KEMBAR78
Analog to Digital Conversion Guide | PDF | Digital Signal | Analog To Digital Converter
Scribd
Upload
144 views19 pages

Analog to Digital Conversion Guide

The document summarizes different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs) including flash ADCs, sigma-delta ADCs, dual slope converters, and successive approximation ADCs. It explains the fundamental concepts of sampling, quantizing, and encoding that all ADCs use to convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital outputs. For each type of ADC, it provides a brief description of how it works along with its advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, resolution, cost, and other factors. It concludes by comparing the different ADC types side by side in terms of resolution capabilities and relative speed and cost tradeoffs.

Uploaded by

Fabian Rendra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
144 views19 pages

Analog to Digital Conversion Guide

The document summarizes different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs) including flash ADCs, sigma-delta ADCs, dual slope converters, and successive approximation ADCs. It explains the fundamental concepts of sampling, quantizing, and encoding that all ADCs use to convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital outputs. For each type of ADC, it provides a brief description of how it works along with its advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, resolution, cost, and other factors. It concludes by comparing the different ADC types side by side in terms of resolution capabilities and relative speed and cost tradeoffs.

Uploaded by

Fabian Rendra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Analog to Digital

Conversion
Murry Raditya
Dwi Oktavianto W.N
Introduction

 Most signals we want to process are analog x(t)


 i.e.: they are continuous and can take an inifinity of values
 Digital systems require discrete digital data
 ADC converts an analog information into a digital information

Analog ? Digital Digital System


What is A/D Conversion?

REFERENCE
INPUT
RESOLUTION DIGITAL
OUTPUT
ANALOG N BITS
INPUT Analog Input
DIGITAL OUTPUT CODE = x (2N - 1)
Reference Input

 Produces a Digital Output Corresponding to the Value of the Signal Applied to


Its Input Relative to a Reference Voltage
 Finite Number of Discrete Values : 2N Resulting in Quantization Uncertainty
 Changes Continuous Time Signal into Discrete Time Sampled Representation
 Sampling and Quantization Impose Fundamental yet Predictable Limitations
A/D FUNDAMENTAL

Sampling
Quantizing
Encoding
Sampling

 Digital system works with discrete states


 The signal is only defined at determined
times
 The sampling times are proportional to the
sampling period (Ts)

x(t)
Ts xs(t)

x(t) xs(t=k*Ts)

Ts t
Quantizing
The signal can only take determined values
Belonging to a range of conversion (ΔVr)
 Based on number of bit combinations that the converter can output
 Number of possible states:
N=2n where n is number of bits
 Resolution: Q= ΔVr/N

xs(t)
xq(t)
Q
ΔVr

t
Ts
Encoding

 Assigning a unique digital word to each sample


 Matching the digital word to the input signal

xq(t)
N-1
N-2

Q
ΔVr
2
1
0

t
Ts
Sampling rate

Nyquist-Shannon theorem: Minimum sampling rate should be at least twice the highest
data frequency of the analog signal

fs>2*fmax
Types of ADCs

 Flash ADC
 Sigma-delta ADC
 Dual slope converter
 Successive approximation converter
Flash ADC

 “Parallel A/D”
 Uses a series of
comparators
 Each comparator
compares Vin to a
different reference
voltage, starting w/
Vref = 1/2 lsb
Flash ADC

Advantages Disadvantages
 Very fast  Needs many parts
(255 comparators
for 8-bit ADC)
 Lower resolution
 Expensive
 Large power
consumption
Sigma Delta ADC

Integrator
Digital
Vin + Σ  + Sample
- - low-pass decimator
filter
Oversample
r Serial output
1-bit
DAC

 Oversampled input signal goes in the integrator


 Output of integration is compared to GND
 Iterates to produce a serial bitstream
 Output is serial bit stream with # of 1’s proportional
to Vin
Sigma-Delta ADC

Advantages Disadvantages

 High resolution  Slow due to


 No precision oversampling
external
components
needed
Dual Slope Converter

Vin
tFIX tmeas
t

 The sampled signal charges a capacitor for a fixed amount


of time
 By integrating over time, noise integrates out of the
conversion.
 Then the ADC discharges the capacitor at a fixed rate
while a counter counts the ADC's output bits. A longer
discharge time results in a higher count.
Dual Slope converter

Advantages Disadvantages

• Input signal is  Slow


averaged
 High precision
• Greater noise external components
immunity than other required to achieve
ADC types accuracy
• High accuracy
Successive Approximation

Is Vin > ½ ADC range?

-  Sets MSB
SAR DAC
VIN +
1000 0000
0100  Converts MSB to
analog using DAC
Out
If no, then test next bit  Compares guess to
input
 Set bit
 Test next bit
Successive Approximation

Advantages Disadvantages

• Capable of high  Higher resolution


speed successive
• Medium accuracy approximation ADCs
compared to other will be slower
ADC types  Speed limited
• Good tradeoff ~5Msps
between speed and
cost
ADC Type Comparison
ADC Resolution Comparison
Dual Slope
Flash
Successive Approx
Sigma-Delta

0 5 10 15 20 25
Resolution (Bits)

Type Speed (relative) Cost (relative)


Dual Slope Slow Med
Flash Very Fast High
Successive Appox Medium – Fast Low
Sigma-Delta Slow Low
ADC FIN

You might also like