FIZZA JUNAID(21-10532)

TO: SIR SHOAIB NAZIR

MWF 2PM MIS

MIS Assignment

1. Does anyone own the Internet? Discuss how the Internet is currently governed and
consider whether countries should be able to impose its own roles on the Internet within
their own borders.

Internet is owned by no body as well as everyone. The Internet is a network of networks. Each of
the different networks belongs to different companies and organizations, and they rely on virtual
servers in different countries with different rules and regulations. But without common rules and
practices, these networks cannot be properly linked. Isolation - which means the end of the
Internet - is a real threat.

Internet governance is the Development and application of shared principles, norms, rules,
decision making procedures and programs that shaped the evolution and use of the Internet.
Internet governance should not be confused with the governance which refers to governments
use of technology to carry out their governing duties .no one person, company, organization or
government runs the Internet .it is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily
interconnected autonomous networks. it operates without a central governing body was each
constituent network setting and enforcing its own policies. its governance is conducted by a
decentralized and international multi-stakeholder network of interconnected autonomous groups
drawing from civil society, the private sector, governments the academic and research
communities and national and international organizations. they work cooperatively from their
respective roles to create shared policies and standards that maintain the internet's global
interoperability for the public good. However, to help ensure interoperability several key
technical and policy aspects of the underlying core infrastructure did the principle in a space are
administered by the Internet Corporation for assigned names and numbers. Icahn which is
headquartered in Los Angeles, CA, it can overseas the assignment of globally unique identifiers
on the Internet including domain names, protocol addresses, application port numbers in the
transport protocols and many other parameters. this seeks to create a globally unified in a space
to ensure the global reach of the Internet by an international board of directors drawn from across
the Internet technical, business, academic and other noncommercial communities. however, the
national telecommunications and information administration an agency of the US Department of
Commerce continues to have final approval over changes to the DNS root zone. this authority
over the root zone file make sick in one of a few bodies with global centralized influence over
the otherwise distributed Internet. in the 30th of September 2009 affirmation of commitments by
the Department of Commerce and Icahn and the Department of Commerce. finally affirmed that
a private coordinating process is best able to flexibly make the changing needs of the Internet
and of Internet users’ para for well it can itself interpreted this as a declaration of its
independence. scholars still point out that this is not yet the case. considering that the US
Department of Commerce can unilaterally terminate the affirmation of commitments with Icahn.
the authority of DNS administration is likewise seen as replicable and derived from a single state
namely the United States. the technical underpinning and standardization of the Internet score
 FIZZA JUNAID(21-10532)
TO: SIR SHOAIB NAZIR
MWF 2PM MIS

protocols at foreign dip six is an activity of the Internet engineering task force eith. a nonprofit
organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associated with by
contributing technical expertise. on the 16th of November 2005 the United Nations sponsored
World Summit on the Information Society zis held in Tunis established the Internet governance
forum eggs to open an ongoing, non-binding conversation among multiple stakeholders about the
future of Internet governance. since this term Internet governance has been broadened beyond
narrow technical concerns to include a wider range of Internet related policy issues. the
definition of Internet governance has been contested by differing groups across political and
ideological lines. One of the main debates concerns the authority and participation of certain
actors such as national governments corporate entities and civil society to play a role in the
Internet governance. a working group established after you initiated World Summit on the
Information Society this proposed the following definition of Internet governance as part of its
June 2005 report. Internet governance is the development and application by governments, the
private sector and civil society in their respective roles of shared principles ,norms, rules,
decision making procedures and programs that shape the evolution and use of the Internet .law
professor Yochai benkler developer conceptualization of Internet governance by the idea of three
layers of governance. 1 Physical infrastructure layer through which information travels. 2
controls the infrastructure and 3 content layer contains the information signal through the
network. professors also offered comprehensive definitions to Internet governance. according to
the broad approach to Internet governance goes beyond Internet infrastructural aspects and
address other legal, economic, developmental and social cultural issues along similar lines
denardis argues that Internet governance generally refers to policy and technical coordination
issues related to the exchange of information over the Internet. one of the more policy relevant
questions today is exactly whether the regulatory responses are appropriate to police the content
delivered through the Internet .it includes important rules for the improvement of Internet safety
and for dealing with threats such as cyber bullying, Copyright infringement, data protection and
other illegal or disruptive activities.

