Display Data From Multiple Tables Using Joins
Using JOIN
Agenda
• Types of JOINS and its syntax
• Natural join
• Join with the USING Clause
• Join with the ON Clause
• Self-join
• Nonequijoins
• OUTER join: LEFT OUTER join, RIGHT OUTER join, FULL
OUTER join
• Cartesian product: Cross join
Using JOIN
Types of Joins
SQL:1999 standard include the following
• Natural join with the NATURAL JOIN clause
• Join with the USING Clause
• Join with the ON Clause
• OUTER joins:
• LEFT OUTER JOIN
• RIGHT OUTER JOIN
• FULL OUTER JOIN
• Cross joins
SQL:1999 Syntax
Joining Tables
SELECT table1.column, table2.column
FROM table1 [NATURAL JOIN table2] |
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] |
[JOIN table2 ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
[CROSS JOIN table2];
SQL:1999 Syntax
Ambiguous Column
• Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in multiple tables
• Use table prefixes to increase the speed of parsing of the statement
• Instead of full table name prefixes, use table aliases
• Table alias gives a table a shorter name
• Use column aliases to distinguish columns that have identical names, but reside in different tables
.
Types of JOINS
Natural Joins
• The NATURAL JOIN clause is based on all the columns in the two tables
that have the same name
• It selects rows from the two tables that have equal values in all matched
columns
• If the columns having the same names have different data types, an error
is returned
Types of JOINS
Natural Joins examples
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_id, department_name
from employees NATURAL JOIN departments;
SELECT department_id, department_name, location_id, city
FROM departments NATURAL JOIN locations
WHERE department_id IN (20, 50);
Using JOINS
USING Clause
• If several columns have the same names but the data types do not match,
use the USING clause to specify the columns for the equijoin
• Use the USING clause to match only one column when more than one
column matches
• The NATURAL JOIN and USING clauses are mutually exclusive
SELECT employee_id, last_name, location_id, department_id
FROM employees JOIN departments USING (department_id);
Using JOINS
Aliases with the USING Clause
• If the same column is used elsewhere in the SQL statement, do not alias it
SELECT l.city, d.department_name
FROM locations l JOIN departments d USING (location_id)
WHERE d.location_id = 1400;
SELECT first_name, d.department_name, d.manager_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d USING (department_id)
WHERE department_id = 50;
Using JOINS
ON Clause
• The join condition for the natural join is basically an equijoin of all columns with
the same name
• Use the ON clause to specify arbitrary conditions or specify columns to join
• The join condition is separated from other search conditions
• The ON clause makes code easy to understand
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON (e.department_id =
d.department_id);
Using JOINS
Multiple Tables
SELECT employee_id, city, department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON d.department_id =
e.department_id JOIN locations l ON d.location_id =
l.location_id;
SELECT e.employee_id, l.city, d.department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d USING (department_id)
JOIN locations l USING (location_id);
Using JOINS
Additional Conditions to a Join
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
AND e.manager_id = 149;
OR
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
WHERE e.manager_id = 149;
Using JOINS
Joining a Table to Itself
SELECT worker.last_name emp, manager.last_name mgr
FROM employees worker JOIN employees manager
ON (worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id);
• The parentheses around the joined columns are optional
Nonequijoins
SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level
FROM employees e JOIN job_grades j ON e.salary
BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;
OUTER Joins
INNER or OUTER Joins ?
• In SQL:1999, the join of two tables returning only matched rows is called
an INNER join
• A join between two tables that returns the results of the INNER join as well
as the unmatched rows from the left (or right) table is called a left (or right)
OUTER join
• A join between two tables that returns the results of an INNER join as well
as the results of a left and right join is a full OUTER join
OUTER Joins
OUTER Join Examples
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
Using JOIN
Cartesian Products
• A Cartesian product is formed when:
• A join condition is omitted
• A join condition is invalid
• All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table
• Always include a valid join condition if you want to avoid a Cartesian product
• The CROSS JOIN clause produces the cross-product of two tables
• This is also called a Cartesian product between the two tables
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees CROSS JOIN departments;
Quiz
If you join a table to itself, what kind of join are you using?
a) Nonequijoins
b) Left OUTER join
c) Right OUTER join
d) Full OUTER join
e) Self joins
f) Natural joins
g) Cartesian products
Using JOIN
Practice 5
This practice covers the following topics:
• Joining tables using an equijoin
• Performing outer and self-joins
• Adding conditions
