STEP MATHEMATICS SPECIFICATIONS

for June 2021 Examinations

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General Introduction

From the June 2021 sitting onwards, STEP Mathematics 1 will no longer be offered.

Both STEP Mathematics 2 and STEP Mathematics 3 will continue to be offered.

The specification, nature and style of both STEP Mathematics 2 and STEP Mathematics 3
remain unchanged for 2021.

STEP Mathematics 2 is based on the STEP Mathematics 2 specification set out in this document.
Candidates should be aware that the STEP Mathematics 2 specification assumes all the content of
Mathematics 1 set out in this document.

STEP Mathematics 3 is based on the STEP Mathematics 3 specification set out in this document.
Candidates should be aware that the STEP Mathematics 3 specification assumes all the content of
both the Mathematics 1 and the STEP Mathematics 2 specifications set out in this document.

The specifications have been written to follow, in the ways set out below, the content of the
Department for Education’s A Level Mathematics1 and the Pure content of AS and A Level Further
Mathematics2 specifications. However, some topics have been removed and some additional topics
have been included. In the cases of STEP Mathematics 2 and STEP Mathematics 3, additional
sections have been included outlining which Probability, Statistics and Mechanics topics might be
tested. Whilst most questions will be set on areas mentioned in the respective specification, questions
may also be set on areas that are not explicitly mentioned; when this is the case, appropriate
guidance will be given in the question.

Pure Mechanics Probability/ Notes

Statistics

Mathematics 1 Pure content of A Mechanics content of A Probability/Statistics Additions to

Level Level Mathematics with content of A Level DfE content
Mathematics with some modifications3 and Mathematics with are indicated
This sets out
some additions. some modifications3 in the
assumed knowledge
modifications3 and additions. specification
for both STEP 2 and
and additions. Assumed: Pure content by bold
STEP 3
of Mathematics 1. Assumed: Pure italics.
content of
Mathematics 1.

STEP Mathematics 2 The prescribed Additional topics as Additional topics as Additions to

Pure content of outlined. outlined. DfE content
STEP 2 is based on AS Further are indicated
this specification Mathematics with Assumed: Pure and Assumed: Pure and in the
some Mechanics content of Probability/Statistics specification
Assumed knowledge modifications3 Mathematics 1; content of by bold
for STEP 3 and additions. Pure content of STEP Mathematics 1; italics.
Mathematics 2. Pure content of STEP
Assumed: Pure Mathematics 2.
content of
Mathematics 1.

1
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/gce-as-and-a-level-mathematics
2
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/gce-as-and-a-level-further-mathematics
3
A few topics have been removed and, occasionally, wording from the DfE document has been modified for
clarity.

3
STEP Mathematics 3 The prescribed Additional topics as Additional topics as Additions to
Pure content of A outlined. outlined. DfE content
STEP 3 is based on Level Further are indicated
this specification Mathematics with Assumed: Assumed: in the
some Mechanics content of Probability/Statistics specification
modifications3 Mathematics 1 and content of by bold
and additions. STEP Mathematics 2; Mathematics 1 and italics.
Pure content of STEP Mathematics 2;
Assumed: Mathematics 1, STEP Pure content of
Pure content of Mathematics 2 and Mathematics 1, STEP
Mathematics 1 STEP Mathematics 3. Mathematics 2 and
and STEP STEP Mathematics 3.
Mathematics 2.

Format of the papers

STEP Mathematics 2 and STEP Mathematics 3 will each be a 3-hour paper divided into three
sections.
Each paper will comprise 12 questions:

Section A (Pure Mathematics) eight questions

Section B (Mechanics) two questions
Section C (Probability/Statistics) two questions

Each question will have the same maximum mark of 20. In each paper, candidates will be assessed
on the six questions best answered; no restriction will be placed on the number of questions that
may be attempted from any section.

The marking scheme for each question will be designed to reward candidates who make good
progress towards a complete solution. In some questions a method will be specified; otherwise, any
correct and appropriately justified solution will receive full marks whatever the method used.

Candidates’ solutions must be clear, logical and legible and their working fully set out. Standard
notational conventions should be followed, and final answers should be simplified. Marks may be lost
if examiners are unable to follow a candidate’s working, even if a correct final answer appears.

4
Specifications

These specifications are for the guidance of both examiners and candidates. The following points
should be noted:

1. Whilst most questions will be set on topics mentioned in the relevant specification, questions
may also be set on areas that are not explicitly mentioned, or in ways that extend topics that
are mentioned; when such questions are set, candidates will be given appropriate guidance in
the question.

2. Individual questions will often require knowledge of several different specification topics.

3. Questions may test a candidate’s ability to apply mathematical knowledge from the
specifications in unfamiliar ways.

4. Questions may be set that require knowledge of topics from the higher tier GCSE
Mathematics.4

5. Solutions will frequently require insight, ingenuity, persistence, and the ability to work through
substantial sequences of algebraic manipulation.

6. Examiners will aim to set questions on a wide range of topics, but it is not guaranteed that
every topic will be examined every year.

7. The Pure sections of each specification assume knowledge of the full Pure content of all
preceding specifications.

8. The Mechanics and Probability/Statistics sections of each specification assume knowledge of

the appropriate Pure Mathematics for that specification, and of the full Pure content of all
preceding specifications. In addition, each Mechanics section assumes knowledge of the
Mechanics sections of preceding specifications, and similarly for Probability/Statistics
sections.

9. Bold italics are used to indicate additional topics that do not fall under the compulsory
content set out in the relevant government document. For STEP Mathematics 2 and STEP
Mathematics 3 this includes all additional topics in the Mechanics and Probability/Statistics
sections.

Formulae booklets and calculators

Candidates will not be issued with a formulae book. Formulae that candidates are expected to know
are listed in the appendix to this document. Other formulae will be given in individual questions,
should they be required.

The required formulae for STEP extend beyond those required for the corresponding A levels.

Calculators are not permitted or required.

Bilingual dictionaries may be used.

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254441/GCS
E_mathematics_subject_content_and_assessment_objectives.pdf

5
 MATHEMATICS 1

Section A: Pure Mathematics

Content

Proof
Understand and use the structure of mathematical proof,
proceeding from given assumptions through a series of logical
steps to a conclusion; use methods of proof, including proof by
deduction, proof by exhaustion, proof by induction.
Understand and use the terms ‘necessary and sufficient’
and ‘if and only if’.
Disproof by counter-example.
Proof by contradiction (including proof of the irrationality of
√2 and the infinity of primes, and application to unfamiliar proofs).

B Algebra and functions

Know, understand and use the laws of indices for all rational
exponents.
Use and manipulate surds, including rationalising the
denominator.
Work with quadratic functions and their graphs; the discriminant
of a quadratic function, including the conditions for real and
repeated roots; completing the square; solution of quadratic
equations including solving quadratic equations in a function of
the unknown.
Solve simultaneous equations in two (or more) variables by
elimination and by substitution; including, for example, one linear
and one quadratic equation.

