsay BOM Publications. Youcanentertoilet --help, for alist of the command line arguments to expand furtherL)) using the Terminal. ) More Fun Things to do in the Terminal IF the previous list of fun, and quite bizarre, things to do in the Terminal has you wanting more, you're in luck. We've put together another batch of some useful, and some not so useful, commands for you to try out. MORE FUN, YAY Since the Terminal session is already open, and your keyboard digits are nicely warmed up, here are another two pages of Terminal nonsense. PATER ED Remember the old 2x Spectrum days of computing, ERTS Having alittle white cat chase your mouse pointer when you could type in 10 print “Hello”, 20 goto 10 ‘around the desktop may sound tke a terrible waste ‘and Hello would list down the screen? Welt in Linux Mintyoucan do of time. Oddly though, itis. Enter: sudo apt-get instal the same. Simply enter yes followed by some text, ie. yes Linux oneko, then type oneko to have the cat appear. Move your ‘mouse’ is ace. It'll keep going until you press Ctrl+C. cursor around the screen and the cat wil chase't, Use Ctr 1+C to exit the action, FSTESE DD The Matrixwas one of the most graphicaly copied EESIM This entry saittle more serious than the previous. Films ever released; there's even a version of the It's called the Fork Bomb and what it does, basically Matrix code available for Linux Mint. Installit with: sudo apt-get is continually replicate itselFuntilit has used up al the available install. cnatrix. when it's done enter: cmatrix.nd follow system resources, thus causing your computer to crash, You don't the white rabbit, Neo, Unlike the real Matrix though, youcan press have totrytbut it's interesting nonetheless. Simply enter: Cerl+C to ext. 1:& }: and be prepared to reboot. File Edt View Search Terminal Helpssuch a powerful element to an 05. Using the while command, For example, together with tol, can yield some impressive results, Enterwhile true; do echo “S(date ‘+XD XT’ | toilet -f term -F border --metal)”; sleep 1; done. Talking computers were the craze ofthe 80s, enter: espeak “Hello, this is Linux Mint” tohave the computer repeat the text inside the quotes to you Make sure your volume is turned up, and try the following: ls > folders. txt && espeak -f folders. txt. This willhave Mint read back the contents ofthe Is command. Vem Search Terminal Help Bea 8 02tIng ASCI fire isnt the most useful command to have at your disposal, bt i's Fun. Install it with: sudo apt-get install Libaa-bin, then when installed use: ‘afire, I's not exactly warming but you get the idea. To expand the above, enter: sudo apt-get install bb caca-utils, then, cacafire, ra More Fun Things to do in the Terminal Used as a music demo from the old Amiga and DOS days, the Bb command reminds us of getting hold of three and a hal inch Floppies crammed with all manner oF demoscene goodies. We've already installed bb from the previous step, sojust enter bb. Follow the onscreen instructions, and turn up your volume. ‘This entry is in two parts. First youneed to get Sua) hold of the necessary packages: Sudo apt- get install Libcurses-perlL. When that’s done enter: cd Donnloads/ && wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/ ‘uthors/id/K/KB/KBAUCOM/Term-Anination-2.4.tar.g2 88 tar -xf Term-Animation-2.4.tar.gz && cd Tern- Animation-2.4/.Then:perl. Makefile.PL && make && make test && sudo make install. With that litle lot dane, onto the next. Enter: cd && nget http://mm.robobunny..con/ projects/asciiquariun/asciiquarium.tar.gz && tar =xf asciiquarium.tar.gz && cd asciiquarium 1.1/ 8B chmod +x asciiquarium. Providing all went well, enter ./ asciiquariumand enjoy your very own ASCIF-based aquarium,PY using the Terminat ) Linux Tips and Tricks As you've seen, the Linux Terminal is quite an exceptional environment. With a few extra apps installed, and a smidgen of command knowledge, incredible, and often quite strange, things can be accomplished. TAKING COMMAND ‘There are countless Linux tips, secrets, hacks and tricks out there. Some are very old, origi while others are recent additions to Linux lore. Here's our Favourite ten tips and tricks. ting from Linux’s Unix heritage, PIG [mes the text editor, sa great piece of software, however, did you knowit also, ‘contains a hidden Easter Egg? With Emacs installed (sudo apt-get Install emacs25), drop to a Terminal session and enter: emacs -batch -1 dunnet Dunnetis a text adventure written by Ron Schnell in 1982, and hidden in Emacs since 1994, SMe EER fer fancied being able to browse the Internet