QUANTUM COMPUTING

A Technical Seminar Report Submitted for Approval by Evaluation Committee

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

By

DILEEP THOTI (18005A0504)

mail-dileepthoti44@gmail.com

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ANANTAPUR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
ANANTAPUR-515002
ANDHRA PRADESH
2020-2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
List of figures
Chapter-1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
Chapter-2 About Quantum Computer
2.1 Quantum Computer
2.2 Quantum Processing Unit
2.3 Quantum bits
2.4 Properties
Chapter-3 Observation And Analysis
3.1 Advantages
3.2 Disadvantages
3.3 Applications
3.4 Future of Quantum Computer
Chapter-4 Conclusion

References

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig-1 Quantum computing Hardware

Fig-2 Qubit Superposition
Fig-3 Quantum Entanglement
Fig -4 Interference waves

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Quantum computing is an area of computing focused on developing computer technology

based on the principles of quantum theory (which explains the behavior of energy and
material on the atomic and subatomic levels).

Quantum Computations can do complex calculations that it becomes almost impossible to

solve with classical computers.Quantum is the fundamental framework for deeply describing
and understanding nature. Thus, it is the reason that quantum calculations deal with
complexity. Quantum Computing is a subfield of Quantum Information Science. It describes
the best way of dealing with a complicated computation.

Computers used today can only encode information in bits that take the value of 1 or 0
restricting their ability.Quantum computing, on the other hand, uses quantum bits or qubits. It
harnesses the unique ability of subatomic particles that allows them to exist in more than one
state (1 and 0 at the same time).

Superposition and entanglement are two features of quantum physics on which these
supercomputers are based. This empowers quantum computers to handle operations at speeds
exponentially higher than conventional computers and at much lesser energy consumption.

Quantum computing could contribute greatly in the fields of finance, military affairs,
intelligence, drug design and discovery, aerospace designing, utilities (nuclear fusion),
polymer design, artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data search, and digital manufacturing.

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 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:

Computers are getting smaller and faster day by day because electronic components are
getting smaller and smaller. But this process is about to meet its physical limit. Electricity is
the flow of electrons. Since the size of transistors is shrinking to the size of a few atoms,
transistors cannot be used as a switch because electrons may transfer themselves to the other
side of blocked passage by the process called quantum tunnelling. We need alternative
technology to control the electron at subatomic level and that is why quantum computers
were introduced.

Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that explores the physical world at its most
fundamental level. At this level particles behave differently from the classical world taking
more than one state at the same time and interacting with other particles that are very far
away. Phenomena like superposition and entanglement are playing a crucial role in Quantum
computing.

Quantum Computing is a new kind of computing based on Quantum mechanics that deals
with the physical world that is probabilistic and unpredictable in nature. It is a combination of
physics, mathematics, computer science and information theory. It provides high
computational power, less energy consumption and exponential speed over classical
computers by controlling the behavior of small physical subatomic particles like atoms,
electrons, photons, and ions as their bits along with their information of spins and states.

Cybersecurity is one key word regarding emerging technologies. New technologies require
and drive new methods of encryption. However, quantum computers implementing Shor’s
algorithm are eligible to open up wide-scale and systematic breaches of security- and
governance-related mechanisms using current cryptosystems.

Quantum computing combines computer science with quantum mechanics and it is a

fast-growing research field. In 1982, Feynman pointed out that to simulate a quantum system,
the computer has to be working quantum mechanically, or one needs a quantum computer
(QC). The elementary unit of quantum information in a QC is the quantum bit (qubit). A
single qubit can have a possible for two state system such as a spin-up and spin-down, a

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two-level atom. The potential power of a QC is based on the ability of quantum systems to be
in superposition of its basic states. All of these numbers represented by the basic states can be
manipulated simultaneously.

1.2 History:

Einstein described Entanglement as “spooky action over distance”, is a relationship

between fundamental particle properties that persist over distance without requiring
transmission of information.

Niels Bohr proposed the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory. This theory
asserts that a particle is whatever it is measured to be, but that it cannot be assumed to
have specific properties, or even to exist, until it is measured. This relates to a
principle called superposition.

1982 -Feynman proposed the idea of creating machines based on the laws of quantum
mechanics instead of laws of classical physics.

1985 -David Deutsch developed the quantum Turing machine, showing that quantum
circuits are universal.

1994 -Peter Shor came up with a quantum algorithm to factor very large numbers in
polynomial time.

1997 – Love Grover develops a quantum search algorithm with (√N) complexity.

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 CHAPTER-2

ABOUT QUANTUM COMPUTER

2.1 Quantum computer:

A Quantum Computer is a device that is used for performing quantum calculations, which are
highly complex in nature. It stores data in the form of Qubits. Qubits are also known as
Quantum Bits. A Quantum Computer can simulate those problems or operations that a
classical computer (that we currently use) cannot do. Even a quantum computer is capable of
solving computational problems faster than a normal computer.

Fig-1 Quantum computing Hardware(Microsoft)

Quantum computers process information differently. Classical computers use transistors,

which are either 1 or 0. Quantum computers use qubits, which can be 1 or 0 at the same time.
The number of qubits linked together increases the quantum computing power exponentially.
Meanwhile, linking together more transistors only increases power linearly.

Classical computers are best for everyday tasks that need to be completed by a computer.
Meanwhile, quantum computers are great for running simulations and data analyses, such as
for chemical or drug trials. These computers must be kept ultra-cold, however. They are also
much more expensive and difficult to build.3

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Classical computing advances include adding memory to speed up computers. Meanwhile,
quantum computers help solve more complicated problems. While quantum computers might
not run Microsoft Word better or faster, they can run complex problems faster.

