ABBREVIATIONS

Sr.No Short Full Form

Form
1. MHA Ministry of Home Affairs
2. SDM Sub Divisional Magistrate
3. NHRC National Human Rights Commission
4. CrPC Code of Criminal Procedure
5. Cr.LJ Criminal Law Journal
6. SCC Supreme Court Cases
7. AIR All India Reporter
8. P&H Punjab and Haryana High Court
9. Del Delhi
10. Mad Madras
11. SCALE Supreme Court Almanac
12. UKLH United Kingdom House of Lords
13. EWCA England and Wales Court of Appeal
14. IPC Indian Penal Code
15. AC Appeal Case
16. UK United Kingdom
17. NGO Non Governmental Organization
18. Adv Advocate
19. Ors Others
20. HC High Court
21. SC Supreme Court
22. Vol Volume
23. Cal Calcutta
24. A.P Andhra Pradesh
25. Sep September
26. M.P Madhya Pardesh
27. Para Paragraph
28. P. Page
29. Dr. Doctor
30. W.B West Bengal
31. edn Edition
32. Guj Gujarat
33. etc Extra
34. e.g Example
35. FIR First Information Report
36. Cri. Criminal
37. & And
38. W.P Writ Petition
39. Govt. Government
40. NCT National Capital Territory
41. PIL Public Interest Litigation
42. Supp. Supplement
43. @ Alias
44. vs Versus
45. DIG Deputy Inspector General
46. SCALE Supreme Court Almanac
47. dt. Dated
48. ICT Information and Communication Technology
49. SCR Supreme Court Reporter
50. JT Judgment Today
51. RCR Recent Criminal Reports
52. HRC Human Right Commission
 TABLE OF CASES
A