Solve linear and quadratic inequalities in a single variable and

interpret such inequalities graphically, including inequalities with
brackets and fractions.
Express solutions through correct use of ‘and’ and ‘or’, or through
set notation.
Represent linear and quadratic inequalities such as 𝑦 > 𝑥 + 1 and
𝑦 > 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 graphically.
Solve inequalities and interpret them graphically; including,
but not limited to, those involving rational algebraic
𝟏 𝒙
expressions (e.g., > ), trigonometric functions,
𝒂−𝒙 𝒙−𝒃
exponential functions, and the modulus function.

6
Manipulate polynomials algebraically, including expanding
brackets and collecting like terms, factorisation, and simple
algebraic division; use of the factor theorem and the
remainder theorem; use of equating coefficients in
identities.
Know, understand and use the relationship between the roots
and coefficients of quadratic equations.
Simplify rational expressions including by factorising and
cancelling, and algebraic division (by linear and higher degree
expressions).
Understand and use graphs of functions; sketch curves defined
by simple equations including polynomials, the modulus of linear
𝑎 𝑎
and other functions, 𝑦 = and 𝑦 = 2 and other rational
𝑥 𝑥
𝒙
functions such as 𝒚 = (𝒙−𝒂)𝟐
(including their vertical and
horizontal asymptotes); behaviour as 𝒙 → ±∞; interpret the
algebraic solution of equations graphically; use intersection
points of graphs to solve equations.
Understand and use proportional relationships and their graphs.
Understand and use the definition of a function; domain and
range of functions; composite functions; inverse functions and
their graphs.

Understand the effect of simple transformations on the graph of

𝑦 = f(𝑥) including sketching associated graphs:
𝑦 = 𝑎f(𝑥), 𝑦 = f(𝑥) + 𝑎, 𝑦 =f(𝑥 + 𝑎), 𝑦 = f(𝑎𝑥), and
combinations of these transformations.
Decompose rational functions into partial fractions (denominators
not more complicated than squared linear terms and with no
more than three terms, numerators constant or linear).
Understand what is meant by the limit of a function 𝐟(𝒙) as 𝒙
tends to a specific value at which the function is undefined,
including the notation 𝒙 → ∞, and be able to find such limits
in simple cases.

Use functions in modelling, including consideration of limitations

and refinements of the models.

7
Coordinate geometry
in the (𝒙, 𝒚) plane

Know, understand and use the equation of a straight line,

including the forms 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚( 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0;
gradient conditions for two straight lines to be parallel or
perpendicular.
Be able to use straight line models in a variety of contexts.
Know, understand and use the coordinate geometry of the circle
including using the equation of a circle in the form
( 𝑥 − 𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑦 − 𝑏 )2 = 𝑟2 ; completing the square to find the
centre and radius of a circle; know, understand and use basic
circle theorems:
 The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is twice the
angle it subtends at the circumference.
 The angle on the circumference subtended by a diameter is
a right angle.
 Two angles subtended by a chord in the same segment
are equal.
 A radius or diameter bisects a chord if and only if it is
perpendicular to the chord.
 For a point P on the circumference, the radius or diameter
through P is perpendicular to the tangent at P.
 For a point P on the circumference, the angle between
the tangent and a chord through P equals the angle
subtended by the chord in the alternate segment.
 Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
supplementary.
Understand and use the parametric equations of curves and
conversion between Cartesian and parametric forms.
Use parametric equations in modelling in a variety of contexts.

8
Sequences and series
Know, understand and use the binomial expansion of
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)𝑛 for positive integer 𝑛; the notations 𝑛! and 𝑛𝐶𝑟 (and
𝒏
( ) and nCr) and their algebraic definitions; link to binomial
𝒓
probabilities.
Extend the binomial expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)𝑛 to any rational 𝑛,
including its use for approximation; be aware that the expansion is
𝑏𝑥
valid (converges) for | | < 1 (proof not required).
𝑎
n
Use 𝒏! and Cr in the context of permutations and
combinations.
Work with sequences including those given by a formula for the 𝑛th
term and those generated by a simple relations of the
form 𝑥𝑛+1 = f(𝑥𝑛 ), or 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝐟(𝒙𝒏, 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 ); increasing sequences;
decreasing sequences; periodic sequences.
Understand and use sigma notation for sums of series.
Understand and work with arithmetic sequences and series,
including knowledge of the formulae for 𝑛th term and the sum to
𝑛 terms.
Understand and work with geometric sequences and series
including knowledge of the formulae for the 𝑛th term and the
sum of a finite geometric series; the sum to infinity of a
convergent geometric series, including the use of |𝑟| < 1 .
Understand what is meant by the limit of a sequence,
including the notation 𝒙𝒏 → 𝒂 as 𝒏 → ∞, and be able to find
such a limit in simple cases.
Use sequences and series in modelling.

9
Trigonometry

Know, understand and use the definitions of sine, cosine, and

tangent for all arguments; the sine and cosine rules; the area of
1
a triangle in the form 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶.
2

Work with radian measure, including use for arc length and area of
sector.

Know, understand and use the standard small angle

approximations of sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and tan 𝜃 :
𝜃2
sin 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃, cos 𝜃 ≈ 1 − , tan 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 where 𝜃 is in radians.
2

Understand and use the sine, cosine, and tangent functions; their
graphs, symmetries, and periodicity.
Know and use exact values of sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 for
   
𝜃 = 0, , , , ,  and integer multiples.
6 4 3 2
Know and use exact values of tan 𝜃 for
  
𝜃 = 0, , , , and (appropriate) integer multiples.
6 4 3

Know, understand and use the definitions of sec, cosec, and cot
and of sin-1, cos , and tan ; their relationships to sin, cos, and
-1 -1

tan; understand their graphs, their ranges and domains.

sin 𝜃
Know, understand and use tan 𝜃 = .
cos 𝜃

Know, understand and use sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1,

sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃, and cosec 2 𝜃 = 1 + cot 2 𝜃.

Know, understand and use double angle formulae; use of

formulae for sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵), cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵), and tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵); understand
geometrical proofs of these formulae.
Understand and use expressions for 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 in the
equivalent forms of 𝑟 cos(𝜃 ± 𝛼) or 𝑟 sin(𝜃 ± 𝛼).

Find general solutions to trigonometric equations, including

quadratic equations in sin, cos, or tan and equations
involving linear multiples of the unknown angle; for
𝝅 𝟏
example, 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒙 + ) = .
𝟓 𝟐

Construct proofs involving trigonometric functions and identities.

Use trigonometric functions to solve problems in context,

including problems involving vectors, kinematics and forces.

10
Exponentials
and logarithms

Know and use the function 𝑎 𝑥 and its graph, where 𝑎 is positive.

Know and use the function e𝑥 and its graph.

Know that the gradient of e𝑘𝑥 is equal to 𝑘e𝑘𝑥 , and hence

understand why the exponential model is suitable in many
applications.

Know and use the definition of log 𝑎 𝑥 as the inverse of 𝑎 𝑥 , where 𝑎

is positive (𝑎 ≠ 1) and 𝑥 > 0.
Know and use the function ln 𝑥 and its graph.
Know and use ln 𝑥 as the inverse function of e𝑥 .

