BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

TAGBILARAN CITY

VISION: A premier Science and Technology university for the formation of a world-class and virtuous human resource
for sustainable development in Bohol and the country.
MISSION: Committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and
technological fields, undertake research and development, and extension services for the sustainable development for
Bohol and the country.

TECHNICAL REPORT 7

Analysis and Design of Hybrid Renewable

Energy Resources Power Plant

Reneith Fideliz C. Alturas

BSME 5A

Engr. Juanito Origines Jr.

Instructor
I. Introduction
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are
naturally replenished on a human timescale, such
as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy
often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water
heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
Based on REN21's 2017 report, renewables contributed 19.3% to humans' global
energy consumption and 24.5% to their generation of electricity in 2015 and 2016,
respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming from
traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (modern biomass, geothermal and solar
heat), 3.9% from hydroelectricity and the remaining 2.2% is electricity from wind,
solar, geothermal, and other forms of biomass. Worldwide investments in
renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015. In 2017,
worldwide investments in renewable energy amounted to US$279.8 billion with
China accounting for US$126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments, the United
States for US$40.5 billion and Europe for US$40.9 billion. Globally there are an
estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries,
with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. Renewable energy
systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper and their share of total
energy consumption is increasing. As of 2019, more than two-thirds of worldwide
newly installed electricity capacity was renewable. Growth in consumption of coal
and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas.
At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable
energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable
energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade
and beyond. Some places and at least two countries, Iceland and Norway,
generate all their electricity using renewable energy already, and many other
countries have the set a goal to reach 100% renewable energy in the future. At
least 47 nations around the world already have over 50 percent of electricity from
renewable resources. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical
areas, in contrast to fossil fuels, which are concentrated in a limited number of
countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy
efficiency technologies is resulting in significant energy security, climate change
mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is
strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind
power.
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies
are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy
is often crucial in human development. As most of renewable energy technologies
provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction
with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted
to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can
be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point
of consumption. In addition, electrification with renewable energy is more efficient
and therefore leads to significant reductions in primary energy requirements.
 Advantages

1. Renewable energy won’t run out

Renewable energy technologies use resources straight from the environment to

generate power. These energy sources include sunshine, wind, tides, and
biomass, to name some of the more popular options. Renewable resources won’t
run out, which cannot be said for many types of fossil fuels – as we use fossil fuel
resources, they will be increasingly difficult to obtain, likely driving up both the cost
and environmental impact of extraction.

2. Maintenance requirements are lower

In most cases, renewable energy technologies require less overall maintenance

than generators that use traditional fuel sources. This is because generating
technology like solar panels and wind turbines either have few or no moving parts
and don’t rely on flammable, combustible fuel sources to operate. Fewer
maintenance requirements translate to more time and money saved.

3. Renewables save money

Using renewable energy can help you save money long term. Not only will you
save on maintenance costs, but on operating costs as well. When you’re using a
technology that generates power from the sun, wind, steam, or natural processes,
you don’t have to pay to refuel. The amount of money you will save using
renewable energy can vary depending on a number of factors, including the
technology itself. In most cases, transitioning to renewable energy means
anywhere from hundreds to thousands of dollars in savings.

4. Renewable energy has numerous health and environmental benefits

Renewable energy generation sources emit little to no greenhouse gases or

pollutants into the air. This means a smaller carbon footprint and an overall positive
impact on the natural environment. During the combustion process, fossil fuels
emit high amounts of greenhouse gases, which have been proven to exacerbate
the rise of global temperatures and frequency of extreme weather events.

The use of fossil fuels not only emits greenhouse gases but other harmful
pollutants as well that lead to respiratory and cardiac health issues. With
renewable energy, you’re helping decrease the prevalence of these pollutants and
contributing to an overall healthier atmosphere.