1. ADM Jabalpur v. Shukla, AIR 1967 SC 1207

2. Anwar v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, AIR 1971 SC 337

3. Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib, AIR 1981 SC 487

4. AnandChintamani v. State of Maharashtra, (2002) 2 MahLJ 14

5. A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27

6. AnandPatwardhan v. Union of India, AIR 1997 Bom. 25

7. Anvar v. P. K. Basheer, AIR 2015 SC 180

8. Birma v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1951 SC, Raj 127

9. Bijoe Emmanuel &Ors v. State of Kerala, (1986) 3 SCC 615

10. Bonnard v. Perryman, (1891) 2 Ch 269

11. Bawalkhan v. B.C. Shah, AIR 1960 Bombay 27

12. Barium Chemicals v. company Law Board, AIR 1967 SC 295

13. Bennet Coleman v. Union of India, AIR 1973 SC 106

14. BrijBhushan v. State of Delhi, AIR 1950 SC 129

15. Bal Thackeray v. PrabhakarKashinathKunte, AIR 1996 SC 1113

16. Baldev Singh Gandhi v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 2002 SC 1124

17. British Steel Corp v. Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd, (1984) QBD UK

18. Branzburg v. Hayes, (1972) 408 U.S. 663

19. B.K. Parthasarathi v. State of Andhra Pardesh, AIR 2000 AP 156

20. BinodRao v. MinocherRustomMasani, (1976) 78 BOMLR 125

21. Chairman, Railway Board and others v. Mrs. Chandrima Das, AIR 2000 (1) SC 265

22. Cohen v. California, 1971, 403 US 15

23. CharanjitLal v. Union of India, AIR 1951 SC 51

24. Cricket Association Case, Kameshwar Prasad &Ors. v. The State of Bihar
&Anr, (1962) Supp. 3 SCR. 369

25. Central Prison v. Dr. Ram ManoharLohia, AIR 1960 SC 633

26. Delhi cloth mille v. Union of India, AIR 1963 SC 791

27. DharamDutt v. Union of India, (2004) 1 SCC 712

28. Director General of Doordarshan v. AnandPatwardhan, (2006) 8 SCC 433

29. Daryao v. State of Uttar Pardesh, AIR 1961 SC 1457

30. Dr. Ram ManoharLohia v. State of Bihar, AIR 1966 SC 740

31. Dimming Arnold v Emperor, AIR 1914 PC 116

32. District Registrar and Collector, Hyderabad and another v. Canara Bank and
another, 2005 (1) SCC 496

33. D.C. Saxena (Dr) v. Chief Justice of India, (1996) 5 SCC 216

34. Express Newspapers v. Union of India, AIR 1958 SC 578

35. F.A. Picture International v. Central Board of Film Certification, AIR 2005
Bom. 145

36. Fatima Riswana v. State and others, AIR 2005 SC 712

37. George Varghese v. Bank of Cochin, AIR 1980 SC 4708

38. GolakNath v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967 SC 1643

39. Gilles Pfeiffer v. Union of India, AIR 1996 Madras 322

40. Gujrat Water Supply v Unique Electro (Gujarat) (P), AIR 1989 SC 973

41. Gobind v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1975 SC 1378

 H

42. Handyside v UK (1976) 1 EHRR 737; Para. 49

43. Hans Muller of Nurenburg v. Superintendent Presidency Jail Calcutta, AIR 1955 SC 367

44. HamdardDawakhana v. Union of India, AIR 1960 SC 554

45. Hukum Chand Shyamlal v. Union of India and others, 1976 (2) SCC 128

46. Hindustan Times v. State of U.P, (2003) 1 SCC 591

47. Irwin troy, 1998, 607

48. Indian Express Newspaper v Union of India, A.I.R. 1986 SC 515

49. KeshavanandaBharti v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 4161

50. KedarNath Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR 1962 SC 955

51. K.A. Abbas v. Union of India, AIR 1971 SC 481

52. State of Karnataka v. M. Devendrappa and anr, AIR 2002 SC 671

53. Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1935 All.1002

54. Life Insurance Corporation of India v. Manubhai. D. Shah, AIR 1993 SC 171

55. Lakshmi Genesh Films v. Govt of Andhra Pradesh, 2006 (4) A.L.D. 374

56. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597

57. Monis v. The Queen, (2013) HCA 4

58. MadhuLimaye v S.D.M., Monghyr, AIR 1971 SC 2486

59. M.H. Devendrappa v. Karnataka State Small Industries Development Corpn,

AIR 1998 SC 1064

60. Maulana Mufti Syed Md. NoorurRehmanBarkati v. State of West Bengal, AIR
1999 Cal 15
61. ManoharLal Sharma v. Sanjay LeelaBhansali&Ors, Writ petition (criminal) no.
191 of 2017, Decided on 28.11.2017, Supreme Court of India (Reportable)

62. M.S.M. Sharma v. Sri Krishna Sinha, AIR 1959 SC

63. Noise Pollution v. In re (2005) 5 SCC 733

64. Narendra Kumar v. Union of India, AIR 1960 SC 430

65. Narottamdas v. State of M.P, AIR 1964 SC 1667

66. PapnasamLabour Union of India v. Madura Coats Ltd, AIR 1995 SC 2200

67. Narmada BachaoAndolan v. Union of India, AIR 1999 SC 3345

68. New Road Brothers v. Commissioner of Police, Ernakulum, AIR 1999 Ker 262

69. New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254

70. Naresh v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1967 SC1

71. Odyssey Communications (P) Ltd. v. LokvidayanSanghatana, (1988) 3 SCC 410

72. O.KGhosh v. E.X. Joseph, AIR 1962 SC 812

73. Printers (Mysore) Ltd v Assistant Commercial Tax Officer, (1994) 2 SCC 434

74. People’s Union Civil Liberties v. Union of India, (2003) 4 SCC 2363

75. P.V. NarasimhaRao v. State, AIR 1998 SC 2120

76. PanditM.S.M. Sharma v Sri KrishanaSinha, AIR 1959, SC 395 , 409

77. Prem Chand Garg v. Excise Commissioner, UP, AIR 1963 SC 996

78. Prof. Manubhai D. Shah v Life Insurance Corpn, AIR 1993 SC 171

79. ParshuramBabaramSawant v. Times Global Broadcasting Co. Ltd.,

80. People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 207

R
81. Radha Mohan Lal v. Rajasthan High Court. (2003) 3 SCC 427

82. RomeshThappar v. State of Madras, 1950 SCR 594

83. R.C. Cooper v. Union of India, AIR 1970 SC 564

84. RamjiLalModi v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1957 SC 620

85. RoshanLalAhuja, In Re, (1993) Supp. (4) SCC 446

86. Rajendra Sail v. M.P. High Court Bar Association, (2005) 6 SCC 109

87. R v Porter (Ross Warwick) (2006) EWCACrim 560

88. R. Rajagopal v. Tamilnadu, AIR 1995 SC 264

89. Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharastra, AIR 1965 SC 881