from the Terminal? While not particularly useful itis quite a Fascinating thing to behold. To doso, enter: sudo apt-get install elinks elinks Enter the website you want to vist. PUTT fete 22:2d on the classic 1982 arcade game, Moon Patrol, Moon Buggy appeared on the home computers of 1985 amid much praise. Ir'sa cracking Atari ‘game, andi’ avalabe in the Linux Terminal by entering: sudo apt-get install moon-buggy Then: Pe Scowing in the Terminal console isnt something you come across every day. IF you're interested, however, enter: get https://gist .githubusercontent con/sontek/ 1505483/ran/7d0247160057e69°bS2632F ee09F42 753361c4a2/snowjob.sh chmod +x. snawjob.sh /snowjob.shMEMORY HOGS Linux, simply enter: IF youneed to see what apps are consuming the most memory on Ps aux | sort -rnk 4 ‘This sorts the output by system memory use, When you delete afile, there's chance of someone with the right software being able toretrieve it. However, to securely and permanently delete afl, use shred tao} s39 shred ~zvu NAMEOFFILE. txt Replace NAMEOFFILE with the name ofthe file to delete, FraIP Gap 4°! art can be quite striking when applied to some images. However, it's often difficult to ‘get just right. You can create some great ASCIl at From the images you have by using img2txt: ‘img2txt NAMEOFIMAGEFILE..png Replace NAMEOFIMAGEFILE with the actual name of the image fle on your system. IF img2txt instal installed, use: sudo apt-get install caca-utils. A Linux Tips and Tricks servers provided hang-outs for users to chat, swap code, play games and more. Using telnet in Linux, we can still connect to some active BBSes: telnet battlestarbbs. dyndns.org There are countless operational B8Ses available, check outhttps:// wurw.telnetbbsguide.com/bbs/list/detaly, For more, FLELP EEE; ea IFyou want ta create an entire directory (or Folder) tree witha Dy ere) aa single command, you can use: mkdir =p New-Dir/ {subfolder1, subfolder2, subfolder3, subfoldera} This creates a New-Dirwith four sub Folders within, leat easy tying FORGOTTEN COMMANDS torememberall the available Linux commands. Thankfully, we can use apropos to help Us. Simply use't, along with a description of the command: apropos “copy files” apropos “rename files”wv a iW Uv c oO oa 3 € 7mV, Wat, A =e MN =o VA . ay Yo Zee SS 4 ff NN Ze ves —EY) using the Terminal ) Creating Bash Scripts eee: Eventually, as you advance with Linux Mint, you'll want to start creating your own automated tasks and programs. These are essentially scripts, Bash Shell scripts to be exact, and they work in the same way as a DOS Batch file does, or any other programming language. GET SCRIPTING ABash script is simply a series of commands that Mint will run through to complete a certain task. They can be simple or remarkably complex, it all depends on the situation, EETRER Youllbe working within the Terminal and witha FETIRED) 1 beain with, and before you startto write any text editor throughout the coming pages. There scripts, youneed to create a folder where you can putall our scripts into, Start with mkdir scripts, end enterthe Folder cd_scripts/. Thiswill be our working Folder and from here you begin, however, run through the customary update check: Sudo you can create sub-folders if you want of each script you create, are alternatives tothe text editor, which welllook atin a moment but forthe sake of ease, wellbe doing our examples in Xed. Before apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade. Fe Edt View Search Terminal Help FETED thereare several text editorswecanuse tocreate — EEEIMM windows users will be aware thatin order fora 8 Bash script: Xed, Vi, Nano, Vim, GNU Emacs and batch file to work, asin be executed and follow the ‘soon. Inthe end it all comes down to personal preference. Our programming within t,t needs to have a BAT file extension, Linux Use of Xed is purely due to making it easier to read the scriptinthe _isanextension-less operating system but the convention isto give screenshots you see below. scripts ash extension, Fie Ede View Search Terminal Help( Creating Bash Scripts—Part1 @Y cramanearcescecouoa one ERE wen vaca tsnin sansa Siete encrcad vetoed a ERED yavushscin ncn uments Tuewtlanchscseniecneeeectestcattd,— wdartogeen monty ssetrrenmonenneene hk crtetlonptliahesk beronorewinccee” — Wesoge naburemismetsone hegre sped Pak ata ee ar Fle Edt View Search Terminal Help Fle Et View Search Terminal Help Fle Edt View Search Toot Documents Help Doan~|xyooajag 1 /sin/bash Tetiintasve siesta she EEE aon eevee ao allah you're going to be using, in this case Bash. The hash S28) World!’ should now be displayed in the Terminal. (e)éenotesa commen ine ane tat snared the sytem the” The eco command's response or ututng he word after tccarton mark meas thatthe conmertbypasedand wil RintheTemioa as we move onyoucan make the ech command face rescipttoexeatethelnessaconmand Thslsabakown output othe Sources dsavshaang Fle Edt View Search Toots Documents. Help Doajn+|/yeonjaa Fle Edt View Search Toot Documents Help Boanv|xoojag (Bm etoworsah 1 otn/bash 1 /bin/bash EEGED rest siesta sneak ctetnactiectsenscrtconnont Bact the Tetrinal Entering L, wl veal the displays eer text, pumbers oar variabies hat, script inthe folder. To make any script executable, and able to are stored in the system, such as the current system date, Try this run, you need to modify its permissions. Do thiswith chmod +x _example:echo Hello World! Today is $(date +XA). The helloworld.sh. You need to do thiswith every scriat you create, _$(date +%A)s calling the system variable that stores the current day of the week. Fle £6¢ View Search Terminal HelpUsing the Terminal. ) 8 Creating Bash Scripts —Part 2 Previously we looked at creating your first Bash script, Hello World, and adding a system variable. Now you can expand these and see what you can do when you start to play around with creating your own unique variables. VARIABLES Just as in every other programming language a Bash script can store and call certain variables From the system, either generic or user created. Let’ start by creating a new script called hello.sh xed hello. sh. In itenter:#!/bin/bash, then, ‘echoHello $1. Save the file and exit Xed. Backin the Terminal ‘make the script executable with: chmod +x hello. sh. ie tlt Ven Seach Teil Hp noo xeojag os oinroasn EEGED The output now will be Hello David. This is because Bash automatically assigns variables for the user, which are then held and passed to the script, So the variable '$ now holds ‘David. You can change the variable by entering something different: ./heL1o.sh Mint. File Eat view Search Terminal Help ratty Patra) Patent FSTESED Asthe scriptisnow executable, run itwith «/ helo. sh. Now, as you probably expected a simple ‘Hello’ is displayed in the Terminal. However, iFyou then isue the ‘command with a variable, it begins to get interesting, For example, try ./hetlo.sh David File ES View Search Terminal Bere oucan even rename variables, Modify the hello, sh script with the Following: firstname=$1, surname=$2, echo Hello Sfirstname Ssurnane, Putting each statement on a new line, Save the script and exit back into the Terminal le Ede View Search Tools Document. Help 20m xo0 ag a elioeh » ‘1/bin/bach echo Hello $firstname SsurnaneWhen you run the script now you can use two custom variables: ./helLlo.sh David Hayward. Naturally change the two variables with your own name; unless you're also called David Hayward. At the moment we're just printing the contents, so let's expand the twowariable use alitle ( Creating Bash Scripts — Part 2 A FETTER {t's expand things Further. Create a new script called greetings .sh. Enter the scripting as below inthe screenshat, save it and make it executable with the chmod command. You can see that there are afew new additions to the script now. Fle Edt View Search Terminal Help Careers fakewrenmmanrers Create anew scriptcaled addi tion. sh, sng Sue6 the same format as the hello.sh script, but changing the viable names Here weve added irstnumber and Secondnumber and used the echo command ta output some Simpl arthmeticby lacng an integer exresson, echo The. Sun is S¢SfirstrunbersSsecondnumber)),Save the sit and make it executable (chmod +x addition. sh). Aoa nw xooH ag a1 bin/bash firstnumber=s) Jecho ‘The sum 15 §(($firstnunbersssecondnunber)) FETESE RD When you now run the adeltion sh script we can enter two numbers: ./addition.sh 1 2.The result will hopefully be 3, with the Terminal displaying The sum is3. Try with a Few different numbers and see what happens. ‘See also if you can alter the script and rename itdo multiplication, ‘and subtraction, leit View Search Terminal Help EY area are enag AoA nw x im gectrgssh x #1/bin/bash fread firetnane jecho = clear Jecho Hello sfirstnane Ssurnane, how are you today? Weve added -ntothe eco commandhere Sua) which will leave the cursor on the same line as the aueston, instead of anew ine The read command stores the User input asthe variables Ristnameand surname, to then ead backlaterinthe as echo ne. And the Lear command clears thescree, Filed View Search Terminal Help ESTED DD 252 inal addition, let's include