Know, understand and use the laws of logarithms:

log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 ;
𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 ;
𝑦

𝑘 log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑘
1
(including, for example, 𝑘 = −1 and 𝑘 = − ).
2

Understand and use the change of base formula for

logarithms:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂
Solve equations of the form 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏.
Use logarithmic graphs to estimate parameters in relationships of
the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 and 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑏 𝑥 , given data for 𝑥 and 𝑦.
Understand and use exponential growth and decay; use in
modelling (examples may include the use of e in continuous
compound interest, radioactive decay, drug concentration decay,
or exponential growth as a model for population growth);
consideration of limitations and refinements of exponential
models.

11
Differentiation

Candidates should have an informal understanding of

continuity and differentiability.
Understand and use the derivative of f(𝑥) as the gradient of the
tangent to the graph of 𝑦 = f(𝑥) at a general point (𝑥, 𝑦); the
gradient of the tangent as a limit; interpretation as a rate of
change; sketching the gradient function for a given curve; second
and higher derivatives; differentiation from first principles for
small positive integer powers of 𝑥 , and for sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥.
Understand and use the second derivative as the rate of change of
gradient; connection to convex and concave sections of curves
and points of inflection.
Differentiate 𝑥 𝑛 , for rational values of 𝑛, and related constant
multiples, sums and differences.
Differentiate e𝑘𝑥 , 𝑎𝑘𝑥 , sin 𝑘𝑥, cos 𝑘𝑥, tan 𝑘𝑥 and other
trigonometric functions and related sums, differences and
constant multiples.
Know, understand and use the derivative of ln 𝑥.
Apply differentiation to find gradients, tangents and normals,
maxima and minima and stationary points, points of inflection.
Identify where functions are increasing or decreasing.
Differentiate using the product rule, the quotient rule, and the
chain rule, including problems involving connected rates of
change and inverse functions.
Differentiate simple functions and relations defined implicitly or
parametrically, for first and higher derivatives.
Apply the above to curve sketching.
Construct simple differential equations in pure mathematics and in
context (contexts may include kinematics, population growth, and
modelling the relationship between price and demand).

12
Integration

Candidates should have an informal understanding of

integrability.
Know and use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, including
applications to integration by inspection.
Integrate 𝑥 𝑛 (including 𝒏 = −𝟏), and related sums, differences
and constant multiples.
Integrate e𝑘𝑥 , sin 𝑘𝑥, and cos 𝑘𝑥, and related sums, differences,
and constant multiples.
Evaluate definite integrals; use a definite integral to find the area
under a curve and the area between two curves.
Understand and use integration as the limit of a sum.
Carry out simple and more complex cases of integration by
substitution and integration by parts; understand these methods
as the inverse processes of the chain and product rules
respectively.
(Integration by substitution includes finding a suitable substitution
and is not limited to cases where one substitution will lead to a
function which can be integrated; integration by parts includes
more than one application of the method but excludes reduction
formulae.)
Integrate using partial fractions that are linear and repeated
linear in the denominator.
Evaluate the analytical solution of simple first order differential
equations with separable variables, including finding particular
solutions.
(Separation of variables may require factorisation involving a
common factor.)
Interpret the solution of a differential equation in the context of
solving a problem, including identifying limitations of the solution;
includes links to kinematics.

13
Numerical methods

Locate roots of f(𝑥 ) = 0 by considering changes of sign of f(𝑥 ) in

an interval of 𝑥 on which f(𝑥 ) is sufficiently well-behaved.
Understand how change of sign methods can fail.
Solve equations approximately using simple iterative methods; be
able to draw associated cobweb and staircase diagrams.
Solve equations using the Newton-Raphson method and other
recurrence relations of the form 𝑥𝑛+1 = g(𝑥𝑛 ).
Understand how such methods can fail.
Understand and use numerical integration of functions; including
the use of the trapezium rule, and estimating the approximate area
under a curve and limits that it must lie between.
Use numerical methods to solve problems in context.

Vectors
Use vectors in two dimensions and in three dimensions.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of a vector and convert
between component form and magnitude/direction form.
Add vectors diagrammatically and perform the algebraic operations
of vector addition and multiplication by scalars, and understand
their geometrical interpretations.
Understand and use position vectors; calculate the distance
between two points represented by position vectors.
Know how to relate the position vector of the point that
divides AB in a given ratio to the position vectors of the
points A and B.
Use vectors to solve problems in pure mathematics and in
context, including forces and kinematics.

14
Section B: Mechanics and Probability/Statistics

Content

Quantities and
units in mechanics

Know, understand and use fundamental quantities and units in the

S.I. system: length, time, mass.
Know, understand and use derived quantities and units: velocity,
acceleration, force, weight, moment.

Kinematics
Know, understand and use the language of kinematics: position,
displacement, distance travelled, velocity, speed, acceleration.
Understand, use and interpret graphs in kinematics for motion in a
straight line: displacement against time, and interpretation of
gradient; velocity against time, and interpretation of gradient and
area under the graph.
Know, understand, use and derive the formulae for constant
acceleration for motion in a straight line; extend to 2 dimensions
using vectors.
Use calculus in kinematics for motion in a straight line:
dr dv d 2r
v= ,a= = , r = ∫ v dt , 𝑣 = ∫ a dt ; extend to 2 dimensions
dt dt dt 2
using vectors.
Model motion under gravity in a vertical plane using vectors;
projectiles.

15
Forces and Newton’s laws
Understand the concept of a force; understand and use Newton’s
first law.
Know, understand and use Newton’s second law for motion in a
straight line, including situations where forces need to be resolved
(in 2 or 3 dimensions); application to problems involving smooth
pulleys and connected particles.
Understand and use weight, and motion in a straight line under
gravity; gravitational acceleration, g, and its value in S.I. units to
varying degrees of accuracy.
(The inverse square law for gravitation is not required and g may
be assumed to be constant, but students should be aware that g is
not a universal constant but depends on location.)
Know, understand and use Newton’s third law; resolving forces in
2 or 3 dimensions; equilibrium of a particle under forces in 2 or 3
dimensions.
Understand and use addition of forces; resultant forces; the
triangle of forces for equilibrium problems; dynamics for motion
in a plane.
Know, understand and use the 𝐹 ≤ 𝜇𝑅 model for friction;
coefficient of friction; motion of a body on a rough surface; limiting
friction and statics.

Moments
Understand and use moments in simple static contexts; questions
will not be restricted to those involving forces in two
perpendicular directions. Questions may be set on equilibria
of rigid bodies, including bodies in contact, and on breaking
of equilibrium, for example by toppling or slipping.
Understand and use the idea of centre of mass; the position of
the centre of mass of any shapes used will either be given or
deducible by the use of symmetry.

16
Statistical sampling

Understand and use the terms ‘population’, ‘sample’ and ‘random

sample’.

Data presentation
and interpretation

Interpret diagrams for single-variable data, including understanding

that area in a histogram represents frequency, and connect to
probability distributions.
Interpret measures of central tendency and variation, extending to
standard deviation.
Be able to calculate standard deviation, including from summary
statistics.

Probability

Understand and use mutually exclusive, independent, and

complementary events when calculating probabilities. Link to
discrete and continuous distributions.

