Beam Columns à Frames

CE579 - Structural Stability and Design

Amit H. Varma
Ph. No. (765) 496 3419
Email: ahvarma@purdue.edu
 Frame Buckling

n Focus on in-plane buckling and behavior of frames

n Frames are braced in the out-of-plane direction at the story
level by floor systems / grids.
n For out-of-plane behavior, we can just consider the out-of-
plane buckling of the columns, and out-of-plane lateral-
torsional buckling of beam-columns if needed.
n Let’s go back to the in-plane differential equation of beam-
columns
 Beam-Column
n 𝐸𝐼! 𝑣 "# + 𝑃𝑣 $$ = 0

n ∴ 𝑣 "# + 𝐹#% 𝑣 $$ = 0

!! #$%&' (" ) -
n ∴𝑣= " '*+ (" )
sin 𝐹, 𝑧 + cos 𝐹, 𝑧 )
1−𝜅 −1

&! ( (. &! )*+ ," . .

n ∴𝑣= sin 𝐹# 𝑧 − − − cos 𝐹# 𝑧 − + 1
' )*+ ," - - ' /0+ ," - -

Change of variables:

n Let, MA = Mo & MB = -k Mo & Fv =k 𝑃⁄𝐸𝐼!

(bottom) (top) Fv L=kL=p 𝑃⁄𝑃!

 Beam Column
1&# )*+ 4. . && )*+ 4. .
n ∴𝑣= − − − cos 𝑘𝑧 − +1
23$ 4 % )*+ 4- - 23$ 4 % /0+ 4- -

Take one derivative:

1&# 56) 4. 7 && 56) 4. 7
n ∴ 𝑣$ = − − + sin 𝑘𝑧 −
23$ 4 )*+ 4- 4- 23$ 4 /0+ 4- 4-

We realize that:
n 𝜃8 = 𝑣 $ @ 𝑧 = 0 𝜃9 = 𝑣 $ @ 𝑧 = 𝐿
1&# 7 7 && 7 7
n ∴ 𝜃8 = − − −
23$ 4 )*+ 4- 4- 23$ 4 /0+ 4- 4-
 Beam Column
&# - )*+ 4- 14- && - )*+ 4- 14- 56) 4-
n ∴ 𝜃8 = +
23$ 4: % )*+ 4- 23$ 4: % )*+ 4-

Similarly,
&# - )*+ 4- 14- 56) 4- && - )*+ 4- 14-
n 𝜃9 = +
23$ 4: % )*+ 4- 23$ 4: % )*+ 4-

𝜃8 𝑓77 𝑓7% 𝑀8
n ∴ =
𝜃9 𝑓%7 𝑓%% 𝑀9
Where,
- )*+ 4- 14- 56) 4-
n 𝑓77 = 𝑓%% =
23$ 4- % )*+ 4-

- )*+ 4- 14-
n 𝑓7% = 𝑓%7 =
23$ 4- % )*+ 4-
 Beam Column
17
𝑀8 𝑓77 𝑓7% 𝜃8
n ∴ =
𝑀9 𝑓%7 𝑓%% 𝜃9

𝑀8 𝑐77 𝑐7% 𝜃8
n ∴ = 𝑐 𝑐%% 𝜃9
𝑀9 %7

Where,

23$ 4- )*+ 4- 1 4- % 56) 4-

n 𝑐77 = 𝑐%% =
- %1% 56) 4- 14- )*+ 4-

23$ 4- % 14- )*+ 4-

n 𝑐7% = 𝑐%7 =
- %1% 56) 4- 14- )*+ 4-

23$ 23$
n ∴ 𝑀8 = 𝑠"" 𝜃8 + 𝑠"; 𝜃9 & 𝑀9 = 𝑠"; 𝜃8 + 𝑠;; 𝜃9
- -
 Beam Column
4- )*+ 4- 1 4- % 56) 4- <'' - <%% -
n 𝑠"" = 𝑠;; = = =
%1% 56) 4- 14- )*+ 4- 23$ 23$

4- % 14- )*+ 4- <'% - <%' -

n 𝑠"; = 𝑠;" = = =
%1% 56) 4- 14- )*+ 4- 23$ 23$

Variation of Stability Coefficients

with Compression Axial Load Level
4.50

4.00

3.50
Stability Coefficients

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 sii sij

1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Axial Load, kL
 Beam-Columns

n Where the deformation includes sway…

L
A y B
qA
D
qA-y qB-y
qB
y

n Chord rotation = y = D / L

n At end A, rotation w.r.t. chord = qA – y

n At end B, rotation w.r.t. chord = qB – y

 Beam Columns
"#!
n ∴ 𝑀! = 𝑠%% (𝜃! −𝜓) + 𝑠%& (𝜃' −𝜓)
$

"#!
n & 𝑀' = 𝑠%& (𝜃! −𝜓) + 𝑠%% (𝜃' −𝜓)
$

"#!
n ∴ 𝑀! = 𝑠%% (𝜃! ) + 𝑠%& (𝜃' ) − (𝑠%% + 𝑠%& )(𝜓)
$

"#!
n & 𝑀' = 𝑠%& (𝜃! ) + 𝑠%% (𝜃' ) − (𝑠%% + 𝑠%& )(𝜓)
$
 Beam Columns

P y
MAB qA
qB-y D
qA-y qB
y
P
MBA

𝐴𝐸/𝐿 0 0 0 e
P 𝐸𝐼$ 𝐸𝐼$ 𝐸𝐼$ θ"
M"# = 𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑠%% + 𝑠%&
0 𝐿 %% 𝐿 %& 𝐿 θ#
M#" 0 𝐸𝐼$ 𝐸𝐼$ 𝐸𝐼$
𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑠%% + 𝑠%& ψ
𝐿 %& 𝐿 %% 𝐿