the date variable wwe used in the last section, Amend the last line of the script to read: echo Hello $firstname $surname, how are you on this fine $(date +%A)?. The output should clisplay the current day of the week, calling it from a system variable, Fle Ect View Search Tooke Document Help Doainv)xyenjag 1m eeeengash |ereinveash tlestnane Nello sfirstnane ssurnane, how are you on this fine s(datUsing the Terminal. ) 8 Creating Bash Scripts —Part 3 In the previous pages we looked at some very basic Bash scripting, which involved outputting text to the screen, getting a user's input, storing it and outputting that to the screen; as well as including a system variable using the Date command. Now let's combine what you've achieved so far and introduce Loops. IF, THEN, ELSE ‘With most programming structures there will come a time where you need to loop through the commands you've entered to create better Functionality, and ultimately a better program. ESTISEDD | {2t'slookat theif, Then and Else statements now, which when executed correctly, compare aset of instructions and simply work out that IF something is present, THEN cdo something, ELSE do something different. Create a new script called greeting2. sh and enter the text in the screenshot below intoit: Fle Edit View Search Tools Documents Help Ho&in~|/yeeajiag Bu oretngssh sinjbash HT *stirstnane” 1 Greeting? sh is a copy of greetingsh but with a slight difference, Here we've added a loop starting at the iF statement. This means, IF the variable entered is equal to David the next line, THEN, isthe reaction to what happens, in this case twill output tothe screen ‘Awesome name; Followed by the variable (which s David). Fle ES¢ View Search Terminal Help FETIREDD The next ine, £156, is what happensif the variable doesn’t equal ‘Davi’ In this case it simply outputs tothe screen the now familar ‘Hello... The lasting, the Fl statement, isthe command that will end the loop. IFyou have an IF ‘command without a Fi command, then you get an error Fle St View Search Terminal_ Help You can obviously play around with the script a little, changing the name variable that triggers 8 response; or maybe even issuing a response where the frst name and surname variables match a specific variable Fle Et View Search Tools Documents Help aoa xoeo|ag Du oeetrgnzeh x #1 ein/bash clear SOT -stirstnane a= 1 66 “ssurnane” = 1 then eche ‘firstname gsurnane flo sfirstnane Srurnane, how are you on this fineMORE LOOPING y (Creating Bash Scripts ~ Part 3 ey ‘You can loop over data using the FOR, WHILE and UNTIL statements. These can be handy if you're batch naming, copying or running a script where a counter is needed. BTEERED Create anew script called count. sh Enter the text in the screenshot below, save itand make it ‘executable, This creates the variable ‘count’ which atthe beginning ‘of the script equals zero, Then start the WHILE loop, which WHILE ‘count isles than (the T part) 100 wil print the current value oF ‘count inthe echo command, jutite { scount -1t 100 140 Jechescount Tet’ countecounter Berea The UNTIL Loop works much the same wayas the WHILE Loop only, more often than not, in reverse. So our counting to ahundred, using UNTIL, would be: until [ Scount -gt 100 1; do. The difference being, UNTIL counts, ‘greater than (the gt part} one hundred, keep on looping, counts fle Ede View Search Toole Documents Help AOa n~ xoH8 ag im scounsh x et/bin/bash Junest_{ scount -et 100 15 do lecho.scoont| Ret’ countacounter Sone Executing the count sh script will result in the ‘numbers 0 to 9 listing down the Terminal screen; ‘when it reaches 100 the script wll end. Modifying the script with the FOR statement, makes it workin much the same way. To use tin our script, enter the text From the screenshot into the count sh script. Fe Edt View Search Toole Documents Help Doaln+ xoo ag Be coutsh x bin/bash for count sm £0..1009; do echo count et’ countecounter one for count in {0..100}; do lecho $count ‘Let count=count+1 a You're not limited to numbers zero to one hundred, ‘You can, within the loop, have whatever set of ‘commands you lke and execute them as many times as you want, the loop to run For. Renaming a milion files, creating Fifty Folders etc. For example, this script will create ten Folders named Foldert through to Foldert0 using the FOR loop. count shi Fle Ede View Search Too! Documents Help aoa n~ yoo ag im scounsh x ot /oin/bas Hor count in (0, .10);d0 Jmtair Folsers‘ount Ret countecountsi Sone BTID Using the FoR statement once more, we can ‘execute the counting sequence by