MODULE 2: Computer System

 INTRODUCTION
 Today, almost all of us in the world make use of computers in one way or the other. It
finds applications in various fields of engineering, medicine, commercial, research and
nursing.
 The word computer is derived from the word compute. Compute means to calculate.
 The computer was originally defined as a super-fast calculator. It had the capacity to
solve complex arithmetic and scientific problems at very high speed.
 COMPUTER is an electronic machine that follows a set of instructions in order that it
may be able to accept and gather data and transform these into information.

 Information Processing System

 DATA is a collection of independent and unorganized facts.
 INFORMATION is the processed and organized data presented in a meaningful form.
 DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing things in a sequence of steps.
 Functions of an Information Processing System
 It accepts and gather data. (INPUT)
 It processes data to become information. (PROCESSING)
 It stores data and information. (STORE)
 It presents information. (OUTPUT)

 Three Major Components of an Information Processing System

 HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer system.

 SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that tells the computer how to do its job.

 PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use and operate the computer system, write
computer programs, and analyze and design the information system.

 Basic Units of Measurement

 BIT is a unit of information equivalent to the result of a choice between only 2 possible
alternatives in the binary number system.
 BYTE is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one character of alphanumeric data)
processed as a single unit for information.

 Basic Units of Measurement

 1,000 bytes =1 kilobyte (K or KB)
1,000 KB =1 megabyte (MB)
1,000 MB =1 gigabyte (GB)
1,000 GB =1 Terabyte (TB)

 BASIC PC HARDWARE
 HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer system.
 Basic hardware of a PC system
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory Unit
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Secondary Storage Devices

1. Central Processing Unit

 Brain of the computer.
 It directs and controls the entire computer system and performs all arithmetic and logical
operations.

2. Memory Unit
 Where the programs and data are stored .
o READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains the pre-programmed computer
instructions such as the Basic Input Output System (BIOS).
o RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is used to store the programs and data
that you will run. Exists only when there is power.

3. Input Devices
 Allows data and programs to be sent to the CPU.
o Keyboard
o Mouse
o Joystick
o Microphone
o Webcam
o Scanner
o Monitor

 Keyboard
 Traditional keyboards
 Flexible keyboards
 Ergonomic keyboards
 Wireless keyboards
 PDA keyboards

 Two Types of Mouse

 Mechanical - a type of computer mouse that has a rubber or metal ball on its underside
and it can roll in every direction. 
 Optical:  This type uses a laser for detecting the mouse's movement. 

 Other Pointing Devices

 Trackball
 Track point
 Touch pad
 Touch Screen
 Joystick – input device for computer games
 Light Pens – light-sensitive penlike device
 Stylus – penlike device commonly used with tablet PCs and PDAs.
 Scanning Devices
 Optical scanners
 Card readers
 Bar code readers
 Character and mark recognition devices

 Image Capturing Devices

 Digital Cameras
 Digital Video Cameras

4. Output Devices
 Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to our requests and instructions.
 Monitor
 Audio Speakers
 Printer

 Types of Monitor
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

 Printers
 IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by physically striking the paper. Ex. Daisy wheel
printers, line printers, dot matrix printers & band printers.
 NON-IMPACT PRINTER does not apply pressure on the paper but instead produces
character by using lasers, ink spray, photography or heat.

5. Secondary Storage Devices

 Attached to the computer system to allow you to store programs and data permanently
for the purpose of retrieving them for future use.
 Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom

 Floppy Disk
 The most common secondary storage device
 3.5” disk – 1.44MB
 High-Capacity Floppy Disks
 Floppy disk cartridges
 3 ½ inches in diameter
 Stores more information
 Zip disks

 Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk

 Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks
 Holds a greater amount of data

 Optical Discs
 A standard part of modern desktop machines, especially used for multimedia purposes
and preferred in loading applications.

 Kinds
  Blue Ray Disk – 40G
 Digital Versatile Disk
 DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
 DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
 Single Layer and Double Layer
 Compact Disk
 CD-R – write once, 650MB
 CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB

 Optical Drives
 CD-ROM read CDs
 CD-Writer read/write CDs
 DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
 DVD Writer read/write CDs
 read/write DVDs
 Other Secondary Storage
 Solid-State Storage
o No moving parts
o Flash memory cards
o USB flash drives

 Parts that Build Up A System Unit

 Casing or cover
 Power Supply
 Motherboard
 Microprocessor
 Memory
 Video Card
 Sound card
 Floppy disk drive
 Hard disk drive
 CD-ROM drive
 MODEM

 Casing or cover
 The box or outer shell that houses most of the computer, it is usually one of the most
overlooked parts of the PC.
 Protects the computer circuits, cooling and system organization.

