Power System Analysis

EE432

Chapter: 2
Basic Concepts

IGEE, Dept. of Power & Control

Spring Semester
Dr. Kheldoun A.
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 Ch2: Basic concepts

Review:
Modern Electric Power system main components are:

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Loads

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

• The average power of the instantaneous power dissipated in an

AC circuit is called : (select the right answer)

A. Complex power S
B. Apparent power |S|
C. Active power P
D. Reactive power Q

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Review:

• Why AC and not DC ?

• Why a sinusoidal alternating voltage ?

• Why 50 Hz (or 60 HZ) ?

• Why three-phase systems ?

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

Why a Sinusoidal Alternating Voltage ?

Triangular, sinusoidal and block

The power system can be approximated by a linear time –

invariant dynamic system (LTI)

PS
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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Review:

The choice of Frequency, why 50 and 60Hz

• Between 1885 and 1890 in the U.S.A.:

• 140, 125, 66 , 50, 40, 33 , 30, 25 en 16 Hz

• Nowadays:
• 60 Hz in North America, Brazil and Japan (has also 50 Hz!)
• 50 Hz in most other countries
• 400 Hz ships and airplanes

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
• A too low frequency, like 10 or 20 Hz causes flicker

• A too high frequency

• Increases the hysteresis losses:

Phys f . 1 .5 2 .5
• Increases the eddy current losses:
Peddy f 2. 2
• Increases the cable and line impedance

• However, there is an advantage in using higher frequency. According

to Esson’s formula , the power of an electric machine is given by
K: output coefficient which depends on the machine type (J/m3)

P K . D 2 .l .n D, l are respectively the diameter and the length of the armature (m)
N is the rotational speed (rad/s) 7
 Ch2: Basic concepts
1. Power in single phase AC circuits :
i(t)
v(t)=Vmax.cos(wt+ v), Vmax=V. 2 v(t) z
i(t)=Imax.cos(wt+ i), Imax=I. 2

60 40 40

p p
40 p
20 20 v
20 v v i
i
0 0
0

-20 i -20 -20

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

a) Resistive load b) Inductive load c) Capacitive load

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
1. Power in single phase AC circuits :

The instantaneous power delivered to the load is:

p(t)= v(t). i(t)= Vmax.cos(wt+ v). Imax.cos(wt+ i)
= Vmax. Imax.cos(wt+ v).cos(wt+ i)
=½Vmax.Imax.(cos( v- i)+cos(2wt+ v+ i))
=½Vmax.Imax.(cos( v- i)+cos(2(wt+ v)-( v - i)))
=½Vmax.Imax.(cos( v- i)+cos(2(wt+ v)).cos( v- i)+sin(2(wt+ v)).sin( v- i))
=½Vmax.Imax.cos( v- i).(1+cos(2(wt+ v)))+ ½Vmax.Imax.sin( v- i). sin(2(wt+ v))

Power flow to the load, px Power exchanged with the load, py

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
1. Power in single phase AC circuits :

Let = v- I, Vmax=V* 2, and Imax=I* 2 then we get:

T
1 1
px.dt .Vmax .I max .cos( v - i) V.I.cos( ) P The unit is W,
T 0
2 kW or MW

T
1
py .dt 0 The amplitude of this power is :
T 0

V.I.sin( ) Q The unit is VAR, kVAR or MVAR,

= v- I is positive: Q is positive (I lags V or the load is inductive)

= v- I is negative: Q is negative (I leads V or the load is capacitive

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

1. Power in single phase AC circuits :

P = V.I.cos( ), Q=V.I.sin( ) P2 + Q2 =(V.I)2 = S2 Apparent power

Device Tim e Analysis Phasor

P: active power, W, kW, MW Resistor v ( t ) Ri ( t ) V RI
di ( t )
Inductor v (t ) L V j LI
Q: reactive power, var, kvar, Mvar dt
t
1 1
Capacitor i ( t ) dt v (0) V I
C0 j C
S: apparent power, VA, kVA, MVA
Z = Impedance R jX Z
R = Resistance
Cos( ): Power Factor, PF …….
X = Reactance
X
Z = R2 X2 =arctan( )
R 11
 Ch2: Basic concepts

2. Complex Power :
v(t)=Vmax.cos(wt+ v), Vmax=V. 2 V=V v i(t)=Imax.cos(wt+ i), Imax=I. 2 I=I i

Therefore, S=V.I*= V v. I - i= V.I v- i= V. I

V
S
Q
I
v

i
Phasor diagram and Power triangle for inductive load P
(Note: Z is a
I
P complex number but
not a phasor)
i V Q
S
v

Phasor diagram and Power triangle for inductive load 12

 Ch2: Basic concepts

R elationships between real, reactive and complex power

P S cos
2
Q S sin S 1 pf

Example:1: A load draw s 100 kW w ith a leading pf of 0.85.