5. Renewables lower reliance on foreign energy sources

With renewable energy technologies, you can produce energy locally. The more
renewable energy you’re using for your power needs, the less you’ll rely on
imported energy, and the more you’ll contribute to U.S. energy independence as
a whole.
 Disadvantages

1. Higher upfront cost

While you can save money by using renewable energy, the technologies are
typically more expensive upfront than traditional energy generators. To combat
this, there are often financial incentives, such as tax credits and rebates, available
to help alleviate your initial costs of renewable technology.

2. Intermittency

Though renewable energy resources are available around the world, many of
these resources aren’t available 24/7, year-round. Some days may be windier than
others, the sun doesn’t shine at night, and droughts may occur for periods of time.
There can be unpredictable weather events that disrupt these technologies. Fossil
fuels are not intermittent and can be turned on or off at any given time.

3. Storage capabilities

Because of the intermittency of some renewable energy sources, there’s a high

need for energy storage. While there are storage technologies available today,
they can be expensive, especially for large-scale renewable energy plants. It’s
worth noting that energy storage capacity is growing as the technology progresses,
and batteries are becoming more affordable as time goes on.

4. Geographic limitations

The United States has a diverse geography with varying climates, topographies,
vegetation, and more. This creates a beautiful melting pot of landscapes but also
means that there are some geographies that are more suitable for renewable
technologies than others. For example, a large farm with open space may be a
great place for a residential wind turbine or a solar energy system, while a
townhome in a city covered in shade from taller buildings wouldn’t be able to reap
the benefits of either technology on their property. If your property isn’t suitable for
a personal renewable energy technology, there are other options. If you’re
interested in solar but don’t have a sunny property, you can often still benefit from
renewable energy by purchasing green power or enrolling in a community solar
option.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Over the next 20 years, policymakers, industry and government officials will need
to invest US $2.5 trillion for electricity generation. Electricity from renewable
energy sources produces between 90-99% less greenhouse gases (GHGs)
compared with coal-fired plants and causes 70-90% less pollution.
Focusing on renewable energy sources other than fossil fuels and coals might help
in avoiding environmental impacts, specifically from air pollution and GHGs.
Nevertheless, all forms of electricity generation have their impacts. To achieve a
low-carbon future, we need to understand the effects of different renewable energy
resources.

Where does renewable energy come from?

 Renewable energy is derived from natural sources that are continuously and
sustainably replenished. Renewable energy comes from wind energy, solar
energy, biomass energy, biogas energy, geothermal energy, hydro power and
offshore wind, wave, and tidal energy. A wind turbine may have a lifespan of 20-
25 years, according to Thomas Gibon, meaning the material investments may last
for 20-25 years before needing to be replaced.

What environmental impacts do renewable energy installations have?

The materials used in creating renewable energy installations include neodymium,
dysprosium, cadmium, tellurium, gallium, indium and selenium. These materials
have been used only recently, which means that there are limited or no recycling
systems yet. A solution to facilitate the large-scale recycling of these materials
needs to be designed to avoid problems in the future. There are not currently
enough renewable power plants to be retired that could be studied to address this
issue empirically.
Hydropower’s environmental impacts depend on where the installation is located.
For instance, a tropical hydropower installation that is big and shallow can result
in GHG emissions when it swamps and kills vegetation. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is
released in such instances, as well as methane (CH4), a GHG that is about 30
times more powerful than CO2 at trapping heat within the atmosphere.
Solar panels, designed to absorb the sun’s rays as a source of energy to be used
for electricity or heating, must be evaluated as well. Solar energy does not operate
at night without a storage device such as a battery, and cloudy weather can lead
to unreliability during the day. Solar energy remains useful, but further research
must be done in order to have a fuller understanding of how to maximize its
benefits.

In sum, renewable energy installations are critical to keeping global warming under
2°C, and their environmental impacts should be studied as rigorously as we
evaluate non-renewables to realize their maximum potential.