manipulating the {0.100} part. This section of the code actually means (START. END. INCREMENT, iF there's no increment then it's just single digit upto the END. For example, we could get the loops to count up to 1000in twoswith: for count in {0..1000..2}; do. Fle ESt ew Search Too Donen Help Boajn~|xoejaa percouesh x 1 /bin/bash for count in (0..1000..2);40 he. scount ist covntecouteey Using the Terminal. ) Creating Bash Scripts —Part 4 CHOICES AND LOOPS Let's bring in another command, CHOICE, along with some nested IF and ELSE statements. Start by creating a new script called mmychoice sh, The mychoice sh script Isbeginning tolooka lot more complex. What ‘we have here isa list ‘of Four choices, with three possible options ‘The options: Mint; 5, and Awesome will be displayed ifthe user presses the correct ‘option ke. IFnot, then the menu will reappear, the Fourth choice, IFyou follow the script through you soon get the hang of what's going on, based on what we've already covered, WHILE, IF, and ELSE, with the Fl closing loop statement willrun through the options and bring you back tothe start f you pickthe wrong option BERTIER) You can, of course, increase the number of choices butyou need to make sure that you match the umber of choices ta the number of IF statements. The script can ‘Quickly become a very busy screen to look at. Thislengthy script is another way of displaying @ menu, this time with a fancy colour scheme too PSTEP DD You can use the $name” 2> /dev/nutl ) Jf CL on “soutput® 115 then che “SoutputWhen executedthe script wats for input rom the SHAPE ‘user, in this case the file extension, such as jpg, tmpdandsoon lst very ren though Le ae toile fnendler Addan ecto with:echo =n “Please enter the extension of the file you’re looking for: “, just before the read command Here's an interesting, Fun kind of script using the app espeak, Install espeak with sudo apt-get install espeak, then enter the text below into anew script called speak. sh. Asyou can seeit's a rehash ofthe First greeting script ‘we ran. Only this time, it uses the variables inthe espeak output. We briefly looked at putting some coloursin the ‘output For our scripts. Whilst i’ too long to dia a little deeper into the colour options, here's script that outputs ‘what's avallable. Create anew script called colours. sh and enter the text (see below) into it, Creating Bash Scripts — Part 5 8 ‘The output from colours sh can, of course, be SEED inc tocetner bringing diferent effects depending on what you want to the output to say, For example, white text in a red background fashing (or blinking). Sadly the blinking effect doesn't work on all Terminals, so you may need to, change toa different Terminal. Whilst we're on making Fancy scripts, how about using Zenity to output a graphical interface? Enter what you see below into a new script, menu. sh, Make it executable and then runit. You should have a couple of dialogue boxes appear, Followed by a Final message. ile gaming ha Bash siti something Guero that's often touched upon, itis entirely possible, abet litle bac. Moverentbasedgomes are duct, and sometimes buggy, however a good tev adventure or ghng Fantasy type gumeis a perfect cote for gaming in he Terminal diet ago andletus know how you get onPY using the Terminal ) Pi x Linux = The Perfect Combination The Raspberry Pi is a remarkable piece of hardware, and to help drive its potential it needs a remarkable operating system. Thankfully, Linux is the default and recommended OS of choice for the Pi, and together they make a winning team. When the Raspberry Pi was in its developmental stages its designers needed to ensure that they were creating a piece of hardware that could offer much more than simply being a cheap, but small, computer. “The Pi needed to be flexible with what it could do, it needed to have room to grow into more ambitious project concepts and ideas, and itneeded to do so in a easy to use fashion as possible. The goal was tocreate a universal learning platform, that students of any age ‘could expand on and tinker with, while learning new concepts such ‘as programming, electronics, and computing, Naturally, once the hardware was developed, the only real choice of ‘operating system was oF course, Linux. “The versatility of Linuxis legendary. This incredible core OSis so malleable that can be steered toward near any aspect of computing, from ‘supercomputing ta robotics, the space industry to more terrestrial engineering; education and science, manufacturing and the Internet ‘Think oF an industry, and you wil ikely Find a