90. Rajendra Sail v. M.P. High Court Bar Assn, (2005) 6 SCC 109

91. State of West bengal v. SubodhGopal Bose, AIR 1954 SC 92

92. Shiv Kumar Sharma and others v. Union of India, AIR 1968 SC Delhi 64

93. Sakal Papers v. union of India, AIR 1962 SC 305

94. Smt. PrabhaDutt v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 6

95. State v. Charulata Joshi, (1999) 4 SCC 65

96. State of Uttar Pardesh v. Raj Narain, AIR 1975 SC 865

97. Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting v. Cricket Association,

Bengal, (1995) 2 SCC 161

98. State Trading Crop of India v. Commercial Tax Officer, AIR 1963 SC 1811

99. S.T. C. v. Commercial Tax officer, (1964) 4 SCR 99

100. S. Rangarajan v. P. Jagjivan Ram and Ors, (1989) 2 SCC 574

101. State of Bihar v. Shaialabla Devi, AIR 1952 SC 329

102. Supdt. Central Prision v. Ram ManhoarLohia, (1962) SC 1106

103. SheelaBarse v. Union of India, (1998) 4 SCC 226

104. State of Bihar v. Lal Krishna Advani, (2003) 8 SCC 361

105. State of Madras v. V.G. Row, AIR 1952 SC 196

106. Sony Pictures Releasing of India Ltd. v. State of Tamil Nadu, (2006) 3 M.L.J. 289
107. State of Gujarat v MirzapurMotiKureshiKassabJamat, (2005) 8 SCC 534

108. S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal and Anr, (2010) 5 SCC 600

109. SanskarMarathe v. The State Of Maharashtra and Anr, (2015) Bombay High Court

110. State of Maharashtra v. DrPraful B Desai, AIR 2003 SC 2053

111. ShreyaSinghal v Union of India, AIR 2015 SC 1523

112. State of Maharastra v. MadhukarNaryanMardikar, AIR 1999 SC 495

113. Sharma v. Sri Krishna Sinha, AIR 1959 SC 395, 402

114. State of Madras v. V.G. Row,AIR 1952 SC 196

115. Sahara India Real Estate Corporation v. Securities and Exchange Board of
India, (2012) 10 SCC 603

116. Tata Press Ltd. v. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd, (1995) 5 SCC 39

117. Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 US 1 (1949)

118. Tata Engineering and Locomotive Co. Ltd v. State of Bihar, (1964) 6 SCR
530

119. Tukaram S. Dighole v Manikrao Shivaji Kokate, 2008 (3) Bom CR 141

120. Sahara India Real Estate Corporation v. Securities and Exchange Board of
India,(2012) 10 SCC 603

121. Sushil Sharma v. The State (Delhi Administration) and Ors, 1996 CriLJ 3944

122. Virendra v. State of Punjab, 1957 Pun 1

123. Y.V. HanumanthaRao v. K.R. Pattabhiram and Anr, AIR 1975 AP 30

 CONTENTS

 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Abstract
 Preface
 Abbreviations
 Table of Cases
Page No.
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1-21
Introduction 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis 6
1.2 Research Questions and Objectives 7
1.3 Research Methodology 7
1.4 Review of Literature 7
1.5 Layout of Chapters 19

CHAPTER – 2 RIGHT TO SPEECH & EXPRESSION:

CONSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS 22-91
Introduction 22
2.1 Origin and History of Human Rights 23
2.1.1 Historical Foundations of Human Rights, Discussed 23
2.1.2 Growth of Human Rights under Indian Constitution 33
2.3 Interpreting Speech and Expressions 39
2.4 Constitution and freedom of Speech and Expression 43
2.5 Nature, Scope and Extent of Freedom of Speech and Expression 44
2.5.1 Nature of Freedom of Speech and Expression before 44
Constitution of India
2.5.2 Scope of Freedom of Speech and Expression 47
2.5.3 Extent of Freedom of Speech and Expression 56
2.6 Limitation upon Freedom of Speech and Expression 63
 2.6.1 Public Order 68
2.6.2 Security of the State 71
2.6.3 Decency and Morality 72
2.6.4 Incitement of offence 73
2.6.5 Contempt of Court 75
2.6.6. Defamation 76
2.7 Other Reasonable Restrictions 76
2.7.1 Maintaining Discipline in Public Service 76
2.7.2 Prevention of Noise Pollution 77
2.8 Protection of Freedom of Speech and Expression with
special reference to E - Media 80
2.9 Role of Courts in Safeguarding the Rights of People 81
2.10 Conclusion 91

