Fire Suppression System-

Sprinklers
 • Installation of pipes, water
Introduction tanks, pumps, hydrant outlets
and/or hose reels
Hydrant &
Hose reel • Provide a ready means by
which a jet of water can be
delivered in any part of the
building

• Pressurization is a technique
for protecting escape routes
Smoke against the ingress of smoke
exhaust and • Achieved by maintaining the
pressurization escape route at a higher
pressure than that in
adjacent spaces

• A system of water pipes

fitted with sprinkler heads
at suitable intervals and
Sprinklers heights and designed to
actuate automatically,
control and extinguish a
fire by the discharge of
water.

Fire fighting •A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler

pumps system's water supply and can be
powered by electric, diesel or steam.
 FIRE EXTINGUISHING METHODS

Fires can be extinguished in one of four ways:

1. By cooling: Water is used to cool the burning material below the
temperature at which it starts to burn
2. By smothering: Carbon dioxide (CO2) or foaming agents are
used to smother the burning material so that air is excluded
3. By removing the fuel: Fuel can be any combustible material-
solid, liquid or gas. In place of usage you require these elements
but definitely in event of fire a means to cut the fuel must be
considered for instance “turning off a fuel line.”
4. By disrupting: Interrupting the chemical chain reaction can
extinguish the fire.
 Application

Direct
Total Flooding
application

By means of
portable
extinguishers
Pedestal
systems
Introduction

Class A-paper, wood, textiles

and rubbish

Class B-liquids, such as gas,

alcohol, oil and grease

Classes of fires

Class C-electrical

Class D-metals like magnesium,

sodium, potassium etc
 Introduction Types of fire
fighting media

Water Foams Inert gases Chemical Halons

powder

Inert gases such as

Nitrogen (N2), Argon It prevents the Halon extinguishing
The most widely Foam is used to (Ar), Inergen chemical reaction systems using Halon
used medium of protect (n2/Ar/CO2), Argonite between heat, fuel 1301 are suitable
extinguishing fire vulnerable plant (n2/Ar) and Carbon and oxygen and for dry, clean
and equipment Dioxide (CO2) are used in halts the production extinguishing
stationery Fire of fire
extinguishing systems.

Potassium chloride Halon 1301

extinguishers
Active fire systems
Sprinklers

Inside the building Wet riser and dry

riser

Fire Fire pumps

exhaustion/suprression
systems

Hydrant & Hose reel

Outside the building

Fire tender
movement
1. Sprinklers

Sprinkler head Concept of Sprinkler Sprinkler head Sprinkler head

sprinkler head temperature
construction k-factor ratings configurations types
1.
Sprinkler
Sprinklers
head configuration 12 – metal framed body
13- water discharge orifice
14- frame
15- deflector (dispersion of water)
Constructed of a metal frame A sensitive heat operating element 16- screw
threaded into a sprinkler piping opens the orifice upon the sensing 17- heat actuated element
with a specific opening (orifice size) of a pre-established level of heat as 18- orifice sealing disc
for the water to discharge through a determined by the rating of 19- disc supporting metal
deflector in a specific pattern. sprinkler fusible link.

Sprinkler head

The water nozzle is sealed by a When heated by the fire, the liquid
glass bulb containing a volatile expands and breaks the bulb thus
liquid. activating the sprinkler head.
1.
Sprinkler
Sprinklers
head configuration
 Sprinkler head
temperature
configurations
ratings

Sprinkler head Fusible link is a

activates by heat glass bulb with a
using a fusible link low boiling point
alcohol liquid

Different
Temperature rating temperature
decides the ratings as / the
sensitivity of a building type and
sprinkler also is area specific

As/ NFPA guideline

 Sprinkler temperature ratings

Specific sprinkler frame colour code as well as glass bulb colour code to assist in sprinkler
temperature rating identification.
 Sprinkler temperature ratings

Specific sprinkler frame colour code as well as glass bulb colour code to assist in sprinkler
temperature rating identification.
Sprinkler
Sprinkler head
temperature
configurations
ratings

Upright Pendent Horizontal sidewall

Deflector is placed above the Deflector is placed below the Intended for installation
frame so that water flows frame so that water flows near the wall and near the
upward from the orifice, downward from the orifice, ceiling.
striking the deflector. striking the deflector.