Linux installation somewhere in the background keeping ital together Raspbian isthe recommended operating system for the Raspberry Pi, a customised Debian-based distribution that comes packed with a collection of useful tools that cater for coding, electronics, and ‘general desktop computing duties. Alongside the apps are pre loaded modules to help get the most from each ofthe programming languagesyou decide to learn and use, as well as software to hardware modules that wil enable you to power and use the hardware specific items unique to the Pi. For example, there are Python modules that interact with the Raspberry P's 40-pin GPIO, allowing you to create content for any ofthe Hardware Attached on Top devices, This combination s what makes the Raspberry Pi an excellent base ‘of operations to learn not only coding on, but also Linux in general Raspbian, being Debian-based, willbe able to run any ofthe Terminal commands listed inthis book, a5 Linux Mint and even buntu are also Debian-based, And since the Raspberry is so rall, and costs very litle setup, you're able to have both your regular, Windows or macOS computers, and have a Raspberry Piasa headless (a powered device that doesn't need a keyboard, ‘mouse or monitor attached, a you connect to it remotely) ‘computer From which you can connect to and learn how to use Linux and howto code,Pix Linux=The Perfect Combination @/¥ WHICH PI? ‘There are several Raspberry Pi models available, with each available. Overall it's probably best to start experimenting ‘offering something slightly different from the others. The ‘with the Pi using the Pi 4 Model B, then moving on to one of most recent Pi released is the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, and tthe other models as you develop your skills and focus ona ‘hile this model is slightly more expensive than some of the _particular project, such as the need to use one of the Pi Zero the most powerful and feature-rich Pi _-_-models, witha smaller footprint and WiFi enabled connectivity. E Sea enaae great project Pi BEYOND THE RASPBERRY PI OS PI, LINUX AND CODING ‘The Flexibility of the Raspberry Pi's ARM processor means ‘As previously mentioned, the Raspberry Piis an excellent code that’s capable of running other operating systems beyond —_base, and with Linuxas the backbone you're able to start learning, it's default Raspberry Pi OS. Still keeping with Linux, you hhow to code in a multitude of different programming languages. ‘an instead install Ubuntu MATE, Pidora a Fedore-based distribution) Lakka,PiPlay (a retro emulation distribution) and ‘Arch Linux ARM, There are also systems based loosely on the : encompass much ofthe P's Functionally. aside from creating Linus Kernel such as Android Minbian and Chromium os. Shmase much ofthe funtonally Aside rom eatin “There's Windows 10 oT Core, FreeBSD, RISCOS>I,Plan9 and, _GPIO pinson the Pi andin sobe abe to control LEDs, and even remarkably, AROS an Amiga OS clone- Needless to say that | more complex HATS. fone you've Finished experimenting withone version oFLinix, > apn ry for the ost populr choles for beginner on justas you would with a desktop version of Linux, youcan hop pathon&by far the most populs chocefor beginners and sacri ailace re rean eee how matone works, get he most from your Python experience, Tere are countless x preloaded modules, aswell asthe most recent stable release of the language. (C#+is one of the most powerful programming languages to learn. t's used for games, apps, and even entire operating systems. The Raspberry Picomes with a great Cr+ editor, that’s easy to use ‘and can help you develop ‘amazing content. Whichever way you decide to take your coding and Linux adventure, the Raspberry Piis an excellent platform from which to begin on. Bash scripting works perfectly, since Raspbian is Linux, and Debian-based, and you can easily expand your scripts toLY) using the Terminal Command Line Quick Reference When you start using Linux full time, you will quickly realise that the graphical interfaces of Ubuntu, Mint, etc. are great for many tasks but not great for all tasks. Understanding how to use the command line not only builds your understanding of Linux but also improves your knowledge of coding and programming in general. Our command line quick reference guide is designed to help you master Linux quicker. TOP 10 COMMANDS ‘These may not be the most common commands used by everyone but they will certainly Feature Frequently for many users of Linux and the command line. ‘The cd commands one of the commands you will use the most