Understand and use conditional probability, including the use of

tree diagrams, Venn diagrams, two-way tables.
Know, understand and use the formula:
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A∩B)
Know, understand and use the conditional probability formula:
P(A∩B)
P(A | B) =
P(B)

Modelling with probability, including critiquing assumptions made

and the likely effect of more realistic assumptions.
Use combinatorial arguments, including the use of 𝒏! and nCr ,
in the context of calculating probabilities.

17
Statistical distributions

Understand informally the concept of a random variable.

Understand and use simple, discrete probability distributions

(calculation of expectation and variance of discrete random
variables is included), including the Binomial distribution as a
model; calculate probabilities using the Binomial distribution.
The discrete uniform distribution as a model; calculate
probabilities using the discrete uniform distribution.
Understand and use the Normal distribution; find probabilities using
the Normal distribution; convert to the standard Normal
distribution by translation and scaling.
Select an appropriate probability distribution for a context, with
appropriate reasoning, including recognising when the Binomial or
Normal model may not be appropriate.

Statistical hypothesis
testing

Understand and apply the language of statistical hypothesis

testing, developed through a Binomial model: null hypothesis,
alternative hypothesis, significance level, test statistic, 1-tailed test,
2-tailed test, critical value, critical region, acceptance region,
𝑝-value.
Conduct a statistical hypothesis test for the proportion in the
Binomial distribution and interpret the results in context.
Understand that a sample is being used to make an inference
about the population, and appreciate how the significance level
and the probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis are
related.
Conduct a statistical hypothesis test for the mean of a Normal
distribution with known, given, or assumed variance and interpret
the results in context.

18
 MATHEMATICS 2
The specification for Mathematics 2 assumes full knowledge and understanding of the relevant parts
of the specification for Mathematics 1 as set out in the introduction. Candidates should be aware that
questions in this paper may be set on any relevant parts of the Mathematics 1 or Mathematics 2
specifications.

Section A: Pure Mathematics

Content

B Complex numbers
Solve any quadratic equation with real or complex coefficients;
solve cubic or quartic equations with real or complex coefficients
(given sufficient information to deduce at least one root for cubics
or at least one complex root or quadratic factor for quartics).
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers in the form
x + iy with x and y real; understand and use the terms ‘real part’
and ‘imaginary part’.
Understand and use the complex conjugate; know that non-real
roots of polynomial equations with real coefficients occur in
conjugate pairs.
Use and interpret Argand diagrams.
Convert between the Cartesian form and the modulus-argument
form of a complex number (knowledge of radians is assumed).

Multiply and divide complex numbers in modulus-argument form

(knowledge of radians and compound angle formulae is
assumed).
Construct and interpret simple loci in the Argand diagram such
as, but not limited to, |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑟 and arg(𝑧 − 𝑎 ) = 𝜃
(knowledge of radians is assumed).

19
Matrices
Add, subtract, and multiply conformable matrices; multiply a matrix
by a scalar.
Understand and use zero and identity matrices.
Use matrices to represent linear transformations in 2-D; successive
transformations; single transformations in 3-D (3-D transformations
confined to reflection in one of 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 or rotation about
one of the coordinate axes). (Knowledge of 3-D vectors is
assumed.)
Find invariant points and lines for a linear transformation.
Calculate determinants of 2 × 2 matrices and interpret as scale
factors, including the effect on orientation.
Understand and use singular and non-singular matrices; properties
of inverse matrices.
Calculate and use the inverse of a non-singular 2 × 2 matrix.

Further algebra and functions

Understand and use the relationship between roots and coefficients
of polynomial equations up to quartic and higher degree
equations.
Form a polynomial equation whose roots are a linear
transformation of the roots of a given polynomial equation (of at
least cubic degree).
Know and use partial fractions in which the denominator may
include quadratic factors of the form 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄 for 𝒄 > 𝟎, and in
which the degree of the numerator may be equal to, or exceed,
the degree of the denominator.

Understand and use the method of differences for summation

of series, including the use of partial fractions.
Recognise and use the series expansion of 𝐞𝒙 .
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Sketch curves of the form ± = 1; find equations of their
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
asymptotes where appropriate.

20
Further calculus

Differentiate inverse trigonometric functions.

Evaluate improper integrals where either the integrand is
undefined at a value in the range of integration or the range of
integration extends to infinity.
𝟏
–𝟏 −
Integrate functions of the form (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) and (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐
and be able to choose trigonometric substitutions to integrate
associated functions.
Integrate using partial fractions (including those with
quadratic factors in the denominator).
Integrate using reduction formulae.

Further vectors
Understand and use the vector and Cartesian forms of an
equation of a straight line in 3-D.
Understand and use the scalar product of two vectors,
including geometrical interpretation and formal algebraic
manipulation; for example, a.(b + c) = a.b + a.c

21
Section B: Mechanics

Content

Energy, work, and power

Understand and use the concepts of energy (kinetic and

potential), work, and power.
Understand and use the principle of conservation of energy.
Collisions

Understand the mechanics of collisions in simple situations.

Understand and use the principle of conservation of
momentum and, when appropriate, the conservation of energy
applied to collisions.
Understand and use the coefficient of restitution (e) for
collisions, including the special cases e = 1 and e = 0.
Questions involving successive impacts may be set.
Knowledge of oblique impacts will not be required.
Hooke’s law

Know, understand and use Hooke’s law for strings and

𝝀𝒙
springs, including the formula 𝑻 = 𝒌𝒙 = where 𝒌 is the
𝒍
stiffness and 𝝀 is the modulus of elasticity.

Understand and use elastic potential energy, including

𝟏 𝝀 𝒙𝟐
knowledge of the formula E = 𝒌𝒙𝟐 = .
𝟐 𝟐𝒍

22
Section C: Probability/Statistics

Content

Probability distributions

Know, understand and use the Poisson distribution; find

probabilities using the Poisson distribution.
Calculate the mean and variance of the Poisson distribution.
Select an appropriate probability distribution for a context,
with appropriate reasoning, including recognising when the
Binomial, the Normal or the Poisson model may not be
appropriate.
Use the Poisson distribution as an approximation to the
Binomial distribution and know under what conditions this is
appropriate.
Use the Normal distribution as an approximation to the
Binomial distribution or the Poisson distribution and know
under what conditions these are appropriate.
Know, understand and use the continuous uniform
distribution; find probabilities using the continuous uniform
distribution.
Calculate the mean and variance of the continuous uniform
distribution.
Understand and use the mathematics of continuous
probability density functions and cumulative distribution
functions; including finding probabilities and the calculation of
mean, variance, median, mode, and expectation by explicit
integration for a given (possibly unfamiliar) distribution; the
notation 𝐟(𝒙) = 𝐅 ′ (𝒙).

23
 MATHEMATICS 3
The specification for Mathematics 3 assumes full knowledge and understanding of the relevant parts
of the specification for Mathematics 1 and Mathematics 2 as set out in the introduction. Candidates
should be aware that questions in this paper may be set on any relevant parts of the Mathematics 1,
Mathematics 2 or Mathematics 3 specifications.

