Supplementary G

Citing Related Literature Using Standard Style

Hello there budding researchers! Welcome to your next research journey.

Research makes use of previous information and data from statements of experts which are
expressed in various sources most common of which are books, journals and computer
databases.

This lesson presents the varied sources that can be used for doing a literature review and how
they are cited in the text and reference list.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the study, you should be able to:

1. identify different ways of citing literature;
2. differentiate the different citation standard styles; and
3. cite related literature using standard styles.

Direction: Locate the words or acronyms from the box and write them on your notebook.

A P A S M H
B X C M L A
O S H L E R
N V I I B V
E I C F O A
W D A I O R
S E G K K D
B O O K S H
B S B I B V
A Z E L G A

1
 APA MLA CHICAGO NEWS
VIDEO FILM BOOKS E-BOOKS

Direction: Define the following terminologies. Write your answers on your

notebook.
1. APA
stands for the American Psychological Association. It's a consistent way for writers to document sources
and avoid plagiarism.

2. MLA
The Modern Language Association, establishes values for acknowledging sources used in a research
paper. MLA citation style uses a simple two-part parenthetical documentation system.

3. WWW
The World Wide Web contains information from all over the world and is useful for all ages and for all
purposes - from very complex things to very simple things, such as door-to door directions and maps.

4. Books
it is similar to reference resources, can provide much needed background information and history on a
topic. Books are comprehensive and offer a broad viewpoint that is different from articles.

5. Film
it is a form of practice research that enquires into production practices, techniques, modes and genres
used in cinema, television and online.

6. News
it is information that is published in newspapers and broadcast on radio and television about recent
events in the country or world or in a particular area of activity.

7. E – Books
an electronic version of a printed book that can be read on a computer or handheld device designed
specifically for this purpose.

8. Citation
A citation or source citation is a reference to a published work (for example, a book, article, image, etc.,)
that is used when creating a written work. It shows readers where specific pieces of information came
from and where readers can locate it for themselves.

9. Journals
it is meant collect your ideas and observations on any number of things and put the happenings of each
day into writing.

10. Magazines
a publication that is issued periodically, usually bound in a paper cover, and typically contains essays,
stories, poems, etc., by many writers, and often photographs and drawings, frequently specializing in a
particular subject or area, as hobbies, news, or sports.
Direction: Complete the table below by distinguishing the different citations - given in the
box, whether APA style or MLA style or CHICAGO/TURABIAN style. Write your answer
on your notebook.

APA Style MLA Style CHICAGO/TURABIAN Style

(Ramos, 2015) (Fores et. Al 150 – (Rodriguez 2015)

Ramos (2015) 158)
(Bautista 183) (Ramos and
Bautista 2000)

(Ramos, 2015)
(Rodriguez 2015)
(Bautista 183)
Ramos (2015)

(Fores et. Al 150 – 158) (Ramos and Bautista 2000)

3
 Research makes use of previous information and data from statements of experts which are
expressed in various sources most common of which are books, journals and computer
databases. These data are utilized both for qualitative and quantitative researches. For qualitative
research, previous studies do not only serve as a basis for the current study but more
significantly, information culled from the said sources can support in the process of
interpretation and analysis of data. It is necessary that proper citations are followed. Without
library resources, researchers will find great difficulty in doing a study.

What am I Citing?

A collection of books that provides information

about a certain topic.

A popular work published periodically (weekly,

monthly, etc) focusing on a specific subject of
interest.

A periodical publication containing news, events,

interview and opinion article.

A collection of electronic materials that

provides information about a certain

A scholarly work published periodically

containing highly classified research.

A motion picture or movie. Can be fictional,

documentary or even YOUTUBE videos.

Source: www.citation machine.net/apa/cite-a book

These are the different sources of information that you can use for your literature review. An
alphabetical list of the references you cite in the text of your report should be

4
provided. This section explains how to appropriate format for the different types of sources in
your reference section. ( Dempster and Hanna, 2016)

The reference in your text and your reference section must match perfectly, as well as the
citations. Check On the style used to ensure that each reference is formatted correctly.

REFERENCING STYLES

Here are the styles for indicating your sources both in the body of the report or in the
reference section at the of your research paper.