 Power Supply
 Responsible for powering every device in your computer.
 Parts of a Power supply:
 Disk drive connectors
 Motherboard connector
 Power supply fan
 Power switch
 Input voltage selector
 Cover
 Power plugs receptacle
 Motherboard
 The physical arrangement in a computer that contains the computer’s basic circuitry and
components.
 Components are:
 Microprocessor
 (Optional) Coprocessors
 Memory
 Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
 Expansion Slot
 Interconnecting circuitry

 Expansion Slots
 Graphic cards
 Sound cards
 Modem cards
 Network interface cards/network adapter

 Software
 Instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form you want.
 Software and programs are interchangeable.
 Two major types:
 System and Applications

 2 Kinds of Software
 1. System Software enables the application software to interact with the computer
hardware.
 Operating Systems are programs that coordinate computer resources, provide an
interface between users and the computer; and run applications.
 Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.
 Device drivers are specialized programs designed to allow particular input or output
devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.

 Functions of a System Software

 Managing resources (memory, processing, storage, and devices like printer).
 Providing user interface
 Running applications

 2 Kinds of Software
 Applications Software - provides the real functionality of a computer. It help you use
your computer to do specific types of work.
 Basic Applications, widely used in all career areas.
 Specialized Applications, more narrowly focused on specific disciplines
and occupations.

THE INTERNET: A NURSING RESOURCE

 Internet
 In order to connect to the Internet, you must have access to an Internet service provider
(ISP), which acts the middleman between you and the Internet.
  Most ISPs offer broadband Internet access via a cable , DSL , or fiber connection.
When you connect to the Internet using a public WI- FI signal, the Wi-Fi router is still
connected to an ISP that provides Internet access.
 Even cellular data towers must connect to an Internet service provider to provide
connected devices with access to the Internet.

 The Internet provides different online services. Some examples include:

 Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser
 Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online
 Social Media– websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and
videos
 Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other over the
Internet
 Software updates – operating system and application updates can typically downloaded
from the Internet

 History Of Internet
 1957 USSR Launches Sputnik
 USSR launches Sputnik into space and, with it, global communications.
 1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-
switching technology
 1968: Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the Interface
Message Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract.
 1969: On Oct. 29, UCLA’s Network Measurement Center, Stanford Research Institute
(SRI), University of California-Santa Barbara and University of Utah install nodes. The
FIRST MESSAGE is "LO," which was an attempt by student Charles Kline to "LOGIN"
to the SRI computer from the universitY
 1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London
(England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET.
 The term Internet is born.
 1974: The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) is born with the introduction of a
commercial version of ARPANET, known as Telenet.
 1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (the duo said by many to be the Fathers of the Internet
publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of
TCP.
 1983: The Domain Name System blishes the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net,
and .int system for naming websites. This is easier to remember than the previous
designation for websites, such as 123.456.789.10.
 1984: William Gibson, author of "Neuromancer," is the first to use the term "cyberspace.“
 1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.
 1992: The first audio and video are distributed over the Internet. The phrase "surfing the
Internet" is popularized.
 1994: Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a Web browser for Windows
95.
 1994: Yahoo! is created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical engineering
graduate students at Stanford University. The site was originally called "Jerry and
David's Guide to the World Wide Web." The company was later incorporated in March
1995.
 1997: Netflix is founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph as a company that sends
users DVDs by mail.
  1998: The Google search engine is born, changing the way users engage with the
Internet.
 2003: The blog publishing platform WordPress is launched.
 2004: Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins. Mozilla unveils the
Mozilla Firefox browser.
 2005: YouTube.com launches. The social news site Reddit is also founded. 
 2006: Twitter launches. The company's founder, Jack Dorsey, sends out the very first
tweet: "just setting up my twttr."
 2009: The Internet marks its 40th anniversary.
 2010: Facebook reaches 400 million active users.
 2010: The social media sites Pinterest and Instagram are launched.
 2013: Edward Snowden, a former CIA employee and National Security Agency (NSA)
contractor, reveals that the NSA had in place a monitoring program capable of tapping
the communications of thousands of people, including U.S. citizens.
 2016: Google unveils Google Assistant, a voice-activated personal assistant program,
marking the entry of the Internet giant into the "smart" computerized assistant
marketplace. Google joins Amazon's Alexa, Siri from Apple, and Cortana from Microsoft.