Section A: Pure Mathematics

Content

C Further Complex numbers

Know and understand de Moivre’s theorem and use it to find
multiple angle formulae and sums of series.
Know and use the definition e θ = cos 𝜃 + isin 𝜃 and
i

the form 𝑧 = 𝑟e θ
i

Find the 𝑛 distinct 𝑛th roots of re θ for r ≠ 0 and know that they
i

form the vertices of a regular 𝑛-gon in the Argand diagram.

Use complex numbers, including complex roots of unity, to solve
geometric problems.

D Further Matrices

Calculate determinants of 3 × 3 matrices and interpret as scale

factors, including the effect on orientation.
Calculate and use the inverse of non-singular 3 × 3 matrices.
Solve three linear simultaneous equations in three variables by use
of the inverse matrix.
Interpret geometrically the solution and failure of solution of three
simultaneous linear equations.

Further algebra
and functions
Find the Maclaurin series of a function including the general term.

Know and use the Maclaurin series for e𝑥 , ln(1 + 𝑥), sin 𝑥, cos 𝑥 ,
and (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 , and be aware of the range of values of 𝑥 for which
they are valid (proof not required).

24
Further calculus

Calculate lengths of curves in Cartesian or parameterised

Cartesian coordinates.
Derive formulae for and calculate volumes of revolution.
Understand and evaluate the mean value of a function.

Further vectors

Understand and use the vector and Cartesian forms of the

equation of a plane.
Calculate the scalar product and use it to express the equation of a
plane, and to calculate the angle between two planes and the
angle between a line and a plane.
Find the intersection of a line and a plane.
Calculate the perpendicular distance between two lines, from a
point to a line and from a point to a plane.
Understand and use the vector product, including the
geometrical interpretation; use vector products to calculate
the area of a triangle or parallelogram and to determine
whether vectors are parallel.
Understand and use the equation of a line in the form
(𝐫 – 𝐚) × 𝐛 = 𝟎

Polar coordinates

Understand and use polar coordinates and be able to convert

between polar and Cartesian coordinates.
(It will be assumed that 𝒓 ≥ 𝟎; the range of 𝜽 will be given if
appropriate.)
Sketch curves with 𝑟 given as a function of 𝜃, including the use of
trigonometric functions.
Find the area enclosed by a polar curve.

25
Hyperbolic functions

Know, understand and use the definitions of hyperbolic functions

sinh x, cosh x, tanh x, sech x, cosech x, coth x including their
domains and ranges, and be able to sketch their graphs.
Know, understand and use standard formulae for algebraic
relations between hyperbolic functions, such as
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏.

Differentiate and integrate hyperbolic functions.

Understand and be able to use the definitions of the inverse
hyperbolic functions and their domains and ranges.
Derive and use the logarithmic forms of the inverse hyperbolic
functions.
1 1
– –
Integrate functions of the form (x 2 + 1) 2 and (x 2 – 1) 2 and be
able to choose substitutions to integrate associated functions.

26
Differential equations

Find and use an integrating factor to solve differential equations of

dy
the form + P(x)y = Q(x); recognise when it is appropriate to do
dx
so.
Find both general and particular solutions to differential equations,
including by methods that will be indicated if appropriate.
Use differential equations in modelling in kinematics and in other
contexts.
Solve differential equations of the form 𝑦″ + 𝑎𝑦′ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0, where
𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants, by using the auxiliary equation.
Know, understand and use the form of the solution of the
differential equations in cases when the discriminant of the
auxiliary equation is positive, zero, or negative.
Solve differential equations of the form 𝑦″ + 𝑎𝑦′ + 𝑏𝑦 = f(𝑥)
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants, by solving the homogeneous case
and adding a particular integral to the complementary function (in
cases where f (x) is a polynomial, exponential, or trigonometric
function).

Solve the equation for simple harmonic motion 𝑥̈ = − 𝜔2 𝑥 and

relate the solution to the motion, and understand the
implications in physical situations.
Model damped oscillations using second order differential
equations and interpret their solutions.
Analyse models of situations with one independent variable and
two dependent variables as a pair of coupled first order
simultaneous equations and be able to solve them, for example
predator-prey models.
Use given substitutions to transform differential equations.

27
Section B: Mechanics

Content

Further collisions

Understand and be able to use the concept of impulse.

Analyse collisions involving oblique impacts, including the
use of the coefficient of restitution. Questions involving
successive impacts may be set.

Centre of mass
Understand and be able to apply the principle that the effect of
gravity is equivalent to a single force acting at the body’s
centre of mass.
Find the position of the centre of mass of a uniform rigid body
using symmetry.
Determine the centre of mass of a system of particles or the
centre of mass of a composite rigid body.
Use integration to determine the position of the centre of
mass of a uniform lamina or a uniform solid of revolution.
Circular motion

Know, understand and use the definitions of angular velocity,

velocity, speed, and acceleration in relation to a particle
moving in a circular path with constant speed; includes the
use of both  and ̇ .
Know, understand and use the relationships 𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎 and
𝒗2
𝒂 = = 𝒓𝝎𝟐 = 𝒗𝝎 for motion in a circle with constant
r
speed.

Analyse motion with variable speed on an arc of a circle,

including motion in a vertical circle.
Moments of inertia will not be examined.
Differential equations

Use differential equations to analyse models of particles

moving under the action of variable forces, where forces will
not necessarily be given as a function of time; including
d𝒗
recognising when it is appropriate to use a = 𝒗 dx

Solve the equation for simple harmonic motion 𝒙̈ = − 𝝎𝟐 𝒙 and

understand applications to physical situations, including the
approximate simple harmonic motion of a pendulum.

28
Section C: Probability/Statistics

Content

Independent random
variables

Understand and use the idea of independent random

variables.

Algebra of expectation

Know, understand and use the algebra of expectation:

𝐄 ( 𝒂𝑿 + 𝒃𝒀 + 𝒄 ) = 𝒂𝐄 ( 𝑿 ) + 𝒃𝐄 ( 𝒀 ) + 𝒄
𝐕𝐚𝐫 ( 𝑿 ) = 𝐄 (𝑿𝟐 ) – 𝐄 (𝑿 )𝟐
𝐕𝐚𝐫 (𝒂𝑿 + 𝒃 ) = 𝒂𝟐 𝐕𝐚𝐫 (𝑿 )
and for independent random variables:
𝐕𝐚𝐫 (𝒂𝑿 ± 𝒃𝒀 ) = 𝒂𝟐 𝐕𝐚𝐫 (𝑿 ) + 𝒃𝟐 𝐕𝐚𝐫 (𝒀 )
Knowledge of the relation
𝐕𝐚𝐫 (𝒂𝑿 ± 𝒃𝒀 ) = 𝒂𝟐 𝐕𝐚𝐫 ( 𝑿 ) + 𝒃𝟐 𝐕𝐚𝐫 (𝒀 ) ± 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝐂𝐨𝐯(𝑿, 𝒀 )
will not be required.
Use cumulative distribution functions to calculate the
probability density function of a related random variable; for
example, 𝑿𝟐 from 𝑿.
Knowledge of generating functions will not be required.