2. What are some issues to consider on determining whether the Internet would provide your
business with a competitive advantage?

Competitive advantage in business comes in many forms, and your business has likely executed
several tactics to secure a few.

Your company may have developed a first-mover advantage; beat out competitors on price,
features or service; or have the benefit of a strong brand reputation built over years of heritage.

As more businesses migrate to the cloud and international business and trade become the norm,
ensuring your customers have an authentic two-way experience is becoming a business
imperative.

Customers no longer will wait for slow Web pages. Within a few seconds sites are abandoned
and competitors win business and brand loyalty. Brands are the extension of an individual’s
FIZZA JUNAID(21-10532)
TO: SIR SHOAIB NAZIR
MWF 2PM MIS

identity. Knowing how well your customers reach you across the Internet is a critical part of
managing the end-user experience - and measuring and managing speed, security, reachability
and availability. It is also the key to winning and keeping customers in the Internet Age.

The following steps are key in making the Internet your organization’s competitive advantage.

1. Monitor and control the Internet

Many companies today have reduced cost while improving flexibility, reliability and scale of
their Internet infrastructure by employing cloud service providers, content delivery services and
hosting companies. This is now the standard. The sky is the limit for market expansion, reduced
time to market and revenue growth. Even smaller companies are still using relatively
sophisticated data flow tools to manage their information and connectivity across the Web.

Yet, how many of these companies have a comprehensive, end-to-end view into the speed and
availability of their information across the Internet? And how many companies understand how
latencies, quality, outages or redirects are impacting their customers’ ability to access their Web
offerings? How many companies put their brands online and then just hope for the best?

Each day there are an average of 3,000 Internet outages around the world on the Web. And while
many are relatively harmless, major disruptions happen often. This summer alone saw several
high-profile outages and network failures from Apple Music, ISP X, Amazon Web Services and
Netflix. Monitoring your company’s Internet connections is half the battle; having the control to
reroute and avoid disruptions to your customers is the other half that gives you the control to
mitigate these risks, protecting sales and customer confidence. We are yet to improve the speed
of light as data traverses the globe. Therefore placing your content close to your users is the only
solution.

2. Deliver availability and reachability

The ability for customers to access and have full performance to any desired market cannot be
understated as a core business goal. The first step in having strong availability and reachability is
knowing the constant state of your own Internet Performance to key regions.

There are important questions to ask to determine availability. Is my service available to my

customers? Are my partners able to connect to my services? What does the connection
performance look like amongst my selected cloud providers? Do my CDNs meet my needs?
What and where are my single points of failure?

Service outages from availability issues can be significant. A recent Google cloud outage, which
lasted for almost two hours, was caused by an internal software issue related to its virtual
network traffic routing. If your business was using a single cloud instance and you were not
monitoring for network-wide availability, you would have experienced this outage and your
availability would have been impacted.

Reachability similarly affects your customers’ ability to access your website and services. How
accessible are you in the target markets around the world? Again, in cases where a business is
FIZZA JUNAID(21-10532)
TO: SIR SHOAIB NAZIR
MWF 2PM MIS

using a single cloud instance, an outage or failure will have a detrimental impact on reachability
- and unless your business is monitoring your reachability and mitigating for failures, you are
open to disruptions and have little choices for rerouting in the event of a disruptive event.

In the event of our outage, smart availability and reachability strategies will give your business
an edge over competitors that are down, providing the end user experience that your customers
expect, driving sales and building brand loyalty.