W hat are (pow er factor angle), Q and S ?
- cos 1 0.85 31.8
100 kW
S 117.6 kV A
0.85
Q 117.6 sin( 31.8 ) 62.0 kV ar

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. Conservation of Power

At every node (bus) in the system

– Sum of real power into node must equal zero
– Sum of reactive power into node must equal zero
This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoff’s current law, which states that
the total current into each node must equal zero.
– Conservation of power follows since S = VI*

I I2
I1 I3
V z1 z2 z3

S = VI*=V. I1*+ V. I2*+ V. I3*

P + jQ=(P1+ P2+P3)+j.((Q1+ Q2+Q3)

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

Example 2: In the above circuit, V=1200 0°, Z1=60+j0 , Z2 =6+j12

and Z3=30 - j30 . Find the power absorbed by each load and the total complex
power
V1 1200 0
I1 20 0 20 j0 A
Z1 60 0
Conclusion:
V1 1200 0
I2 40 j 80
Z2 6 j12 P = Pi
V1 1200 0
I3 20 j 20 Q = Qi
Z3 30 j 30
S1 V .I 1* 1200 . 20 24000 j 0VA
S2 V .I 2 * 1200 .( 40 j 80 ) 48000 j 96000 VA 96kW = (24+48+24)kW
S3 VI 3 * 1200 .( 20 j 20 ) 24000 j 24000 VA
72kvar=(96-24)kvar
I I1 I2 I3 80 j 60 ,
S V .I * 1200 .( 80 j 60 ) 96000 j 72000 VA
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 Ch2: Basic concepts

3. Power factor correction:

P = V.I.cos( )= V.I.PF
P
Q=V.I.sin( ) = I= PF I Power losses
P2 + Q2 =(V.I)2 = S2 V. PF

Example 3: Two loads, Z1=100+j0 , Z2 =10+j20 are connected to a 200V-rms,

50-Hz source as shown in the figure.
a) Find the total real and reactive power, the power factor at the source, and the total
Current.
I I2
I1
200-V z1 z2
b) Find the capacitance of the capacitor
connected across the two loads to improve
the overall power factor to 0.8 lagging.
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 Ch2: Basic concepts

Solution of Example 3
a) P, Q, S, PF, I? I I2
I1
200-V z1 z2

V 200 0
I1 2 0 2 j0 A
Z1 100 0
V 200 0 P = 1,2kW
I2 4 j8 A
Z2 10 j 20
Q = 1,6kvar pf=P/S =0,6 lag
I I1 I2 6 j8 A, I rms 10 A
S V .I * 200 * (6 j8) 1200 1600VA S = 2kVA I=S/V=10A

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

Solution of Example 3
I I1 I2
XC
200-V z1 z2

b) A capacitor is connected across loads to improve pf to 0,8lag, QC, C, I?

Using the power triangle, we have

Pf’=P/S’ =0,8 lag S’=P/pf’=1200/0.8=1500VA

QC
S=(P2+(Q-QC)2)0.5 Q-QC=(S2-P2)0.5=900var
S
S’ QC =1600-900=700var, XC=V2/QC=57,14
Q
C=1/(2*pi*f*Xc)=55,7µF and I=S/V=7.5A
P
Note the reduction in the supply current from 10 A to 7.5A 18
 Ch2: Basic concepts

3. Complex Power Flow:

Z = R + j.X = Z

Let: V1 V1 1 , and V2 V2 2
I12
For the assumed direction: + +
V1 _ _ V2
V1 1 V2 2
I12
Z
V1 V2
I12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )
Z Z
* V1 V2
S1 V1.I12 V1 1. ( 1) ( 2)
Z Z
V12 V1V2
( 1 2)
Z Z
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 Ch2: Basic concepts

Thus, the real power and the reactive power at the sending end voltage are:

V12 VV
P1 cos( ) 1 2 cos( 1 2)
Z Z
V12 VV
Q1 sin( ) 1 2 sin( 1 2)
Z Z

In general, for power transmission lines, R is always ignored. Z=j.X=X 90°,

Therefore, the above equations become:

V1V2
P1 sin( 1 2)
X
V12
Q1 V1 V2 cos( 1 2)
X
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 Ch2: Basic concepts

3. Complex Power Flow:

V1V2 R=0, Lossless transmission line, which
P1 sin( 1 2) 1
means that the active power sent equals
X
the real power received.
V12
Q1 V1 V2 cos( 1 2) 2
X
From the obtained equations, for a typical power system with small R/X ratio,
the following observations can be made:

1. From (1), it can be seen that the real power is very sensitive to the shift
angle between the two sources:
- V1 leads V2 power flows from node 1 (V1) to node 2 (V2)
- V1 lags V2 power flows from node 2 (V2) to node 1 (V2)

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

3. Complex Power Flow:

2. The theoretical maximum power (static transmission capacity) occurs when

1- 2= = 90°
V1V 2
P1 P
X
3. For maintaining transient stability, the power system is usually operated
with small load .
V1V2
P1 .sin( 1 2)
X
V1
Q1 . V1 V2 cos( 1 2)
X
4. From (2), the reactive power flow is determined by the magnitude difference
of terminal voltages, i.e. Q |V1|-|V2|.