29
 STEP MATHEMATICS 2020
Notation and Required Formulae
Introduction

The notation for STEP follows the notation for the A level examinations1 with some minor
additions and omissions. STEP papers are set in LATEX fonts, which are not the same as the
usual fonts used for A level.

The required formulae for each STEP paper are the formulae that candidates must be able to
use without them being provided. If other formulae are required for a particular question, they
will be given in the question (or candidates will be asked to derive them); there are no Formulae
Booklets for STEP examinations.

The required formulae are those required for the corresponding AS or A level as set out in the
Department for Education’s guidance documents,1 with some additions and omissions. Nearly
all the additions can be found in the AS or A level Formulae Booklets provided by the individual
examination boards, but candidates are not expected to know all the formulae in these booklets.
Throughout the tables that follow, notation and formulae that do not appear in the Department
for Education’s corresponding guidance documents are indicated by a ‘•’ in the ‘Papers’ column.

The formulae are usually given in their simplest forms. For example, the derivative of sin x rather
than sin kx is given, the latter being easily derivable from the former.

Some formulae are omitted because it is better not to learn them. For example, the derivative of
sin−1 x is included, but the derivative of cos−1 x is not; it is better to understand that (for acute
angles) cos−1 x = 12 π − sin−1 x so that the only difference in the derivatives is a minus sign.

1
See https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/gce-as-and-a-level-mathematics and https://www.gov.
uk/government/publications/gce-as-and-a-level-further-mathematics

30
NOTATION
Set notation

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

∈ is an element of 2, 3

∈
/ is not an element of 2, 3

⊆ is a subset of 2, 3

⊂ is a proper subset of 2, 3

{x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } the set with elements x1 , x2 , . . . , xn 2, 3

only used with

∅ the empty set 2, 3
explanation

only used with

A0 the complement set of the set A 2, 3
explanation

N the set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, . . .} 2, 3

Z the set of integers {. . . , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, . . .} 2, 3

Q the set of rational numbers { pq : p ∈ Z, q ∈ N} 2, 3

R the set of real numbers 2, 3

C the set of complex numbers 2, 3

∪ union of sets 2, 3

∩ intersection of sets 2, 3

for example,
(x, y) the ordered pair x, y 2, 3
coordinates

31
 Miscellaneous symbols

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

= is equal to 2, 3

6= is not equal to 2, 3

is identical to, or is equivalent to,

≡ 2, 3
or is congruent to

≈ is approximately equal to 2, 3

∞ infinity 2, 3

∝ is proportional to 2, 3

< is less than 2, 3

6 is less than or equal to 2, 3

> is greater than 2, 3

> is greater than or equal to 2, 3

∴ therefore 2, 3

p⇒q p implies q (if p then q) 2, 3

p⇐q p is implied by q (if q then p) 2, 3

p⇔q p is equivalent to q (p if and only if q) 2, 3

Sn the sum to n terms of a progression 2, 3

S∞ the sum to infinity of a progression 2, 3

x −→ ∞ x tends to ∞ 2, 3

for sequences when

xn −→ a xn tends to a 2, 3
n −→ ∞

32
 Operations

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

a±b a plus or minus b 2, 3 •

a∓b a minus or plus b 2, 3 •

a × b, ab, a.b a multiplied by b a.b not usually used 2, 3

a/b is not given in the

a 2, 3 •
a ÷ b, , a/b a divided by b A level notation list;
b
a ÷ b not usually used

n
P only the case m = 1 is
ai am + am+1 + · · · + an given in the A level 2, 3 •
i=m notation list

n
Q only the case m = 1 is
ai am am+1 · · · an given in the A level 2, 3 •
i=m notation list
√
a the positive square root of a a ∈ R, a > 0 2, 3

|a| the modulus of a a∈R 2, 3

n! n factorial, n ∈ N 0! = 1, by definition 2, 3
 
n n!
or n Cr the binomial coefficient 2, 3
r r! (n − r)!

33
 Functions

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

lim f(x) the limit of f(x) as x tends to a 2, 3

x→a

dy
dx the first derivative of y with respect to x 2, 3
dn y
dxn the nth derivative of y with respect to x 2, 3

the first and second derivatives of x where t is time, unless

ẋ and ẍ 2, 3
with respect to t otherwise specified

f 0 (x) the first derivative of f evaluated at x 2, 3

f 00 (x) the second derivative of f evaluated at x 2, 3

f (n) (x) the nth derivative of f evaluated at x 2, 3

R the indefinite integral of f(x)
f(x) dx 2, 3
with respect to x
Rb the definite integral of f(x) with respect to x
a f(x) dx 2, 3
between the limits of x = a and x = b

e base of natural logarithms 2, 3

ex , exp x exponential function of x 2, 3

loga x logarithm to base a of x 2, 3

ln x, loge x natural logarithm of x 2, 3

sin, cos, tan,

the trigonometric functions 2, 3
cosec, sec, cot

arcsin, etc, will not be

sin−1 , etc the inverse trigonometric functions 2, 3
used

sinh, cosh,
tanh, cosech, the hyperbolic functions 3
sech, coth

arsinh, etc, will not be

sinh−1 , etc the inverse hyperbolic functions 3
used

34
 Complex numbers

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

i square root of −1 j will not be used 2, 3

complex number with real part x and

x + iy 2, 3
imaginary part y

r > 0;
complex number with modulus r and
r(cos θ + i sin θ) the range of θ will be 2, 3
argument θ
given if required

Re(z) the real part of z Re(z) = x if z = x + iy 2, 3

Im(z) the imaginary part of z Im(z) = y if z = x + iy 2, 3

arg(z) = θ if
z = r(cos θ + i sin θ);
arg(z) the argument of z 2, 3
the range of arg(z) will
be given if required

|z| = r
|z| the modulus of z 2, 3
if z = r(cos θ + i sin θ)

z∗ the complex conjugate of z z ∗ = x−iy if z = x+iy 2, 3

35
 Matrices

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

M the matrix M 2, 3

the entry in the ith row and jth column of the only used with
Mij 2, 3 •
matrix M explanation

0 matrix with all entries 0 2, 3

I identity matrix 2, 3

M−1 the inverse of the (square) matrix M 2, 3

MT the transpose of the matrix M 2, 3

det M determinant of the (square) matrix M 2, 3

image of the column vector r under the

Mr 2, 3
transformation associated with the matrix M

36
 Vectors

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

a the vector a 2, 3

−−→ the vector represented by the directed line

AB 2, 3
segment AB

only used with

a the unit vector in the direction of a 2, 3
explanation
b

unit vectors in the directions of the Cartesian

i, j, k 2, 3
axes

|a| the magnitude of a 2, 3

−−→ −−→
|AB| the magnitude of AB 2, 3

r position vector 2, 3

s displacement vector 2, 3

a.b or a · b the scalar product of vectors a and b 2, 3

a×b the vector product of vectors a and b 3 •

37
 Probability/Statistics

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

A, B, C, etc events 2, 3

A∪B union of events A and B 2, 3

A∩B intersection of events A and B 2, 3

P(A) probability of the event A 2, 3

only used with

A0 complement of event A 2, 3
explanation

probability of the event A conditional on

P(A | B) 2, 3
(i.e. given) the event B

x, y, r, etc values of the random variables X, Y , R, etc 2, 3

probability function of a discrete random

P(X = x) 2, 3
variable X

probability density function (p.d.f.) of a

f(x) 2, 3
continuous random variable

cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of a

F(x) 2, 3
continuous random variable

E(X) expectation of the random variable X 2, 3

Var (X) variance of the random variable X 2, 3

∼ has the distribution 2, 3

Binomial distribution with parameters n

B(n, p) and p, where n is the number of trials and p q =1−p 2, 3
is the probability of success in any trial