 APA (American Psychological Association) is an author /date based style. This

means emphasis is placed on the author and the date a piece of work to uniquely identify
it.
 MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often applied in the arts and
humanities, particularly in the USA.
 HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is the most well used referencing style in the UK
and Australia, and it is encouraged for use with the humanities.
 CHICAGO AND TURABIAN are two separate styles but very similar. They are widely
used for economics and history.

Though there are choices from different referencing styles, you should use the particular style
your school recommends. Avoid mixing or combining referencing styles
(www.citethisform.com/guides)

Ways of Citing Related Literature

1. By author or writer
EXAMPLE: According to Felipe (2015)………………………..

2. By Topic
EXAMPLE: It has been found out that…......................................(Felipe 2015)
3. By Chronology- according to the year, the literatures were written, usually from
earliest to the latest.

Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles or conclusions in related materials relevant
to the problem should be cited. A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated
and is not too long.

Example: According to Felipe, “pregnancy is a condition where woman should take extra care of
themselves, there is also a need to consult with a doctor to check if everything, if both the mother and the
baby are doing fine” ( Felipe, 2015)

5
Samples of Citations

Book (p. 799)

General Format
Full Note:
1. Author First Name Surname, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year), page #.
Shortened Note:
2. Author Surname, Book Title, page #.
Bibliography:
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year.
Example
Full Note:
1. Salman Rushdie, The Ground beneath Her Feet (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 25.
Shortened Note:
2. Rushdie, The Ground beneath, 28.
Bibliography:
Rushdie, Salman. The Ground beneath Her Feet. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.

E-Book (p. 824-8)

General Format
Full Note:
1. Author First Name Surname, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher,
Year), Format, page #. Tip: page numbers may vary based on the
e- book viewer used. In these cases it is preferred to use chapter or paragraph
numbers if they are provided (eg. chap. 2 or para. 11)
Shortened Note:
2. Author Surname, Book Title, page #.
Bibliography:
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year. Format.
Example 1
Full Note:
1. William Rayner, Canada on the Doorstep: 1939 (Toronto: Dundurn, 2011),
Ebrary e-book, 93.
Shortened Note:
2. Rayner, Canada on the Doorstep, 93
 Bibliography:
Rayner, William. Canada on the Doorstep: 1939. Toronto: Dundurn, 2011. Ebrary e-
book.
Example 2
Full Note:
1. Elliot Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and
Bartok (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008),
doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.
Shortened Note:
2. Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism.
Bibliography:
Antokoletz, Elliot. Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartok. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2008. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.

General Format
Full Note:
1. Author First Name Surname, "Chapter Title in Quotation Marks," in Book Title:
Subtitle, ed. Editor First Name Surname (Place of Publication: Publisher,
Year), page #.
Shortened Note:
2. Author Surname, "Chapter Title in Quotation Marks," page #.
Bibliography:
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. "Chapter Title in Quotation Marks." In
Book Title: Subtitle, edited by Editor First Name Surname, page range of
chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Example
Full Note:
1. Bob Stewart, "Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership," in Enriching Our
Lives with Animals, ed. John Jaimeson, Tony Bannerman and Selena
Wong (Toronto, ON: Petlove Press, 2007),100.
Shortened Note:

2. Stewart, "Wag of the Tail," 102.

Bibliography:
Stewart, Bob. "Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership." In Enriching Our
Lives with Animals, edited by John Jaimeson, Tony Bannerman and Selena Wong,
97-105. Toronto, ON: Petlove Press, 2007.
 Note

1. Donald Scott, "Mormonism and the American Mainstream," National

Humanities Center, last modified August 2004,
http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nmormon.htm.

2. Michael Geist, "The Canadian Wireless Story: Comparative Data Shows

World's Highest Carrier Revenues Per SIM," Michael Geist (blog), January 22,
2019, http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2019/01/the-canadian-wireless-story- comparative-
data-shows-worlds-highest-carrier-revenues-per-sim/.

Bibliography
Scott, Donald. "Mormonism and the American Mainstream." National Humanities
Center. Last modified August 2004.
http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nmormon.htm.

Geist, Michael. "The Canadian Wireless Story: Comparative Data Shows World's
Highest Carrier Revenues Per SIM." Michael Geist (blog). January 22, 2019.
http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2019/01/the-canadian-wireless-story-comparative- data-
shows-worlds-highest-carrier-revenues-per-sim/.