CHAPTER -3 FREEDOM OF PRESS :AN ANALYSIS 92-150

Introduction 92
3.1 The Press: A Historical Insight 93
3. 2 Legislature versus Freedom of Press 99
3.3 The Press Council of India 105
3.3.1 Composition of the Press 106
3.3.2 Object and Functions of Press Council 107
3.3.3 Powers of Press Council 107
3.3.4 Revealing the Source of Information 108
3.3.5 Press Council of India, Codes of Ethics 109
3.36 Norms of Journalist Conduct and Press Council of India 110
3.3.7 Power of Press Council of India to Review 112
3.3.8 Adjudication of Complaints by Press Council of India 113
3.3.9 Mechanism to Control Press and Electronic Media 114
3.4 Freedom of Press and Journalism 115
3.4.1 Era of Sting Journalism 117
3.5 Freedom of Press and Protection of Privacy 121
3.6 Laws enacted by Parliament relating to Press 126
 3.6.1 Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 126
3.6.2 The Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 130
3.6.3 The Dramatic Performance Act, 1876 132
3.6.4 The Telegraph Act, 1889 133
3.6.5 The Representation of the People Act, 1951 135
3.6.6 The Working Journalist and other Newspaper Employees
(Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provision 136
Act, 1995
3.6.7 The Young Persons (Harmful Publication Act, 1956 137
3.6.8 The Contempt of Court Act, 1971 138
3.6.9 The Press Council Act, 1978 141
3.6.10 Right to Information Act, 2005 142
3.7 Judiciary versus freedom of Press 144
3.8 Conclusion 150

CHAPTER 4 EMERGENCE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA:

CASE STUDIES 151-208
Introduction 151
4.1 Defining the term Media and Electronic Media 153
4.1.1 Media 154
4.1.2 Electronic Media: Definition 155
4.2 History of Electronic Media in India 157
4.2.1 The Brief History of Print Media in India 159
4.2.2 The History of Electronic Media 163
4.2.2.1 Advent of Private Channels 167
4.2.2.2 Advent of Digital Electronic Media 170
4.3 Division of Electronic Media 172
4.4 Legal Framework for regulating Electronic Media 172
4.4.1 Laws enacted by Parliament Relating to Electronic Media 173
4.4.1.1 Telegraph Act, 1885 173
4.4.1.2 Cinemotragphy Act, 1952 175
4.4.1.3 The Parsar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of 179
India) Act, 1990
 4.4.1.4 The cable Television Networks (Regulation)
Act, 1995 181
4.4.1.5 Cable Television Network Rules, 1994 183
4.4.1.6 The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) 186
Amendment Act, 2011
4.4.1.7 The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
Act, 1997 187
4.4.1.8 The Information Technology Act, 2000 190
4.5 Electronic Media: Case Studies 191
4.6 Conclusion 207

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 209-230

Introduction 209
5.1 Conclusion 209
5.2 Critical Appraisal 222
5.3 Suggestions / Recommendations 228

BIBLIOGRAPHY 231-236
 TABLE OF STATUTES

1. The Constitution of India, 1950

2. Indian Penal Code, 1860

3. Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973

4. The Copy Right Act, 1957

5. Telegraph Act, 1885

6. The Cinematograph Act, 1952

7. The PrasarBharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act, 1990

8. The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995

9. Cable Television Network Rules 1994

10. The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2011

11. The Information Technology Act, 2000

12. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997

13. The Indian Telegraph Act, 1898

14. The Representation of the People, Act, 1951

15. Right to Information Act, 2005

16. The Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of

Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955

17. The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act, 1956

18. The Press Council Act, 1978

19. The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971

20. The Dramatic Performances Act, 1876

21. Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986

22. The Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867