F = K 0 D
 Frames
r2,d2 r5,d5
r3,d3 r6,d6
r4,d4
r1,d1

M"# + M#" + PΔ
−
L
P
MAB
D M"# + M#" + PΔ
L
P
MBA

r1 = P
r4 = -P
M"# + M#" + PΔ
r' = − M"# + M#" + PΔ
L r) =
L
r( = M"#
r( = M#"
 Frames

n r = T ! F

r! 1 0 0
r" − Δ⁄L −1/L −1/L P
r# 0 1 0 M&'
=
r$ −1 0 0 M'&
r% Δ⁄L 1/L 1/L
0 0 1
 Frames
r2,d2 r5,d5
r3,d3 r6,d6
r4,d4
r1,d1

n e = -(d4-d1) d!
e 1 0 0 −1 0 0 d"
n qA =d3+(d5-d2)/L θ& 0 −1/L 1 0 1/L 0 d#
θ' =
n qB =d6+(d5-d2)/L 0 −1/L 0 0 1/L 1 d$
ψ 0 −1/L 0 0 1/L 0 d%
n y =D/L = (d5-d2)/L d(

D = T " d
 Frames
𝐴𝐸/𝐿 0 0 0
e
P 𝐸𝐼) 𝐸𝐼) 𝐸𝐼) θ&
𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑠** + 𝑠*+
F = K 8 D M&' = 0 𝐿 ** 𝐿 *+ 𝐿 θ'
M'& 0 𝐸𝐼) 𝐸𝐼) 𝐸𝐼)
𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑠** + 𝑠*+ ψ
𝐿 *+ 𝐿 ** 𝐿
d!
e 1 0 0 −1 0 0 d"
θ& 0 −1/L 1 0 1/L 0 d#
D = T 6 d θ' =
−1/L 1/L d$
0 0 0 1
ψ 0 −1/L 0 0 1/L 0 d%
d(

r! 1 0 0
r" − Δ⁄L −1/L −1/L P
r = T F r# 0 1 0 M&'
7 =
r$ −1 0 0 M'&
r% Δ⁄L 1/L 1/L
,!
0 0 1
 Frames

r = T 7 K 8 T 6 d

𝐾 = T 7 K 8 T 6

𝐴/𝐼 0 0 −𝐴/𝐼 0 0
0 2(𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿$ − 𝑘 $ − (𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿 0 − 2(𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿$ + 𝑘 $ − (𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿
𝐸𝐼! 0 − (𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿 𝑠"" 0 (𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿 𝑠"#
𝐾 =
𝐿 −𝐴/𝐼 0 0 𝐴/𝐼 0 0
0 − 2(𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿$ + 𝑘 $ (𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿 0 2(𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿$ − 𝑘 $ (𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿
0 − (𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿 𝑠"# 0 (𝑠"" + 𝑠"# )⁄𝐿 𝑠""

Where,

𝑘𝐿 sin 𝑘𝐿 − 𝑘𝐿 " cos 𝑘𝐿 𝑘𝐿 " − 𝑘𝐿 sin 𝑘𝐿

𝑠** = 𝑠*+ =
2 − 2 cos 𝑘𝐿 − 𝑘𝐿 sin 𝑘𝐿 2 − 2 cos 𝑘𝐿 − 𝑘𝐿 sin 𝑘𝐿
 Frames

n Simplified 1st order linear approximation. Using Taylor series

expansions of the sin and cos functions, but retaining only 2
terms of the series…

A/I 0 0 −A/I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 12/L# −6/L 0 −12/L# −6/L 0 6/5 −L/10 0 −6/5 −L/10
#
EI" 0 −6/L 4 0 6/L 2 ± P 0 −L/10 2L /15 0 L/10 −L# /30
K =
L −A/I 0 0 A/I 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 −12/L# 6/L 0 12/L# 6/L 0 −6/5 L/10 0 6/5 L/10
0 −6/L 2 0 6/L 4 0 −L/10 −L# /30 0 L/10 2L# /15

K = K @ + K A
The geometric stiffness matrix accounts for
the effects of axial force on flexural stiffness of
the member
You can also use it for nonlinear elastic
force-deformation analysis of frames
 Frame Stability

n EXAMPLE – Determine the value of P = Pcr for critical buckling

of the frame
W16x31
P A = 15.9 in2 P
I = 375 in4
B C

14 ft
W14x53 W14x53
=
A = 15.6 in2 A = 15.6 in2
168 in.
I = 541 in4 I = 541 in4

A D

30 ft = 360 in.
 Frame Stability

n Solve an eigenvalue problem to determine P = Pcr that makes

[K]g so large that it offsets [K]o and makes the structure matrix
singular.
n Start off by normalizing the load acting on the structure. The
eigenvalue will give us the factor to be applied to the loading to
cause buckling. Its like a multiplier for the normalized loads
n All the units must be consistent for length, force, stress, etc.
n The smallest eigenvalue governs, and the corresponding
eigenmode is the buckling shape
 Frame Stability
FRAME D.O.F
Member D.O.F
5
6
4

2 Global D.O.F

3 1

Global D.O.F
 Frame Stability
n ID Array 6
3
2 7
4 5
B 2 C
Local Element
d.o.f 1 2 3
1 0 2 5
2 0 3 6
3
1
3 1 4 7
4 2 5 0
5 3 6 0 1
A D 8
6 4 7 8
 Frame Stability

n Develop a computer program if needed

n (1) Assemble the structure stiffness matrix [K]o using id array
and element stiffness matrix
n (2) Asse le geometric stiffness matrix [K]g using id array and
element geometric stiffness matrix
n (3) Solve eigenvalue problem
n (4) Note eigenvalues and eigenmodes
Mastan 2