atthe command line in Linux. It allows you to change your working directory. You Use it to move around within the hierarchy of your filesystem. You can also use chai. cd The my command movesa file toa different location or renames afile. For examplemy file ‘Sub renames the original file to sub. mv sub ~=/Desktop moves the file'sub’ to your desktop directory but does not rename it. You must specify anew Filename to rename a file. mv ‘The Ls command shows you the filesin your current directory. Used with certain options it ets ‘you see file sizes, when files where created and file permissions. For example, 1S. ~ shows you the files that are in your home directory. ls “The ep commandis used to make copies of files and directories. For example, cp file sub makes an exact copy of the file whose name you entered and names the copy sub but the first ile wil till exist with is original name, cp “The pd command prints the full pathname oF the current working directory (pwd stands For ‘print working directory’). Note that the GNOME terminal also displays this information in the ttle bar ofits window. ‘The Clear command clears your screen if this, is possible t looks in the environment For the terminal type and then inthe terminfo database to figure out howto clear the screen. Thisis equivalent to typing Control when using the bash shell clear The chown command changes the user and/ ‘or group ownership of each given file. f only an ‘owner (a user name or numeric user 10) isgiven, that user is made the owner of each given file, and the files’ roup is not changed. chown The chmod command changes the permissions on the files listed. Permissions are based on a fairly simple model. You can set permissions For user, ‘group and world and you can set whether each can Fead, write and or execute the file cmod The rm command removes (deletes) ile or directories. The removal process unlink afilename inaflesystem From data on the storage device and marks that space as usable by Future writes. In other words, removing files increases the amount of available space on your disk rm Short For ‘make directory’, mkdir is used to create directories on a Filesystem, iFthe specified directory does not already exist. For example, mkdir work creates a work directory. More than tone directory may be specified when calling mir mkdir© Command Line Quick Reference @¥ USEFUL HELP/INFO COMMANDS ‘The following commands are useful for when ‘you are trying to learn more about the system or program you are working with in Linux. You might not need them every day, but when you do, they willbe invaluable, “The free command displays the total amount ‘The sed.command opens a stream editor. of free and used physical and swap memory in A stream editoris used to perform text Free” thesystem.Forexample, free -ngivesthe S€d_ transformations on an input stream: File or input information using megabytes. froma pipeline “The dF command displays filesystem disk space ‘usage forall partitions, The command df-h is probably the most useful (the -h means human-readable) The adduser command adds anew userto the adduser _ system. Similarly, the addgroup command adds a new group to the system, df “The top program provides a dynamic real-time The deluser command removes a user from view ofa running system, can display the system. To remove the user's files and COP system summary information, as well as. lst Geluser | home directory, you need to add the -renove OF processes hore option ‘The uncme command withthe -o option prints The de. group command removes a group from unmame-a_ allsystem information, including machinename, __jelgroup _ the system, You cannot remove a group thatis the kernel name, version and afew other details primary group of any users. ‘Theps command allows youtto view athe processes running on the machine. Every PS operating system's version of ps sslightly different but all do the same thing, ‘Theman man command brings up the manual man man | entey forthe man command, whichis great place to start when using it ‘The grep command allows you to search nside @ Theman intro commandis especially useful numberof files Fora particularsearch pattern and Ie¢splaysthe Introduction to User Commands, STED then print matching lines. An example wouldbe: [19100 which isa well written, fairly brief introduction to grep blah file the Linux command line,ey Using the Terminal A-Z of Linux Commands odduser arch nk B bc C cat chdir charp chroot ccksum np © crontab csplit cut D date dc Add a new user Print machine architecture Find and replace text within file(s) An