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

3. Complex Power Flow:

Example 4:
Two ideal voltages sources designated as machine 1 and 2 are connected
through an impedance Z as shown in the figure below. If E1=120 -5°V,
E2=100 0°V and Z=1+j7 , determine the real and the reactive power supplied
Or received by each source and the power loss in the impedance.

Z=1+j7
+ +
E1=120 -5°V - - E2=100 0°V

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. Complex Power Flow:
Solution of example 4:
E1=120 -5°V, E2=100 0°V, Z=1+j7 ,

120 5 100 0 120(cos( 5 ) j sin( 5 ) 100 .(1 j 7)

I12
1 j7 (1 j 7)(1 j 7)
3.135 110 A

*
S1 E1 .I12 120 5 .3.135 110 97.5W 363.3 var
S2 *
E 2 .I12 100 0 .3.135 110 107.3W 294.5 var ?
PZ R.I 12 2 1.(3.135 ) 2 9.8W
QZ X .I 12 2 7.(3.135 ) 2 68 .8 var
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 Ch2: Basic concepts

3. Complex Power Flow:

Circuit diagram S = EI*

If P is +, this machine is supplying real power (G)
If P is -, this machine is receiving real power (M)
Generator action assumed
If Q is +, this machine is supplying reactive power
If Q is -, this machine is receiving reactive power
E I

Motor action assumed If P is +, this machine is receiving real power (M)

If P is -, this machine is supplying real power (G)
If Q is +, this machine is receiving reactive power
E I If Q is -, this machine is receiving reactive power

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

*
S1 E1.I12 (120 5 ).(3.135 110) 97.5W 363.33 var
*
S2 E2 .I12 (100 0 ).(3.135 110) 107.3W 294.5 var

PZ R.I 12 2 1.(3.135 ) 2 9.8W I

QZ X .I 12 2 7.(3.135 ) 2 68 .8 var
Z=1+j7
+ +
E1 is assumed to be - -
E2=100 0°V
E1=120 -5°V
a generator
E2 is assumed to be
a Motor

P1=-97.6W and Q1=336.3var E1 is a motor, absorbs 97.6W and supplies

336.3var.
P2=-107.3W and Q2=294.5var E2 is a generator, supplies 107.3W and draws
294.5var 26
 Ch2: Basic concepts
I
E1 is assumed to be
a generator Z=1+j7
+ +
E1=120 -5°V E2=100 0°V
- -
E2 is assumed to be
a Motor

P1=-97.6W and Q1=336.3var E1 is a motor, absorbs 97.6W and supplies

363.3var.
P2=-107.3W and Q2=294.5var E2 is a generator, supplies 107.3W and draws
294.5.3var

PZ R.I 122 1.(3.135) 2 9.8W 107.3 97.6

QZ X .I 122 7.(3.135) 2 68.8 var 363.3 294.5 27
 Ch2: Basic concepts

Example 2: Two ideal voltages sources designated as machine 1 and 2 are

connected through an impedance Z as shown in the figure below.

If E1=120 -5°V, E2=100 0°V and Z=1+j7 .

Write a MATLAB program for the system of example 4 such that the phase angle

of voltage source 1 is changed from its initial value by ±30° in steps of 5°. Voltage

magnitudes of the two sources and the voltage phase angle of source 2 are kept

constant.

1. Compute the complex power for each source and the line loss (active power).

2. Plot P1, P2 and PZ versus voltage phase angle 1.

3. Comment the obtained graphs

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 Effect of phase shift angle variation on the active power
flow

1000

500
P1, P2 PZ W
0

-500
Solution of
-1000
example 4 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

using MATLAB
1000
Q1, Q2 QZ var

500

-500

-1000
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
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Phase angle of source 1 -°
 Effect of voltage magnitude variation on the reactive power
flow

50

0
P1, P2 PZ W
-50

-100
Solution of
-150
example 4 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110

using MATLAB
200
Q1, Q2 QZ var

100

-100

-200
90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110
30
Voltage magnitude of source 1 -°