Comments

 Include the title and author/sponsor of cited websites in the body of your paper as well as in
the notes and bibliographic entries (14.206).
 Website citations should include: author, title, owner or sponsor of the site, date of
publication, modification or revision and URL (14.207).
 The title of a website is not put in quotation marks and is not italicized unless it is also the title
of a book. Titled sections or pages within a website are put in quotation marks (14.206).
 If no publication, modification or revision date is available on the website, provide an
access date (e.g. accessed May 18, 2005) (14.207).
 A blog title needs to be italicized (e.g. Michael Geist) and the titles of blog entries put in
quotation marks. Include also the word "blog" in parentheses if not part of the blog title, the
date the blog entry was posted and a URL. Treat a blog entry in the same way you would an
article in a periodical (14.206, 14.208).
 References to website content (a webpage rather than the whole website or an entire work)
must be included in the notes but not necessarily in the bibliography (14.207).
 YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS

TASK 1

Fill out the Venn diagram below by providing the similarities and differences of the three citation standard styles
(APA Style; MLA Style; Chicago/Turabian Style).Write your answer on your notebook.

AT THE LAST PAGE.

TASK 2
Assume that you are going to do a research study on “Factors Affecting Students’ Performance in
Practical Research 1”. Select at least 5 reference materials and provide the correct citation for
each source. Write your answer on a separate paper.

1. Book with one author - Taylor, W., Title: Research Perspectives in Education. (Routledge & Paul,
1973).

2. Magazine/journal article - Aguiran, J.M.N, R.B. Lazo and M.J.C. Salabat (2014). Factors affecting
students’ performance in research. CVCITC Research Journal, 1(2), pp 37 – 47.
https://www.academia.edu/9665870/FACTORS_AFFECTING_STUDENTS_PERFORMANCE_I
N_RESEARCH

3. Website/online document - Britanny S. (December 13, 2017). Five Benefits of Student Research.
https://news.stthomas.edu/five-benefits-student-research/

4. E-book - Sumbawati M.S and Anistyasari Y. (january 2018). The impact of research-based learning
on student’s academic performance and motivation.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323212390_The_impact_of_research-
based_learning_on_student's_academic_performance_and_motivation

5. Newspaper - Adedokun, Omolola A ; Bessenbacher, Ann B ; Parker, Loran C ; Kirkham, Lisa L ;

Burgess, Wilella D.(2013).Research skills and STEM undergraduate research students' aspirations
for research careers: Mediating effects of research self-efficacy. Brown University library.
https://bruknow.library.brown.edu/discovery/search?query=any,contains,the%20effects%20of
%20research%20to
%20students&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=01BU_INST:BROWN&lang=
en
 TASK 3

Below is an excerpt from a research study entitled “School Violence: A Qualitative Case
Study” by Altuna, S. and Baker, O. (2010). Read the selection and encircle the citations used in
the text, then determine its citation standard style and the how the literature were cited (i.e. By
Author; By Topic; By Chronology). Write your answer on a separate paper.