arbitrary precision caleulatorlanguage Concatenate files and print on the standard output Change working directory Change the group ownership of files Change root directory Print CRC checksum and byte counts Compare tw files Compare two sorted files line byline Copyone or mare Files to another location Schedule a command to runatalatertime Splitafile into context determined pieces Divide a file into several parts Display or change the date & time Desk calculator dd. diff dirname du E echo ed egrep env ‘expand expr factor fdisk farep find Ft fold format fsck Data Dump, convert and copy a file Display the differences between two files ‘Convert a full path name tojusta path Estimate file space usage Display message on screen Aline oriented text editor (eatin) Search file(s) For lines that match an extended expression Display, set or remove environment variables ‘Convert tabs to spaces Evaluate expressions Print prime Factors Partition table manipulator for Linux Search file(s) For lines that match a fixed string ‘Search For files that meet ‘desired criteria Reformat paragraph text ‘Wrap text to fita specified width Format disks or tapes Filesystem consistency checkand repair G gawk rep groups wip head hostname id info install J join K kill Find and Replace text within ile) Search ile() For lines that match a given pattern Print group names a user Compress or decompress pamed file(s) Output the first part of Files) Print or set system name Print user and group ids Help info Copy files and set attributes Join tines ona common Feld Stop a process Fromm running Display output one screen. atatime ‘Make inks between files Find files(AZ of Linux Commands Logname __Printcurrentloginname rep. Copy iles between U pe Line printer two machines control program rm Remove files None ears asic] lpr Off line print rmdir Remove folder(s) funexpand) Comert spaces toate Aprm Remove jobs from the rpm Remote Package Manager UNA Unicity Fes rine queve units Convert uns fom one = rsync Remote file copy mab wenater (synchronise file trees) M tinshar ” Unpadkshallarchive sits Me, see lp manual S Useradd Create new user acount mkdir Create new Folder(s) screen Terminal window manager oe soci usececcoun nidfa’ "Wale FROstoaradpiaed) “Saif "Mergetvaferienaty ETS Laken iknod Wake biockor character” “select” Accept keyboard input special is, seq Fit ramericseauenes J wore Dispiay output one screen a ata time ihnedoa Shutdown or restart linux vain Verbosely list directory = eee sleep Belay Fora spectiedtime contents 5-8) sort Sortevt fies N split Spit fieinto WwW Fnedsize pieces watch Execute ordspaya mice Set the priority of a su substitute user identit sragram periodical Setthe py Substitute user ientty program periodically = eee sum Printa checksum forafie “we Pini wed an write les Symtink Make anew name for tpn comand imine sit EEE eperalinown tohangupe syne Synchronise dation disk with memory which ‘ocak a program ie in the user’ path P T who rine a vsemames passed Mody aus pasword caren gged paste weelesaffes #9 Sencaeste ands aT parte caren ies revs Pinte patch GheKtienane lly agin gaat = onetct fies ofties fering ae Taper Xx piincap 7 ink pais ie args eet pssng = fede onto printenv Print environment variables multiple files coostiched argon printf Format and print data test Evaluate a condosteresson a ar Pina sting nesoureeuse chelinerpted quota ilaydskuse “Each” 77 hanged soe Hinks ‘top List processes running on aiotacheck San ate simian these aetusge ‘traceroute Trace Route to Host quotactl Set disk quotas R aia Foie ram Ram disk devicePromiener Paes coer ferent! CeeNow you've got the basics down, you can improve and elena le eee emia) Cee elt] at= ce -40 (|= Linux Tricks and Tips Coming soon!Make Your Online Own PC § Security For Beginners For Beginners Outdoor i ese iae Masai Lightroom Lol {24 alae) Lae) ===) For Beginners Canon For Beginners thay 4 Galaxy be =) e Linux For Beginners efYat Black Dog Media From Beginner to Expert Master Your Tec To continue learning more about your tech visit us at: www.bdmpublications.com EXCLUSIVE Offers on [aueiatg our Tech Guidebooks for BeginnetS : Coding pilthon @ Print & digital editions @ Featuring the very latest updates © Step-by-step tutorials and guides @ Created by BDM experts Check out our latest titles today! SPECIAL DEALS and Bonus Content Sign up to our monthly newsletter and get the latest updates, offers and news from BDM. We are here to help you Master Your Tech! bdmpublications.com/ultimate-photoshop Ease Reece ute eR Meir images for free! Simply sign up and get creative.