Deflector is oriented parallel

Water is discharged in an Water is discharged in an to the roof or ceiling &
‘umbrella-shaped’ upward ‘umbrella-shaped’ downward provides a water spray
pattern. pattern. pattern upwards in a
quarter-spherical pattern.

Designated as SSU (standard Designated as SSP (standard

spray upright) sprinkler. spray pendant) sprinkler.
Sprinkler head types

Quick responsesprinkler
sprinkler Extended coverage Early
Largesuppression fast
drop sprinkler
Institutional In-rack sprinkler
sprinkler response sprinkler

Tamper resistive Water discharge contains higher

Thermo sensitive
construction spray
& have Discharge
sprinklers Designed water
to overprotecta Latest technology
percentage of largewith high
water water
droplets
a low profile break- greater
combustiblesareastoredthan
in discharge volume with larger
that are effective in penetrating
away property with conventional sprinkler
racks in warehouses. waterchallenge
high droplet size
fire.
application of heavy
load
Water demand is higher
but extinguishes fire Large droplets having higher
Used
quicklyinhence
areasthewhere the
quantity Intermediate level Used tocomes
mass protectfrom
warehouses &
a larger
occupants might tamper Used in light hazard
sprinkler are in rack distribution centers.
is compensated. occupancies with smooth orifice opening.
the sprinkler or might try sprinkler provided with
to hang themselves with level ceilings
a top canopy to prevent
it. sprinkler located at top .
Requiresdemand
Water water is supply with
higher than
sufficient pressure
conventional system& volume to
operate
 Classification of occupancies

Light Hazard Moderate Hazard High Hazard Storage Hazard

Class Class Class Class
 Concept of sprinkler head k-factor

Diameter & hydraulic characteristics of Numeric designation to the K-factor for a standard ½”
the orifice determines the flow & pressure hydraulic characters of a orifice may range from
characteristic of sprinkler head sprinkler is its K-factor 5.6-14

Calculation for determining flow of a sprinkler

Q=k p where Q is gallons/min, k is

taken from manufacturers literature &
p is the flow pressure in
pounds/square inch

•Often K-factors are given as an imperial value in

gpm/psi½ this value cannot be entered into FHC without first
converting to its metric equivalent Lpm/bar½. To convert
gpm/psi½ to Lpm/bar½ we need to multiply by 14.4
For a typical sprinkler head of (Approximate).
k=5.6 & a flow pressure of •A sprinkler head having a discharge coefficient of 4.2
10psig the discharge would be gpm/psi½
17.7gpm •4.2 x 14.4 = 60.48 Lpm/bar½.
•We only need to use K-factors to one decimal place so 60.48
becomes 60.5 Lpm/bar½.
*AMAO- Assumed area of maximum operation
Description of sprinklers
Residential Automatic Sprinklers- 4.9 (68 metric)
AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLERS: Sprinkler system schematic diagram

1. Main water tank

2. Main water pump
3. Main pilot valve (dry)
4. Pilot valve (wet)
5. Sprinkler head -
standing configuration
6. Sprinkler head -
hanging configuration
7. Pressure tank
8. Testing piping
9. Testing piping
10. Filling piping
11. Compressor
12. Alarm bell
13. Fire central
14. Alarm bell
15. Pressure gauge
16. Switchboard
 Fire riser types
Fire riser types

Wet pipe system Dry pipe system Deluge system Pre action system Foam water
sprinkler system

Wet riser system

An arrangement for fire fighting within the building by means of vertical rising mains not less than 100 mm nominal
diameter with landing valves on each floor landing for fire fighting purposes and permanently charged with water from a
pressurized supply.

The pressure in The

opening of a hydrant the wet
piping willcanvas
riser When the hoses are in
drop.
reelThe pressure
hosesswitches at use, the pressure at each
The pipes
When of the hoseslanding
supplying
the valves valve or hose
are opened, the pump room will
are located
sense the
at The floor pressures
is controlledareby
water to the hoses are on any floor
pressurized water will shoot out through reduces the each lift lobby. Each monitored at thethatpump
landing valves return
pressurized
the nozzles of all the
the hoses. drop in pressure canvas
pressure in the pipeline and the hosepumpshas a roomexcess
to control the pumps.
time. will start to pressurize
and starts the hydrant diametertheofpipe 65 mm pressurized water
pump again. and a length of 30 m. back to the wet riser tank
through drain pipes.