School Violence: A Qualitative Case Study

By Sadegul Akbaba Altuna and Ozgur Erdur Baker 2010
Literature Review

School violence has been an international concern for more than a decade for now. Despite the remarkable
efforts of research, prevention and intervention, school violence goes beyond school borders and becomes a
larger concern that must be dealt with not only by school and mental health professionals but also by
parents, policy makers, professionals working in the area of media and the community at large. Turkish
school is no exception as these concerns have been substantiated by news in media (e.g., Akbaba-Altun,
Güneri, Erdur-Baker, 2006) and the scientific research reports (Alikaúifo÷lu et. al, 2004; Eke & Ö÷el, 2006).
For example a study by Alikaúifo÷lu et. al, (2004) on the prevalence of school violence in Turkey reported that
42 percent of 1,720 inner city public high school students reported having been in a physical fight within the
last 12 months; 8 percent of female and 28 percent of male students had been in a fight with a friend; 7.5
percent had been bullied with a weapon on school grounds; and 8 percent carried a weapon with them in
schools.
Preventing school violence requires collaboration on the part of all school personnel.
The perceptions of teachers and school counsellors with regard to school violence are perhaps the
most important in terms of creating violencefree schools. According to Fisher and Kettle (2003),
teachers and school mental health professionals have more experience and insight than anyone
else in terms of what happens in school and how school systems function within a larger schema;
in spite of this their understanding of school violence has not been studied sufficiently. Zeira,
Astor, and Benbenishty (2003) claim that a comparison of viewpoints of teachers from different
backgrounds may contribute to a deeper understanding of the issue, making this a vital element
for developing meaningful interventions.
A study by Schubarth (2000) utilized both qualitative and quantitative methodology to
examine the perspectives of teachers, school administrators, and students on school violence.
Each of the three groups in this study agreed in general when ranking violent incidences they had
observed, with the three leading types seen as mental aggression against schoolmates, physical
assaults and vandalism. However, the study found that both student and teachers perceptions
varied according to gender and type of school (middle school, gymnasium and remedial school).
Female teachers reported more incidences of violence, especially physical violence, than male
teachers. Perceptions of the growth of violence in schools also differed between teachers and
administrators.
A qualitative study from Turkey also examined the perceptions of middle school and high
school counselors in low-income areas in Ankara, Yerin-Güneri and ÇakÕr (2003) found that
counselors defined violence mostly by physical terms (such as shoving, punching, or kicking
other students) and in terms of damage to school property. Factors perceived to contribute
violence by participants were grouped as individual (e.g., lack of social skills and life goals),
family (e.g., violent parents, low SES, separated or divorced parents), school (e.g., use of corporal
punishment, ineffective discipline practices), or community (e.g., exposure through media,
political groups and cultures that reinforce aggressive behavior).
 LET’S SUM IT UP!

 The citation standard styles are American Psychological Association (APA), Modern
Language Association, Harvard and Chicago or Turabian.
 There are three ways of citing related literature namely: by author or writer, by topic, and by
chronology.
 Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles or conclusions in related
materials relevant to the problem should be cited.
 A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated and is not too long.

CITATION:
(e.g., Akbaba-Altun, Güneri, Erdur-Baker, 2006) – MLA
According to Akbaba-Altun, Güneri, and Erdur-Baker, “Turkish school is no exception as these concerns have been
substantiated by news in media” (e.g., Akbaba-Altun, Güneri, Erdur-Baker, 2006)
(Alikaúifo÷lu et. al, 2004; Eke & Ö÷el, 2006) – APA
According to Alikaúifo÷lu et. Al, Eke & Ö÷el, “Turkish school is no exception as these concerns have been substantiated by
news in media” (Alikaúifo÷lu et. al, 2004; Eke & Ö÷el, 2006)
a study by Alikaúifo÷lu et. al, (2004) – APA
Acording to Alikaúifo÷lu et. al “the prevalence of school violence in Turkey reported that 42 percent of 1,720 inner city public
high school students reported having been in a physical fight within the last 12 months; 8 percent of female and 28 percent of
male students had been in a fight with a friend; 7.5 percent had been bullied with a weapon on school grounds; and 8 percent
carried a weapon with them in schools. (Alikaúifo÷lu et. al, 2004)
Fisher and Kettle (2003) – APA
According to Fisher and Kettle “teachers and school mental health professionals have more experience and insight than anyone
else in terms of what happens in school and how school systems function within a larger schema; in spite of this their
understanding of school violence has not been studied sufficiently.” (Fisher and Kettle 2003)
Zeira, Astor, and Benbenishty (2003) – MLA
According to Zeira, Astor, and Benbenishty, “a comparison of viewpoints of teachers from different backgrounds may
contribute to a deeper understanding of the issue, making this a vital element for developing meaningful interventions.” (Zeira,
Astor, and Benbenishty 2003)
Schubarth (2000) – APA
According to the study of Schubarth, “Female teachers reported more incidences of violence, especially physical violence, than
male teachers. Perceptions of the growth of violence in schools also differed between teachers and administrators. (Schubarth
2000)
Yerin-Güneri and ÇakÕr (2003) – MLA
According to Yerin-Güneri and ÇakÕr, “counselors defined violence mostly by physical terms (such as shoving, punching, or
kicking other students) and in terms of damage to school property. “( Yerin-Güneri and ÇakÕr 2003)

Pa correct nalang po kung mali

Ways of Citing Related Literature

By author or writer
EXAMPLE: According to Felipe (2015)………………………..

