Power System Protection Coordination Calculation
Report
Ph.d. Vytautas Šiožinys
Mantas Kaminickas
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Contents
1. Object description ...................................................................................................... 3
2. Load flows calculation results ................................................................................... 4
3. Short circuit calculation results.................................................................................. 4
4. Current transformers sizing ....................................................................................... 6
5. Generator relay coordination ..................................................................................... 7
5.1. Generator differential .......................................................................................... 7
5.2. Thermal overload ................................................................................................ 8
5.3. Directional overcurrent ..................................................................................... 10
5.4. Generator under excitation ................................................................................ 11
5.5. Harmonic overcurrent ....................................................................................... 11
5.6. Power protection ............................................................................................... 11
5.7. Negative sequence............................................................................................. 12
5.8. Overvoltage ....................................................................................................... 12
5.9. Undervoltage ..................................................................................................... 12
5.10. Over frequency ................................................................................................ 13
5.11. Under frequency .............................................................................................. 13
Annex No. 1 .................................................................................................................... 14
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1. OBJECT DESCRIPTION
This study covers protection relays settings calculation for standby power system
generators in company’s data center. Standby power system will have 8 synchronous generators:
MarelliMotori MJH630 LB4, connected to 15 kV internal power supply system. Each generator is
3,2 MVA. Generators will be started in case power supply is lost from MVA/MVB or both feeders.
In island operation, network is grounding through grounding transformer. Grounding transformer
feeder closes as soon as first generator circuit breaker is closed. Main feeders cannot work in parallel.
Possible operation modes:
• island operation, single generator is running,
• island operation, all generators are running.
Generator relay will have these functions:
• dI>(87), generator differential,
• Idir>(67), directional overcurrent,
• T> (49), thermal overload,
• Q< (40), generator under excitation,
• Ih> (50H/51H), harmonic overcurrent,
• P(32), power protection,
• I2> (46), negative sequence,
• U> (59), overvoltage,
• U< (27), undervoltage,
• f> (81H), over frequency,
• f<(81L), under frequency.
Selected relay AQ-G257.
Network single line diagram is depicted at Annex No. 1. Calculations are performed with a power
system modeling software EA-PSM.
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2. LOAD FLOWS CALCULATION RESULTS
Single bypass generator apparent power is 3,2 MVA. Prime mover mechanical power is
2,6 MW. Reactive power that generator can supply at rated conditions is 1,92 MVar lagging or 1,12
MVar leading, based on generator capability curve, depicted in Figure 1
Figure 1 Generator capability curve
According to this data, maximum current from the generator at nominal voltage is 124 A. Cumulative
current from all generators working in parallel is 958 A.
3. SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION RESULTS
Short circuit acronyms explanation:
• K3 – three phases short circuit,
• K2 – two phases short circuit,
• K1 – one phase short circuit,
• K11 – two phases with ground short circuit.
Short circuit currents when all generators are connected to bus MVG1A and fault is
located at one of the generators incomer, are depicted in Figure 2.
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Figure 2 Short circuit currents: case A
Short circuit current when single generator is connected to bus MVG1A are depicted in
Figure 3.
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Figure 3 Short circuit currents: case B
Short circuit current when generators are connected to MVG1B are assumed the same as
depicted above. Short circuit currents when fault is located at other places are not depicted in the
report, but due to small impedances, currents are almost the same.
4. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS SIZING
Current transformers should not saturate during short circuit event to provide accurate
readings. Assumptions for current transformers sizing are depicted in Figure 4. Transformation
coefficient for all transformers is assumed 150/1.
Figure 4 Assumptions for current transformers sizing
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According to calculations, saturation can be avoided if accuracy limiting factor of the current
transformers is at least 15. Therefore, recommended current transformer type is 5P15 or 5P20. For
generator 150/1 10P10 transformer is selected, according to generator datasheet.
5. GENERATOR RELAY COORDINATION
5.1. Generator differential
Estimated current transformer is 150/1 10P10. Differential relay characteristic is depicted
in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Differential relay characteristic
Current transformer error CTE = 10%, relay measurement error REM = 0,5%, safety margin SM =
5%. 1st slope calculation:
∝1𝑠𝑡_𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑇𝐸1 + 𝐶𝑇𝐸2 + 𝑅𝐸𝑀1 + 𝑅𝐸𝑀2 + 𝑆𝑀 = 10% + 10% + 0,5% + 0,5% + 5%
= 26%
Base sensitivity calculation:
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓> = 0,5 ∝1𝑠𝑡_𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 13% (130 𝑚𝐴)
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1st slope pick up calculation:
𝐼𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠_1𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 50% (0,5 𝐴)
2nd slope pick up calculation:
𝐼𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠_2𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 300% (3𝐴)
2nd slope:
𝛼2𝑛𝑑_𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 100%
2nd differential current:
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓≫ = 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓> +∝1𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝐼𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠2𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 − 𝐼𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠1𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ) = 13% + 26% ∗ (300% − 50%)
= 78% (0,78𝐴)
Settings are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Generator differential protection settings
Name Value
Base sensitivity 13% (130 𝑚𝐴)
1st slope 26%
st
1 slope pick up 50% (0,5 𝐴)
2nd slope pick up 300% (3𝐴)
2nd slope 100%
nd
2 differential current 78% (0,78𝐴)
Time Instantaneous
Use for TRIP.
5.2. Thermal overload
Thermal overload protection monitors generator temperature and trips in case permissible
temperature limit is exceeded. Generator overload curve according to manufacturer is provided in
Figure 6.
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Figure 6 Generator overload curve
Estimated reference points for the overload curve are provided in Table 2.