3. Optimize performance
Slow services are just as bad as downtime. The global proliferation of high-speed Internet and
the shift to mobile means that the expectations for performance are higher than ever. Amazon
recently calculated that a page load slowdown of just one second could cost it $1.6 billion in
sales each year. Even a large Internet business could face huge penalties for Internet
Performance deficiencies.
Most businesses are investing in performance tools, but few are looking outside their firewalls to
understand how the Internet affects each customer connection. For example, where does
Amazon's symbolic 1 second delay come from? Often it stems from Internet Performance. What
does optimized performance really mean? In a nutshell, greater speed, network flexibility and the
ability to predict and prevent disruptions affect your business.

Any business that generates revenues online has the potential to be a global business and should
consider the tools available to make the Internet a competitive advantage. Successful IT
executives understand that there is money to be saved by mitigating risk, but also by harnessing
the power of the global Web to streamline performance and make cloud, CDN and data decisions
based on the performance - or lack thereof - of these providers.

Knowledge is power. Monitor and control your Internet assets to gain the insights your company
needs to make the Internet your competitive advantage.

3. Research the difference between sustaining and disruptive technologies. Offer an

example of each.
Sustaining innovations tend to maintain a rate of improvement that gives the customer something
more or better in the attributes they already value. for example when you buy a computer if it has
a faster processor that's a sustaining innovation, 1.5 giga Hertz out runs at 2.2 giga Hertz
sustaining innovation. that's something we like right we're used to using a computer it runs a
little bit faster. That’s an attribute that customers like and appreciate and that's what we call
sustaining innovation .disruptive innovations are different because they introduce a very different
package of attributes from the one mainstream customers historically value and it may be the
case they may also perform worse along one or two dimensions that customers consider
important. mainstream customers are unwilling to use these disruptive innovations simply
FIZZA JUNAID(21-10532)
TO: SIR SHOAIB NAZIR
MWF 2PM MIS

because they are worse along dimensions that they consider important. imagine buying a
computer that was Actually slower that didn't perform as well as the other type of computer .we
might not be interested in that but The problem for the thing about disruptive innovations is they
tend to make possible the emergence of new markets .for example Sony's early transistor radios
they sacrificed sound but they allow for portability now if we seen movies from you know
people during the 1940s or 1930s there always sitting around the family is always sitting around
the living room listening to the radio perhaps listening to the news about World War Two or one
of these great big radios. and when Sony introduced these radios it did not sound good so the.
Dimension that people usually cared about the value they cared about was sound quality and
these didn't sound good so many people weren't interested in that many other companies weren't
interested in making them because their customers didn't want them but what is Sony find Sony
found that Gee there are people you know young people who want to carry around their music
with them, be able to take it to the beach park people like to listen to baseball games portable
transistor radio again to the park or wherever they go to listen to the ball game. so even though
the sound quality was worse the dimension that added value was supportability. now a good
industry to look at for examining sustaining and disruptive technologies is the hard disk drive
industry. so its Clayton Christiansen analyzed in his in his doctoral dissertation at Harvard and
which she published several papers on. now a sustaining innovation in hard drives would be
faster seek times, greater drive capacities. Hard drives keep getting bigger and bigger. if you're
familiar with size the size of things an average file song is probably about 4 megabytes .so you're
talking about a hard drive that would hold 7 or 8 songs. today if you buy a laptop computer,
you'll probably get at a minimum even the cheapest laptop computers probably going to have
300 gigabytes of storage that’s 1000 times bigger. so you can see how greater drive capacity hard
drive spin faster, so they read and write quicker. what's the disruptive innovations in the hard
drive industry? smaller physical size hard drives. initially they were slower not as good, and they
had smaller capacities, so they didn't hold as much information because they were disruptive. the
new slower smaller capacity hard drives were not what the hard drive makers customers valued
but smaller drives provided value on a different dimension .the size dimension and the new
technology allows for smaller computers .so we went from mainframe computers too mini
computers to personal computers to notebook computers and even to the original iPod the
original iPod and they still make an iPod classic had a small hard drive in it now you can have a
small iPod music player if the hard drive is 3 1/2 inches or five in 1/4 inches in size has to be a
very small hard drive . for example in the mainframe computers the capacity that's demanded by
mainframe users and there were 14-inch drives and the capacity of 14-inch hard drives and you
can understand that in 1974 is equal what they demand and then it's bigger than what they
demand. so there's no reason for them to their happy to use 14 inch hard drives in their
mainframe but when the 8 inch hard drive comes out Capacity is well below what mainframe
users demand so they're not interested in it .so companies that made hard drives are going to say
there's no reason for us to make 8 inch hard drives our mainframe customers don't want them.
however, this is the point where hard drives invade minicomputers .it allows many computers to
be made. the demand that many computer manufacturers needed in terms of hard drive capacity
and at some point, the 80s hard drive is going to have enough capacity. even for a mainframe
computer now that was quite a few years down the road but that's the case likewise quarter inch
hard drive came about capacity was too small for what minicomputers wanted or needed but it
allows for the introduction of the PC market and again the demand or the capacity here is greater
FIZZA JUNAID(21-10532)
TO: SIR SHOAIB NAZIR
MWF 2PM MIS