By Topic
EXAMPLE: It has been found out that… (Felipe 2015)
By Chronology- according to the year, the literatures were written, usually from earliest to the latest.
Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles or conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem should be
cited. A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated and is not too long.
Example: According to Felipe, “pregnancy is a condition where woman should take extra care of themselves, there is
also a need to consult with a doctor to check if everything, if both the mother and the baby are doing fine” ( Felipe,
2015)
 YOUR FINAL TASK

Application:

Now focus on your research paper and related literature you selected for it. Cite them using APA,
MLA or Chicago/Turabian Style here. Your work will be evaluated using the rubric below. Write your
answers on a separate paper.

RUBRIC
15 pts. - Full Accomplishment - The literature were cited using the standard style completely, in the
proper format, and in clear and consistent manner.
10 pts. – Substantial Accomplishment – The literature were cited using the standard style in a
somewhat consistent manner.
5 pts. – Little or Partial Accomplishment – The literature were barely cited using the standard style.

APA
Christopher, Y., Kwaah, & Essilfie, G. (2017). STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES AMONG DISTANCE
EDUCATION STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST, GHANA. In Turkish Online
Journal of Distance Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1147588.pdf
MLA

Stress and Coping Strategies among Distance Education ... https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1147588.pdf.

Chicago

“Stress and Coping Strategies among Distance Education ...” https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1147588.pdf.

APA

Online education during COVID-19: Perception of academic stress and emotional intelligence coping strategies
among college students. Asian Education and Development Studies. (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2021, from
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0097/full/html.

MLA

“Online Education during COVID-19: Perception of Academic Stress and Emotional Intelligence Coping Strategies
among College Students.” Asian Education and Development Studies,
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0097/full/html.

Chicago

“Online Education during COVID-19: Perception of Academic Stress and Emotional Intelligence Coping Strategies
among College Students.” Asian Education and Development Studies.
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0097/full/html.
 YOUR REFLECTIONS

Why do you need to know the different citation standard styles and different ways of citing related
literature review? In what way will it make you a better citizen in the society? Write your answer on your
notebook
One of the many reasons that there are so many citation styles is simply that many have been in
publication for generations. That means that writers and researchers in these disciplines have come to rely
on a specific citation style when creating their work. This implies that writers and researchers in these
fields have grown to rely on a particular citation style while developing their work and maybe hesitant to
experiment with a different one.
References:

https://rdc.libguides.com/c.php?g=372661&p=2697614 https:/e
guides/chicago/websites#:~:text=Website%20citations%20should%20include%3A%20a
uthor,the%20title%20of%20a%20book.

Prieto, Nelia G. Naval C. Victoria, Carey Teresita G. "Chapter 4 Learning from others and
Reviewing the Literature." Practical Research for Senior High School: Qualitative,p 87-96
110-112. Lorimar Publishing Company

Del Rosario Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, J. & Palencia, M. (2017) “ Chapter 4
Learning from others and reviewing literature.” Practical Research 1: Basics of Qualitative
Research 118 – 119. Fastbooks Ed.1

14
 APA STYLE

Format the information in this way: Last Name, First

Initial. (Year, Month, and date of publication). Title of
Both styles include the last name of the
author and a page number in parentheses Same margin, font and font size
article. Title of online publication (in italics).
for the in-text citation. APA Style also Retrieved
Both used the spacing format,
includes the year of publication of the
from (add URL). Put the title of the articledouble-spaced
source, but Chicago (Turabian) Style does itself in italics.
not. Chicago (Turabian) Style also allows They both use reference page at
Example: (Ramos, 2015) the end of the work
the use of footnotes, rather than in-text
citations, to cite your sources. Both styles Align entries to the left and
also tell you to put the page number in the have the title centered.
upper right corner of each page.
CHICAGO/TURABIAN
MLA STYLE
STYLE Used in in-text
citation and the
surname of the
author is always
in the format.

Author name and page number(s). No

Author name or publisher, year and page
commas are necessary. If the author
-Both are commonly
number. Include a comma between used the
worldwide to
name inis unknown, list the article title (or
maintain consistency
date and page number. If there are two
each research anda shortened
can version of it). If there are
or three authors, include “and” between
be used in humanities
two authors, include the word “and”
the names. If there are more thantopics.
three
These both have an
between the names. If there are more
authors, list the first author followed by of the margin
equal size
on all sides of athan
page two authors, list the first author
“et al.” Example: (Ramos and Bautista
and the font type and
followed
size are the same. by “et al.” Example: (Bautista
2000)
183)

15