For example, it is easy to get the product of (500 * 187625) through a classical computer, but
it is easy and quick to get the same result through a quantum computer. A classical computer
will take approximately 5 seconds to get the result, whereas a quantum computer will take
0.005 seconds to get the result.

The quantum computer operates with a two-mode logic gate: XOR and a mode called QO1
(the ability to change 0 into a superposition of 0 and 1). In a quantum computer, a number of
elemental particles such as electrons or photons can be used. Each particle is given a charge,
or polarization, acting as a representation of 0 and/or 1. Each particle is called a quantum bit,
or qubit. The nature and behavior of these particles form the basis of quantum computing and
quantum supremacy.

2.2 Quantum Processing Unit:

The architecture of Quantum Processing Unit (QPU) is made up of three layers including
the digital processing layer, Analog processing layer, and quantum processing layer. QPU and
the classical layer together constitute the Quantum Computer. Digital and Analog layers
operate at room temperature.

2.3 Quantum bits:

Quantum Bits or Qubits are the storage unit of Quantum Computers. All the information is
stored in the form of qubits in a quantum computer. Quantum bits are the subatomic particles
that are composed of electrons or photons. It is difficult to generate and manage Qubits, and it
is a challenging task for scientists who are working in this field. These are the qubits that
carry the property of superposition and entanglement. It means qubits are able to show
various combinations of 1 and 0 at the same time. Thus, it is a superposition. Researchers
make use of microwave beams or lasers for manipulating qubits. The final result of a
computation immediately collapses to a quantum state of 1 or 0. It is the entanglement in
which two members of a pair are present in a single quantum state. When two qubits of a pair

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are placed at a far distance, and if the state of one qubit changes, the state of the other will
instantaneously change in a predictable manner. A connected group of quantum bits or qubits
has much more power than the same binary digit number.

Classical bits Vs Qubits

Classical bit - {0, 1}

Qubits - {0, 1, superposed state of 0 and 1}

2.4 Properties of quantum computing:

The properties are the conceptual rules and mathematical manifestations that describe the
behavior of the particles. Quantum computers use three fundamental properties of quantum
mechanics to store, represent, and perform operations on data in such a way so that it can
compute exponentially faster than any classical computer. The three properties are

● Superposition
Superposition in quantum mechanics states that any two quantum states can be
summed up (superposed) resulting in another valid quantum state. It is a fundamental
principle of quantum mechanics. Oppositely we can say that any quantum state is the sum of
two or more than two other unique states.

Fig-2 Qubit Superposition

Superposition in quantum computing refers to the ability of a quantum system where a

quantum particle or qubit can exist in two different positions or say, in multiple states at the

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same time. It provides high-speed parallel processing in an unbelievable way and is very
different from their classical equivalents that have binary constraints. The quantum computer
system holds the information that exists in two states simultaneously. Qubits are brought into
a superposition by influencing them with the help of lasers so that it can simultaneously store
0 and 1 at the same time. In classical computing, if there are 2 bits, the total possible values
after combining we get are 4, out of which only 1 value is possible at any instant. But on the
other hand, if there are 2 qubits in the quantum computer. The total possible values after
combination are 4 and all are possible at once.

● Entanglement

Entanglement is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit correlations between states

within a superposition. Quantum entanglement is one of the central principles of quantum
physics, though it is also highly misunderstood.

Fig-3 Quantum Entanglement

Quantum entanglement means that multiple particles are linked together in a way such that
the measurement of one particle's quantum state determines the possible quantum states of
the other particles. When this happens, the state of the two particles is said to be entangled.

Current research centres in quantum computing include MIT, IBM, Oxford University, and
the Los Alamos National Laboratory. In addition, developers have begun gaining access to
quantum computers through cloud services.

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 ● Interference

fig -4 Interference waves

The property of interference in quantum computers is similar to wave interference in

classical physics. Wave interference happens when two waves interact with each other in the
same medium. It forms a resultant wave with either their amplitudes added together when
they are aligned in the same direction known as constructive interference or a resultant wave
with their amplitudes cancel out when waves are in opposite direction known as destructive
interference. The net wave can be bigger or smaller than the original wave depending on the
type of interference.The idea of interference allows us to intentionally bias the content of the
qubit towards the needed state. However, it can also result in a quantum computer to combine
its various computations into one making it more error-prone.

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 CHAPTER-3
OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Advantages:

● Secure key exchange (QKD) through quantum cryptography

● Improve the forecasting accuracy in future.
● It will take artificial intelligence (AI) a big step forward.
● Quantum computing required less power
● It is able to crack the highest security unbreakable encryption techniques.

3.2 Disadvantages:

● Hard to control Quantum particles

● The personal information of billions of Internet users can be hacked.
● Temperature near absolute to zero.
● Error correction is critical in quantum computing
● Cannot replace classical computers entirely.

3.3 Application Areas:

● Cryptography
● Artificial intelligence
● Medicines and materials
● Searching big data
●
3.4 Future of Quantum Computer:

The future of quantum computing will see us solving some of the most complex questions
facing the world today and not just in fields like physics or science.This is often so successive
major steps in technology and computing.

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 CHAPTER-4
CONCLUSION

Quantum computing technology is still in development and it is the future. While no quantum
computer is yet sophisticated enough to carry out calculations that a classical computer can't,
great progress is underway. A few large companies and small start-ups now have functioning
non-error-corrected quantum computers composed of several tens of qubits, and some of
these are even accessible to the public through the cloud. Additionally, quantum simulators
are making strides in fields varying from molecular energetics to many-body physics.

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 REFERENCES

[1] https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/introduction-to-quantum-computing
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing
[3] https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/quantum-computing
[4] https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/what-is-quantum-computing/
[5] https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-quantum-computing

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