Normal distribution with mean µ and

N(µ, σ 2 ) 2, 3
variance σ 2

N(0, 1) the standard Normal distribution 2, 3

probability density function and cumulative knowledge of formulae

φ, Φ distribution function of a random variable is not required; only 2, 3
with standard Normal distribution used with explanation

38
 Mechanics

Notation Meaning Comment Papers

kg kilogram 2, 3

m metre 2, 3

km kilometre 2, 3

m s−1 metres per second 2, 3

m s−2 metres per second per second acceleration 2, 3

N newton 2, 3

moment of a force, for

Nm newton metre 2, 3
example

J joule 2, 3

t time 2, 3

s displacement 2, 3

u initial speed 2, 3

v speed or final speed 2, 3

a acceleration 2, 3

g acceleration due to gravity 2, 3

µ coefficient of friction 2, 3

e coefficient of restitution 2, 3

k stiffness 2, 3

λ modulus of elasticity 2, 3

ω angular speed 3

39
REQUIRED FORMULAE
Roots of polynomials

Formula Comment Papers

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has roots x = 2, 3
2a

For ax2 + bx + c = 0 with roots α and β:

2, 3
α + β = −b/a, αβ = c/a

The pattern is the same

For ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 with roots α, β and γ:
for polynomial equations 2, 3
α + β + γ = −b/a, αβ + βγ + γα = c/a, αβγ = −d/a
of higher degree

Laws of indices

Formula Comment Papers

ax ay = ax+y 2, 3

a0 = 1 a 6= 0 2, 3

(ax )y = axy 2, 3

defines ax when x is not

ax = ex ln a 2, 3 •
an integer

Laws of logarithms

Formula Comment Papers

x = an ⇔ n = loga x x > 0, a > 0 (a 6= 1) 2, 3

loga x + loga y = loga (xy) 2, 3

loga x − loga y = loga (x/y) 2, 3

k loga x = loga xk for x > 0 2, 3

40
 Sequences and series

Formula Comment Papers

General (nth) term of an arithmetic progression: d is the common

2, 3
un = a + (n − 1)d difference

General (nth) term of a geometric progression: un = arn−1 r is the common ratio 2, 3

Sum of an arithmetic progression: Sn = 12 n{2a + (n − 1)d} or: Sn = an + 21 n(n − 1)d 2, 3 •

a(1 − rn )
Sum of a geometric progression: Sn = 2, 3 •
1−r
a
Sum to infinity of a geometric progression: S∞ = |r| < 1 2, 3 •
1−r
nC n!
r = 2, 3 •
(n − r)!r!
n
X Binomial expansion,
(a + b)n = n
Cr an−r br 2, 3 •
n∈N
r=0
k(k−1) 2 k(k−1)···(k−r+1) r
(1 + x)k = 1 + kx + 2! x + ··· + r! x + ··· |x| < 1, k ∈ Q 2, 3 •
n
X
r = 12 n(n + 1)
2, 3 •
r=1
∞
X 1 (r)
f(x) = f (0) xr
r! Maclaurin series 3 •
r=0
∞
X xr
ex =
r! converges for all x 2, 3 •
r=0
∞
X xr
ln(1 + x) = (−1)r+1
r converges for −1 < x 6 1 3 •
r=1
∞
X x2r+1
sin x = (−1)r
(2r + 1)! converges for all x 3 •
r=0
∞
X x2r
cos x = (−1)r
(2r)! converges for all x 3 •
r=0

41
 Coordinate geometry

Formula Comment Papers

The straight line graph with gradient m passing through the

2, 3
point (x1 , y1 ) has equation y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

Straight lines with non-zero gradients m1 and m2 are per-

2, 3
pendicular if and only if m1 m2 = −1

Trigonometry

Formula Comment Papers

a b c
Sine rule for the triangle ABC: = = 2, 3
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine rule in the triangle ABC: a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A 2, 3

1
Area of triangle ABC: 2 ab sin C 2, 3

cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 2, 3

sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A 2, 3

cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A 2, 3

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A 2, 3

cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A 2, 3

2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 − tan2 A A 6= (k + 21 ) π2 , k ∈ Z 2, 3

sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B 2, 3

cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B 2, 3

tan A ± tan B
tan(A ± B) = A ± B 6= (k + 12 )π, k ∈ Z 2, 3 •
1 ∓ tan A tan B

θ small (compared with 1);

sin θ ≈ θ , cos θ ≈ 1 − 21 θ2 , tan θ ≈ θ 2, 3 •
θ in radians

42
 Hyperbolic functions

Formula Comment Papers

ex − e−x
sinh x = by definition 3
2
ex + e−x
cosh x = by definition 3
2
sinh x
tanh x = by definition 3
cosh x

cosh2 A − sinh2 A = 1 3 •

sech2 A = 1 − tanh2 A 3 •

cosech2 A = coth2 A − 1 3 •

sinh 2A = 2 sinh A cosh A 3 •

cosh 2A = cosh2 A + sinh2 A 3 •

2 tanh A
tanh 2A = 3 •
1 + tanh2 A

sinh(A ± B) = sinh A cosh B ± cosh A sinh B 3 •

cosh(A ± B) = cosh A cosh B ± sinh A sinh B 3 •

tanh A ± tanh B
tanh(A ± B) = 3 •
1 ± tanh A tanh B

43
 Derivatives

Function Derivative Comment Papers

sin x cos x 2, 3

cos x − sin x 2, 3

tan x sec2 x 2, 3 •

cot x −cosec2 x 2, 3 •

sec x sec x tan x 2, 3 •

cosec x −cosec x cot x 2, 3 •

1
√
sin−1 x 1 − x2 2, 3 •
1
tan−1 x 1 + x2 2, 3 •

sinh x cosh x 3

cosh x sinh x 3

tanh x sech2 x 3 •

coth x −cosech2 x 3 •

sech x −sech x tanh x 3 •

1
√
sinh−1 x 1 + x2 3 •
1
tanh−1 x 1 − x2 3 •

ex ex 2, 3
1
ln x x 2, 3

f(x) + g(x) f 0 (x) + g0 (x) 2, 3

f(x)g(x) f 0 (x)g(x) + f(x)g0 (x) product rule 2, 3

f(x) f 0 (x)g(x) − f(x)g0 (x)