 PDA and WIRELESS DEVICES

 Individual use of information
 Continuum of Information Technology for Personal Computing

 A smart phone represents a convergence between computing and communication. 

 A smart phone fits in a shirt pocket, weighs ounces, has a 2 in. or slightly larger display,
has processing power  measured  in megahertz (MHz), limited memory measured in
megabytes (MB) ,limited storage capacity measured in MB, and can run on battery
power in talk mode for 3 or more hrs. or standby for up to 10 days before requiring
recharging.

 Desktop Computer vs. Smartphone Physical Characteristics

 The distinctions between different forms of computers are relative according to
characteristics such as weight, display size, processing power, memory, storage
capacity, and battery life.
 In general, a desktop computer is too heavy to hand carry, has a larger display,
processing power measured in gigahertz (GHz), memory capacity up to gigabytes (GB),
storage capacity up to GB, and is not designed to run on internal battery power.

 Notebook/Laptop vs. Tablet vs. PDA Physical Characteristics

 A notebook/laptop computer is lighter enough to hand carry, has a slightly smaller
display, and slightly less processing power and storage capacity than a desktop
computer.
 The most important difference between a desktop and a notebook/laptop is that a
notebook/laptop is designed to run on battery power so that in addition to being portable,
it can run without requiring access to an electrical outlet.
 The tablet is lighter, has a slighter smaller display, and slightly less processing power
and storage capacity than a laptop.
The most important difference between a notebook/laptop and a tablet is that the display
allows use of a stylus for input on a tablet.
Keyboard and mouse input is possible but not necessary when using a tablet since the
user may employ a stylus for writing or drawing.
 PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
 -weighing in at 8 oz. or less, it is a small enough to fit in a shirt pocket.
-comes with a miniature keyboard and a stylus for data entry.
-it is possible to add an external portable keyboard.
-has many characteristics in common with the Smartphone (a hybrid of PDA and
telephone), but tends to have a longer battery life since it need not support voice
communication.

 Battery Life
 Mobile devices depend on batteries. The length of time a battery supports use of the
device and the length of time for the battery to recharge determine the usefulness of the
device.

 For mobile technology, the most common types are either some form of a:
 Lithium Battery                                    
 Alkaline Battery

 PDA Operating Systems

 The operating system for a computer determines many of  the characteristics of the
computer because the operating system controls how the hardware and the software
work together. The most two commonly used operating systems for PDAs are Palm OS
or Windows

 Open PowerPoint/video presentation about computer system in this link:

https://www.slideshare.net/DeepanshuSainiSolanki/presentation-on-computer-system
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6fT-ATfusc
 MODULE 3: Information Technology System Applicable in Nursing Practice

 Nursing Information System (NIS) is a part of a health care information system that deals
with nursing aspects, particularly the maintenance of the nursing record.
 The nursing profession is at last beginning to appreciate the role which the new
technology can have in improving the service provided to patients.
 Knowledge based systems are set to become a major component in the nurse’s ability to
take on this role.
 Recent attention has focused on the procurement and implementation of nursing
information systems within the acute sector. The Resource Management programme
allowed hospitals to consider how best to use information and information technology
(IT) to support nursing.
 The main functions that can be found in current ward nursing information systems are:

-Care planning
 Nursing Clinical Record
 Care evaluation
 Discharge planning
 Workload assessment (prospective and or retrospective)
 Personnel management
 Staff rostering
 Attendance recording
 Skill mix management
 Costing
 Budget management
 As Nursing Information System is part of the health care and hospital information
system, the different strategies and approaches for designing and developing Hospital
Information Systems followed from the decade of 1970 until the recent decade of 1990,
are presented. The three main approaches followed were the "centralized approach", the
"departmental approach", and the "distributed approach".
 PDA Generic Functions and Their Application to Clinical Practice
The PDA evolved as an information technology to support personal information
 management. It provides an:
 1.) Address book- is an always-alphabetical list that has fields for name, address, phone
numbers, organization, e-mail, and other data.
 2.) Calculator- is a basic function calculator, capable of mathematical operations.
Calculators for specific medical calculations are available.
 3.) Date book- allows the nurse to keep track of his/her schedule, from a daily, weekly, or
monthly perspective.
 4.) Memo pad- provides a place to compose memos, which can be synchronized with
another computer. One use is to produce and edit project outlines.
5.) Notepad-is useful in jotting quick notes. It allows the nurse to write  directly on the screen
in digital ink. It is also useful for changes in patient conditions, changes in orders that occur
on rounds, and taking notes at Continuing Education offerings.
6.) to do list- allows the nurse to create multiple lists and keep track of tasks to be done
daily, weekly, or monthly.

