Experiment No 5 Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
Experiment No. (5): Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
• Object:
To study the operation of Frequency Modulator and Demodulator by using
MATLAB SIMULINK.
• Theory:
Frequency modulation (FM) is a standard technique for high-fidelity
communications as it is evident in the received signals of the FM band (88-108
MHz) versus the AM band (450-1650 KHz). The main reason for the improved
fidelity is that FM detectors, when properly designed, are not sensitive to random
amplitude variations, which are the dominant part of electrical noise (heard as
static on the AM radio). Frequency modulation is not only used in commercial
radio broadcasts, but also in police and hospital communications, emergency
channels, TV sound, wireless (cellular) telephone systems, and radio amateur
bands above 30 MHz.
The basic idea of an FM signal vs. an AM signal is demonstrated in
figure (1). In FM signal, the frequency of the carrier signal is changed by the
modulating (baseband) signal while its amplitude remains the same. In AM signal,
we now know that it is the amplitude (or the envelope) of the carrier signal that is
changed by the modulating signal. The FM signal can be expressed by:
𝑋𝑓𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜃𝑖 (𝑡))…….(1)
𝑡
𝜃𝑖 (𝑡) = 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑓𝑖 (𝜏) 𝑑𝜏…….(2)
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡) …….(3)
𝑡
𝜃𝑖 (𝑡) = 2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝜏))𝑑𝜏…….(4)
𝑡
𝑋𝑓𝑚 = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝜏)) 𝑑𝜏] …….(5)
Experiment No 5 Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
If 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) , then Message signal
𝑡
𝑋𝑓𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝜏) )𝑑𝜏) …….(6)
𝑡
𝑋𝑓𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝜏) )𝑑𝜏) …….(7)
∆𝑓
𝑋𝑓𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑡𝑓𝑐 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)] …….(8)
𝑓𝑚
𝑋𝑓𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑡𝑓𝑐 + 𝑚𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)] …….(9)
Where,
𝜃𝑖 (𝑡) = angle of a modulated sinusoidal carrier
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) =The instantaneous frequency
𝑘𝑓 = frequency modulation constant (Hz/v)
𝐴𝑐 = carrier amplitude
𝐴𝑚 = Message signal amplitude
𝑓𝑐 = carrier frequency
𝑓𝑚 = Message signal frequency
∆𝑓 𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚
𝑚𝑓 = Modulation index = =
𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚
∆𝑓 = Maximum frequency deviation.
From the above equations we can see that the frequency of the FM signal
deviate (∆f) from the center frequency of the carrier signal as the message
amplitude is varied.
The bandwidth of the FM signal depends on the modulation index (mf), and
the well-known Carson’s Rule approximates it:
BW = 2 (∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ) = 2 𝑓𝑚 (𝑚𝑓 + 1) …….(10)
Experiment No 5 Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
The factor (2) in the equation is to account for both the upper and lower
sidebands (left and right of the carrier). This equation gives the bandwidth, which
contains 98% of the signal power.
• Procedure:
Part-A: FM Generation (Using MATLAB SIMULINK):
1. Connect the block diagram shown in figure (2).
2. Use sine wave generator for message signal with the following information: Am
= 1 Vp, wm = 2π*(10) rad/sec, phase= π/2, Sample time=0.001 and zero for other
parameters.
3. Set the parameters 𝑘𝑓 = 50, 𝑓𝑐 = 100, 𝐴𝑐 = 1.
4. Draw the waveforms of the message and FM signal.
Part-B: FM detection (Using MATLAB SIMULINK):
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (3)
2. Use sine wave generator for message signal with the following information: A m = 1
Vp, wm = 2π*(10) rad/sec, phase= π/2, Sample time=0.001 and zero for other
parameters.
3. Set the parameters 𝑘𝑓 = 50, 𝑓𝑐 = 100, 𝐴𝑐 = 1.
4. Set the filter extracted message signal parameters as:
a. Lowpass filter, Order = 2, passband edge frequency = 2*pi*10 rad/sec.
5. Using Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) with information:
a. Output amplitude =1, Quiescent frequency=10 Hz, Input sensitivity=1 Hz/v,
Initial phase= -2*pi.
6. Draw the output signal.
Experiment No 5 Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
• Discussion:
1- Explain the principle of direct method generation of FM signal.
2- What is the difference between narrowband FM and wideband FM refer to
the spectral component of the two signals.
3- Compare the S/N ratio of:
a) AM DSB-LC
b) AM SSB-SC
c) FM
4- Explain the operation of frequency demodulation by using the PLL method.
5- Explain what Carson's rule is.
Figure (1) FM signal vs. AM signal.
Experiment No 5 Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
Figure (2): FM Modulation.
Figure (3): FM Demodulation.