2
g(x) g(x) quotient rule 2, 3 •

f 0 g(x) g0 (x)



f g(x) chain rule 2, 3

44
 Integrals

Function Integral Comment Papers

1
xn n+1 xn+1 + c n 6= −1 2, 3

x−1 ln |x| + c 2, 3

cos x sin x + c 2, 3

sin x − cos x + c 2, 3

sinh x cosh x + c 3

cosh x sinh x + c 3
1
√
1 − x2 sin−1 x + c −1 < x < 1 2, 3 •
1
1 + x2 tan−1 x + c 2, 3 •

ex ex + c 2, 3

f 0 (x) + g0 (x) f(x) + g(x) + c 2, 3

f 0 g(x) g0 (x)



f g(x) + c 2, 3
f 0 (x)
f(x) ln |f(x)| + c 2, 3 •

n
n+1
f(x) f 0 (x) 1
n+1 f(x) +c n 6= −1 2, 3 •
dv Z
du
u uv − v dx integration by parts 2, 3 •
dx dx

45
 General calculus

Formula Comment Papers

f(x + h) − f(x)
f 0 (x) = lim first principles definition 2, 3 •
h→0 h
,
dy dy dx for the parameterised curve
= 2, 3 •
dx dt dt y = y(t), x = x(t)

Area under the curve y = f(x) and above the x-axis:

Z b
2, 3
f(x) dx
a
Z b
2
Volume of revolution about the x-axis: π f(x) dx 3
a

b b−a
h= , yr = y(a + rh),
Z
1
y dx ≈ 2 h(y0 + yn ) + h(y1 + y2 + · · · + yn−1 ) n 2, 3 •
a
trapezium rule

ẍ = −ω 2 x ⇒ x = R sin(ωt + α)
simple harmonic motion 3 •
or x = R cos(ωt + β) or x = A cos ωt + B sin ωt

46
 Circles

Formula Comment Papers

θ is angle subtended in
Length of an arc of a circle of radius r : rθ 2, 3
radians

1 2 θ is angle subtended in
Area of a sector of a circle of radius r : 2r θ 2, 3
radians

Complex numbers

Formula Comment Papers

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ 3

z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) ⇒ z n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ) de Moivre’s theorem 3 •

z n = 1 has roots z = e2πki/n where k = 0, 1, . . . , (n − 1) Roots of unity 3 •

θ is the angle between the

Half line with end-point a : arg(z − a) = θ line and a line parallel to 2, 3
the positive real axis

Circle, centre a and radius r : |z − a| = r 2, 3

Vectors

Formula Comment Papers

p
|xi + yj + zk| = x2 + y 2 + z 2 2, 3

scalar product,
a.b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = |a| |b| cos θ 2, 3
a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k

a × b = (a2 b3 − a3 b2 )i + (a3 b1 − a1 b3 )j + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k vector product 3 •

θ is the acute angle between

|a × b| = |a| |b|| sin θ| 3 •
the vectors

Equation of the line through the point with position vector

2, 3
a parallel to b: r = a + tb

Equation of the plane containing the point with position vec-

3
tor a and with normal n: (r − a).n = 0

47
 Matrices

Formula Comment Papers

 
a b 2, 3
For A = , det A = ad − bc
c d
   
a b 1 d −b det A 6= 0 2, 3
For A = , A−1 =
c d det A −c a

for transformations
AB is equivalent to B then A represented by these 2, 3
matrices

(AB)−1 = B−1 A−1 det AB 6= 0 2, 3


0 ±1
 reflection in the line
2, 3 •
y = ±x
±1 0

  rotation by θ about the

z-axis; the direction of
 cos θ − sin θ 0  positive rotation is taken to
 
 sin θ cos θ 0  be anticlockwise when 2, 3 •
 
0 0 1 looking towards the origin
from the positive side of the
axis of rotation
 
 1 0 0 

 0 1 0
 reflection in the plane z = 0


 2, 3 •
0 0 −1

48
 Mechanics

Formula Comment Papers

mg weight 2, 3

frictional force related to

F 6 µR 2, 3
normal reaction R

scalar version of Newton’s

F = ma 2, 3
second law; constant mass

vector version of Newton’s

F = ma 2, 3
second law; constant mass
1 2
2 mv kinetic energy 2, 3 •

change in gravitational po-

mgh tential energy; h is vertical 2, 3 •
height

mv momentum 2, 3 •

mv − mu impulse 2, 3 •
λx
T = = kx Hooke’s law 2, 3 •
l
λx2 1
E= = kx2 elastic potential energy 2, 3 •
2l 2

motion in a straight line

dr dv d2 r
v= , a= = 2 (where acceleration, a, may 2, 3 •
dt dt dt
not be constant)

motion in a straight line

1 2 1
v = u + at, s = ut + 2 at , s= 2 (u + v)t, v2 − u2 = 2as with constant acceleration, 2, 3 •
a

motion in two (STEP 2) or

dr dv three (STEP 3) dimensions
v= , a= 2, 3 •
dt dt where acceleration, a, may
not be constant

motion in two or three di-

v = u + at, s = ut+ 21 at2 , s = 21 (u + v)t, v.v − u.u = 2a.s mensions with constant ac- 2, 3 •
celeration, a

v1 − v2 = −e(u1 − u2 ) or
Newton’s experimental law 2, 3 •
relative speed of separation = e × relative speed of approach

speed = rθ̇,
v2 motion in a circle of
radial acceleration = = rθ̇2 towards the centre, 3 •
r radius r
tangential acceleration = rθ̈
49
 Probability/Statistics

Formula Comment Papers

probability of the union of

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) 2, 3 •
two events

probability of the
P(A ∩ B) = P(A | B) P(B) 2, 3 •
intersection of two events

E(aX + bY + c) = aE(X) + bE(Y ) + c algebra of expectation 3 •

algebra of variances for

Var (aX + bY + c) = a2 Var (X) + b2 Var (Y ) 3 •
independent variables

P expectation of a discrete
µ = E(X) = xi P(X = xi ) 2, 3 •
i random variable X

R expectation of a
µ = E(X) = xf(x) dx continuous random variable 2, 3 •
X with p.d.f. f

σ 2 = Var (X) = (xi − µ)2 P(X = xi )

P
i variance of a discrete ran-
=
P 2
xi P(X = xi ) − µ2 2, 3 •
dom variable X
i

variance of a continuous
σ2 µ)2 f(x) dx x2 f(x) dx µ2
R R
= Var (X) = (x − = − random variable X with 2, 3 •
p.d.f. f
Rx cumulative distribution
F(x) = P(X 6 x) = f(x) dx 2, 3 •
−∞ function (c.d.f.)

50
 Random variables

Distribution P(X = x) E(X) Var (X) Papers

 
n x
Binomial B(n, p) p (1 − p)n−x np np(1 − p) 2, 3 •
x
1 2
12 (n − 1)

Uniform distribution 1 1 (included for

2 (n + 1) 2, 3 •
over 1, 2, . . . , n n completeness;
memorisation
not required)
λx e−λ
Poisson Po(λ) x! λ λ 2, 3 •

Distribution p.d.f. E(X) Var (X) Papers

1
12 (b − a)2

Uniform distribution 1 1 (included for

2 (a + b) 2, 3 •
over [a, b] b−a completeness;
memorisation
not required)
1 1 x−µ 2
√ e− 2 ( σ )
2πσ 2
(included for
Normal N(µ, σ 2 ) completeness; µ σ2 2, 3 •
memorisation not
required)

51
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