than what's really needed in the PC market .at this point in time likewise with the 3 1/2 inch and
you'll notice that all of these at some point they get faster so it's not good enough now but it'll be
good enough at some point in the future and oftentimes businesses are rather shortsighted and
saying look the product's not very good my customers don't want it but they may want it
sometime down the road . what happens is small emerging companies that are for example
making these smaller hard drives wind up overtaking the companies that only make the larger
hard drives. one way to assess disruptive technologies is on a graph like this so down here we
have time and here we have performance and the performance measure might be speed it might
be capacity however you're measuring performance and this red line indicates the performance
improvement required by the mainstream market. the disruptive technology starts out here it's
not very good .this is the current performance it's well below what the mainstream market
requires but it gets better at a faster rate than at some point is good enough and in fact at some
point it exceeds what the mainstream market needs. . if you can recognize a product that's not
very good but will get .in Andy grove's book only the paranoid survives Andy Grove being the
former CEO of Intel talking about when he was first introduced to the Internet and it was terrible
was very slow. it was not very interesting, but he asked himself what's it going to be like when it
gets faster when it gets twice as fast five times fast. what will we be able to do with it so instead
of ignoring it he recognized that at some point this is going to be an important industry product
that service the Internet are going to be important too. You can see that it's going to get better
faster and it some point this is going to be a disruptive technology. disruptive innovations often
allowed new firms to overtake incumbent firms so if you're an investor it's an opportunity to
perhaps spot a new firm that may maybe the next Google or the next Microsoft etc. questions is
why the incumbents don’t just invest in the disruptive technologies. they find it the
improvements aren't what their customers value. they may also be afraid that the new
technologies will cannibalize their core business. a good example of that is Kodak. Kodak the
film company that's how they made all their money. they invented the digital camera alright and
now the digital Camera force them into bankruptcy. nobody buys film anymore but they didn't
think it wasn't very good but they didn't ask themselves what would it be like when it gets better
they were also afraid that if they if they pushed the digital camera it would hurt their core
business of selling film some firms do a good job of trying to disrupt their own business by for
example setting up a skunkworks operation and they do that by essentially sending a group of
people off on their own to work on their own projects sort of away from the corporate culture. so
they're not worried about what the core businesses they just trying to invent something that may
or may not pan out. companies like 3 M and google give their Google give their employees work
time to work on anything they want. A couple of these places like Google you must spend 20%
of your time working on something else. motivated people so these aren't people who are going
to take 20% of their time to goof off they think is an interesting product and it may have nothing
to do with Google but Google may look down the road and say wow we can commercialize that
and so they can actually disrupt their business. another thing that incumbents sometimes do is
they'll purchases disruptive technology from another firm or though actually purchase the other
firm so a lot of times you'll hear about larger companies purchasing these small companies that
have these new technologies, so disruption is an interesting thing to look at. when you see
innovation you may see you have to distinguish between whether it's sustaining or disruptive. it
may be an opportunity for an investment if you happen to want to buy the stock of the company
FIZZA JUNAID(21-10532)
TO: SIR SHOAIB NAZIR
MWF 2PM MIS

or maybe if you happen to be in the corporate world it may be valuable to consider buying that
company or investing in that technology.