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to design a hybrid power plant utilizing renewable energy
resources.
2. To be able to compute and solve problem and check (energy calculation)
problem in a the hybrid power plant utilizing renewable energy resources.
3. To be able to know the components used in hybrid power plant utilizing
renewable energy resources.
4. To be able to identify the best site location to build a hybrid power plant utilizing
renewable energy resources.
5. To be able to compute the energy analysis of the utilizing renewable energy
resources.
 III. Renewable Energy Resources Plant Design and Energy
Analysis

Project 8 (Solar & Wind)

From previous computation, the estimated plant capacity is 11 MW

Wind Power Plant
Considering MHI Vestas V164-9.5MW
Power rating: 11MW
Rotor diameter: 164m

Drivetrain: Medium-speed geared

IEC Class: S

Total Plant capacity: 11MW x 2 = 22 MW

POWER

Rotor
Rated power: 11,000.0 kW

Flexible power ratings: -

Cut-in wind speed: -

Rated wind speed: -

Cut-out wind speed: -

Survival wind speed: -

Wind zone (DIBt): -

Wind class (IEC): S

Diameter: 164.0 m

Swept area: 21,124.0 m²

Number of blades: 3

Rotor speed, max: -

Tipspeed: -

Type: 80m

Material: -

Manufacturer: MHI Vestas. LM Glasfiber

Power density 1: 449.7 W/m²

Power density 2: 2.2 m²/kW

Gear box

Type: planetary

Stages: -

Ratio: -

Manufacturer: -

Generator

Type: permanent magnetic

Number: 1

Speed, max: 500.0 U/min

 Voltage: 66,000.0 V

Grid connection: IGBT

Grid frequency: 50/60 Hz

Hersteller: -

Tower

Hub height: 105/140 site specific m

Type: steel tube

Shape: conical

Corrosion protection: painted

Manufacturer: -

Weight

Single blade: 35.0 t

Hub: -

Rotor: -

Nacelle: 390.0 t

Tower, max: -

Total weight: -

Miscellaneous

Installation: -
 Offshore: Yes

Onshore: Yes

Solar Power Plant

Using Mono Crystalline PV Panels

Rater Power = 505 Watts
Voltage = 450 Volts
Current = 7.6 Ampere
Type = Monocrystalline
Dimension = 1655 (L) x 995 (W) x 50 (T) mm
Solving for the total number of modules
Total Modules = Required Plant Capacity / Rated Power of each module
= 11,000,000 W / 405 W per Module
Total Modules = 27160.5 Modules
Solving for the Area Required for the all Modules
Area per module = 1.64 sq. m
Total Area = Area per Module x Total Modules
= 1.64 x 27160.5
Total Area = 44543.22 sq. m or 4.5 hectares
Therefore, at least 4.5 hectare is required for the placement of all modules
Solving for the number of inverters needed
Inverter specification
KVA rating = 250 KVA
Input DC voltage = 864 Volts DC
Input DC current = 500 A
Output AC voltage = 240 V ac (phase voltage) / 240 V ac (line voltage)
No. of Phases = 3 φ
Type = GEC (grid export condition)
Efficiency = 90-93%
According to the article “Design and Development of 5MW Solar PV Grid Connected
Power Plant Using PVsyst” by Vasanthkumar, Dr. S. Kumarappa, and Dr. H.
Naganagouda that in every 22,560 of modules there are 20 number of inverters.

By ratio and proportion;

22,560 27160.5
=
20 𝑁

N = 24.08 Inverters
Therefore, there are 25 inverters needed in the plant

IV. Summary

The hybrid power plant designed is a combination of a wind and solar power
plant. The comprehensive design specifications of the wind power plant are listed
in the previous pages. Some of the data are as follows:

For Wind Power Plant

Rated Power = 11 MW
Rotor Diameter = 164 m
Swept Area = 21,124.0m²
Number of Blades = 3
Number of Generators = 2

The solar power plant uses mono crystalline PV panels in which the rated power
of each module is 405 W. Upon computation, the following data were obtained:

For Solar Power Plant

Total Modules = 27160.5 Modules

Total Area = 44543.22 sq. m or 4.5 hectares

Number of Inverters Needed = 25

V. Sample Problems