 The advantages for healthcare providers using the standard PDA functions include saving
time through improved access to and management of information.
 General Freeware, Shareware, and Commercial Applications
 The 3 types of general applications: document, and image viewers, office automation
applications, and Web browsers.
 Document viewers, allows the nurse to download and read text files. Document allow
formatting, indexing of content, and special characteristics to be preserved when
documents are download.
 A graphics viewer for image viewing may be useful for individuals practicing in
specialties where images are a basic requirement.
 Firepad Picture Viewer is a commercial application that may be downloaded and is
useful for creating, viewing, and sharing images, videos, and multimedia
presentations as well as acquiring free Internet images.

 Clinical Applications by Functional Categories

 There are applications that support clinical care (e.g., medications, treatment,
documentations, clinical decision- making), administrative functions (e.g., reporting),
research, (e.g., data collecting), and education (e.g., presentation).
Available healthcare applications range from simple reference material, to interactive
tracking databases, and to highly sophisticated decision support systems.
 Clinicians utilize their PDAs to support their workflow by having ready access to relevant
information at the point of care.

 Clinical Applications by Category

 Categories of clinical references include journals, general specialty references,
pharmacologic references, medical calculators, and decision support tools for treatment
and/or clinical consultation.
 PDA clinical references include applications that scan journals for specified topics,
general and specialty practice electronic resources, pharmacology resources, medical
calculators, and clinical decision-making applications.

 Pharmacologic databases are probably the most frequently used PDA application. All
applications contain drug information for prescription drugs and some are bundled with
additional application that supports clinical decision-making.
  Epocrates Rx is the most frequently used comprehensive pharmacology database. It is
available as both a free application and a commercial expanded product.
 MobileMicromedex is available by subscription and many health sciences libraries hold a
subscription so their authorized library users may access this application for free.
 Lexi-Complete is a subscription that offers access to 15 databases related to drugs and
clinical consultation.
 Medical calculator are available to assist providers who use standard formulas for
calculation of body mass index (BMI), creatinine clearance, and so forth.
Several  drug database programs to aid in the selection of antibiotics are available and
function as clinical decision support tools.
The Johns Hopkins Antibiotic Guide is marketed as a decision support tool, designed to
bring clinicians information about the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases at
the point of care.
Infectious Diseases Notes is also a combination drug database and clinical decision
support tool.

 PDAs can be optimized for clinical practice through the utilization of applications designed to
support healthcare providers by providing ready access to journals and electronic resources,
pharmacology databases, medical calculators and clinical decision support tools. Bringing
this to the point of care should improve patient outcomes.
 Patient tracking software is a handheld patient management tool that allows the provider
to track a variety of patient information.
 Billing and coding applications are designed to document charges for patient visits,
procedures, and medical diagnoses.

 Nursing Informatics Administrative Appplications: Precare and Care Support

 Systems Development Life Cycle: Nursing Informatics and Organizational Decision
Making
 Administrative Information Systems
 The Human-Technology Interface
 Electronic Security
 Workfllow and Beyond Menaingful Use

 Systems Development Life Cycle: Nursing Informatics and Organizational Decision

Making
 Introduces the system development life cycle, which is used to make important and
appropriate organizationsl decisions for technology adoption.
 Administrators need information systems that fa ilitate their administrative role, and they
particularly need systems that provide financial, risk management, quality assurance,
human resources, payroll, patient registration, acuity, communication, and scheduling
functions
 Administrative Information Systems
 Provides an overview of administrative information systems and helps the reader to
understand the powerful data aggregation and data mining tools afforded by these
systems.
 The Human-Technology Interface
  Discusses the need to improve quality and safety outcomes significantly in the United
States. Through the use of IT, the designs for Human-Tech interfaces can be radically
improved so that the technology better fits both human and task requirements.
 A number of useful tools are readily available for use.
 Electronic Security
 Addresses the important safeguards for protecting information.
 As new technologies designed to improve inter-professional collaboration and enhance
patient care are adopted, barriers to implementation and resistance by practitioners to
change are frequently encountered.
 Workfllow and Beyond Menaingful Use
 Provides insights into clinical workflow analysis and provides advice on improving
efficiency and effectiveness while reviewing what we have learned as we tried to achieve
meaningful use of caring technologies.

Open powerpoint presentation in this link:

https://www.slideshare.net/Adam-mamoon/hospital-information-system-for-nurses
https://www.slideserve.com/chiara/nursing-information-system