4. Find out the difference between a repeater, hub, switch and router.

Network repeaters receive and retransmit incoming electrical ,wireless or optical signals with
physical media like Ethernet or Wi-Fi meaning wireless Fidelity data transitions can only spend
a limited distance before the quality of the signal degrades .repeaters attempt to preserve signal
integrity and extend the distance over which data can safely travel. a repeater is a small device
that plugs directly into a power outlet. positioning the repeater in the right location is
important .where the Wi-Fi signal is strong a location halfway between the router and the
weakest reception area is ideal .then following instructions that come with your repeater log into
the Wi-Fi repeater on your computer and enter the login information and password of your Wi-Fi
network .the repeater connects to the Wi-Fi network and boost the signal strength from its
location outward .some range extenders boost the signal equally in all directions but if you
repeater has Anthony us you can carry them towards the areas of weakest reception.

the difference between a hub a switch and a router now all three of these devices are similar but
there is a difference in the way they handle data. so we'll first talk about a hub. now the purpose
of a hub is to connect all your network devices together on an internal network. it's a device that
has multiple ports that accepts Ethernet connections from network devices. a hub is considered
not to be intelligent because it does not filter any data or has any intelligence as to where the data
is supposed to be sent and that's because the only thing a hub knows is when a device is
connected to one of its ports . when a data packet arrives at one of the ports it is copied to all of
the other ports .all the devices on that hub sees that data packet so again a data packet comes into
one port then the hub will just rebroadcast that data to every port that has a device connected to it
. even if this computer here only wanted to communicate with this computer over here these
other computers was still receive the data even though the data was not intended for them .so
when this happens it not only creates security concerns but it also creates unnecessary traffic on
the network which waste bandwidth .switch is very similar to a hub is also a device that has
FIZZA JUNAID(21-10532)
TO: SIR SHOAIB NAZIR
MWF 2PM MIS

multiple ports that accepts Ethernet connections from network devices but unlike a hub a switch
is intelligent a switch can actually learn the physical addresses of the devices that are connected
to it and it stores these physical address is called Mac addresses in its table. when a data packet
is sent to a switch it's only directed to the intended destination port unlike a hub where hub
would just rebroadcast that data to every port. as an example if this computer here wanted to
communicate with this computer over here the data packet arrives at the switch and then the
switch will look at its table of Mac addresses and matching ports and deliver the data to the
correct port and then the data packet would only go to that computer so that's the major
difference between a hub And a switch so as a result switches are far more preferred over hubs
because they reduce any unnecessary traffic on the network. as a review a hub only detects that
a device is physically connected to it and switch can detect specific devices that are connected to
it because it keeps a record of the Mac addresses of those devices. hubs and switches are used to
exchange data within a local area network for example such as in your home network or in a
business. They are not used to exchange data outside their own network such as out on the
Internet because to exchange or route data outside their own network to another network such as
out on the Internet a device needs to be able to read IP addresses and hubs and switches do not
read IP addresses. that's where the router comes in now a router does exactly what its name
implies. a router is a device that routes or forwards data from one network to another based on
their IP address .when a data packet is received from the router the router inspects that data is IP
address and determines if the packet was meant for its own network or if it's meant for another
network .if the router determines that the data packet is meant for its own network it receives it
but if it's not meant for its own network it sends it off to another network. a router is essentially
the gateway of a network now let's go ahead and exchange data between different networks so
let's say for example that this computer here on the red network wants to communicate with the
computer here on the blue network so for this to happen a data packet has to leave their own
network and go out on the Internet so the computer sends their data and it goes to the network's
router and once the data packet reaches the router the router will look at the IP address of the
data packet and then forward the data out on the Internet to the next router and then make its way
to the blue networks router and then to the intended destination computer. in a nutshell this is
how routers work. In conclusion hubs and switches are used to create networks while routers are
used to connect networks.