Table 2 Overload curve reference points
I/In t, [s]
3 10
2,6 14
2,4 17
2,2 21
2 30
1,8 45
1,6 80
1,4 200
1,2 950
1,0 9999
Recommended settings for this protection function are provided in Table 3.
Table 3 Thermal overload protection settings
Name Value
Service factor 1 x In
Pick up current 1,05 x In
NPS 0:No NPS
Time constants 0:Single
Estimate short TC and timing 0:Manually
Long heat T const 1,25 min
Long cool T const 3,75 min
Dev. temp 2:F
Ambient temp. sel 0:Manual
Ambient line or curve Linear est.
Man. amb. temp. set. 40
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Name Value
Temp. reference 40
k at max amb. temp 0,8xIn
k at min amb. temp 1,05xIn
Use for TRIP.
Generator overload and relay thermal curves are depicted in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Generator overload and relay thermal curves
Thermal overload relay curve is lower than generator overload curve, that ensures generator
protection from thermal overload.
5.3. Directional overcurrent
Directional overcurrent protection is used as backup protection. Settings of this protection
function are provided in Table 4.
Table 4 Directional overcurrent protection settings
Name Value
Characteristic direction Directional
Operating sector center 180
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Operating sector size (+/-) 88
Pickup current setting 1,2
Time 170 ms
Use for TRIP.
5.4. Generator under excitation
Generator under excitation is calculated according to generator capability curve depicted
at Figure 1. Settings of this protection function are provided in Table 5.
Table 5 Generator under excitation protection settings
Name Value
Qset mode 1:P-dependent
Qset1< 1040
Pick-up P1 0
Qset2< 1 1120
Pick-up P2 2560
Time 2s
Use for TRIP.
5.5. Harmonic overcurrent
In island operation, all harmonics will flow through the generators, causing them to
overheat. Therefore, harmonic overcurrent protection is recommended. Settings of this protection are
depicted in Table 6.
Table 6 Generator harmonic overcurrent protection settings
Stage Stage 1
Harmonic 5th
Per unit or relative xIn
Measurement input IL1
Ihset pu 0,04
Time Instantaneous
Use for ALARM.
5.6. Power protection
Power protection is used to avoid reverse active power direction. Settings for this
protection are provided in Table 7. Setting is calculated:
𝑃𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 2590𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑡 = −5% = −5% ∗ = −4%
𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 3200𝑘𝑉𝑎
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Table 7 Power protection settings
Name Value
Mode 1:<Under
Pick-up -4%
Time 2s
Use for TRIP.
5.7. Negative sequence
Negative sequence of current unbalance function is used to protect generator from
overheating, that can be caused by unbalanced operation. Settings for this protection are provided in
Table 8.
Table 8 Negative sequence protection settings
Name Value
Measured magnitude 1:I2pu
I2/I1set 8%
Time 15 s
Use for TRIP.
5.8. Overvoltage
Overvoltage protection settings are provided in Table 9.
Table 9 Overvoltage protection settings
Name Value
Measured magnitude 0:P-P voltages
Uset 110%
Time 10 s
Use for TRIP.
5.9. Undervoltage
Undervoltage protection settings are provided in Table 10.
Table 10 Undervoltage protection settings
Name Value
Measured magnitude 0:P-P voltages
Uset 90%
ULV_block 10%
Time 10 s
Use for ALARM.
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5.10. Over frequency
Over frequency settings are provided in Table 11.
Table 11 Over frequency protection settings
Name Stage 1 Stage 2
fpickup 51 Hz 53 Hz
Time 15 s 5s
Use for TRIP.
5.11. Under frequency
Under frequency protection settings are provided in Table 12.
Table 12 Under frequency protection settings
Name Stage 1 Stage 2
fpickup 49 Hz 48,5 Hz
Time 15 s 5s
Use for TRIP.
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System
110 kV
L-System
L-System
Feeder A Feeder B
110 kV 110 kV
S_N = 40 MVA TR 1 S_N = 40 MVA TR 2
MVA1 MVB1
15 kV 15 kV
L-System L-System
MVG1A MVG1B
15 kV 15 kV
I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT I > DT
10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10 10P10
150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 Grounding TRA 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 Grounding TRB
400 V 400 V
Cu 3x(1x50) 40 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 40 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 50 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 40 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 50 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 40 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 50 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 40 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 50 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 50 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 40 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 50 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 40 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 50 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 40 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 50 m
15 kV
150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1
15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV
15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV
Cu 3x(1x50) 10 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 10 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 10 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 10 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 10 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 10 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 10 m
Cu 3x(1x50) 10 m
150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1 150/1
GEN1 GEN2 GEN3 GEN4 GEN5 GEN6 GEN8 GEN9
15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV 15 kV
Generator 1 MJH 630 LB4 Generator 2 Generator 3 Generator 4 Generator 5 Generator 6 Generator 7 Generator 8
2.6 MW 2.6 MW 2.6 MW 2.6 MW 2.6 MW 2.6 MW 2.6 MW 2.6 MW
1.92 MVar 1.92 MVar 1.92 MVar 1.92 MVar 1.92 MVar 1.92 MVar 1.92 MVar 1.92 MVar
2020-11-04
Rev. Date of Reason of change
issue
Certificate K.Baršausko g. 59
No. LT-51423, Kaunas
+37065237826 CyrusOneAnnex
Frankfurt
No.1III data center standby power system
info@energyadvice.lt
M. Kaminickas 2020-11-04 Rev.
2020-11-04 Electrical single line diagram
2020-11-04
Stage Sheet Pages
CyrusOne Frankfurt III data center
Willhelm Fay Strasse,
1 1
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
