Baliwag Polytechnic College
Dalubhasaan Kong Mahal
2nd Semester
A.Y. 2020 – 2021
STUDY GUIDES
Your success to finish this module lies in your hand. This module is prepared for you to
learn new concepts and invaluable skills diligently, intelligently, and independently. As a future
young professional, doing these will greatly help and prepare you to become a responsible
student. Set your goals and invest for your future. This is your first step towards your priceless
investment for a brighter tomorrow. Do not waste your time, effort and energy. Always stay
motivated and inspired to make your dreams come true. The following guides and house rules
will help you further to be on track and to stay at the end of the module.
1. Schedule and manage your time wisely for you to accomplish the given tasks
in this module.
2. If there are things that you do not understand, go over and focus on the lesson.
If this will not work, seek the help of your family members or leave me a
message so I can give assistance.
3. Before you start doing anything else, read and understand the learning tasks
carefully. Always aim for the best and do not settle with low grades.
4. Think before you write. In answering all the assessment activities, write
legibly and follow the instructions as needed.
5. Do not hesitate to keep an open communication with me through any available
platforms. I am more than willing to help you to accomplish your goals.
6. Once you are done in the module, you can proceed doing other tasks in the
succeeding units that are scheduled for the finals.
7. You are expected to answer all the printed-based activities, assignments and
reflection guides for you to pass in this course.
8. Remember you are the student hence you are expected to accomplish and
study the module on your own. You can seek help and support from your
family members and friends but the actual activities must be done by you.
GRADING SYSTEM
Midterm Grade
Self-paced activities, Quizzes -60%
Examination -40%
Tentative Final Grade
Self-paced activities, Quizzes, Portfolio -60%
Examination -40%
Final Grade Midterm 50% + TFG 50%
STUDY SCHEDULE
Dates Module /Topics
Module 1 The Scope and Meaning of Ethics
Week 1 Future Growth
Lesson 1 A Deeper Understanding of Ethics
January 4-8, 2021 Lesson 2 Morality and Other Phases of
Human
Life
Lesson 3 Morality and Human Acts
Weeks 2 Module 2 Moral Standards and Human
January 11-15, 2021 Freedom
Lesson 1 Moral Standards
Week 3 Module 3 Morality
Lesson 1 The Norms of Morality
January 18-22, 2021 Lesson 2 Defective Norms of Morality
Week 4 Module 4 Dilemma
January 25-29, 2021 Lesson 1 What is Dilemma?
Week 5 Module 5 Culture in Moral Behavior
February 1-5, 2021 Lesson 1 Culture in Moral Behavior
Explained
Week 6 Module 6 Filipino Culture and Morality
February 8-12, 2021 Lesson 1 Culture Relativism
Lesson 2 Filipino Psyche and Morality
Week 7 Module 7 Morality and Conscience
February 15-19, Lesson 1 Morality
2021 Lesson 2 Kinds of Values
Week 8 Module 8 Feelings and Moral Decisions
February 22-26, Lesson 1 The Ethics of Love
2021
Week 9 Module 9 Human Reasoning
March 1-5, 2021 Lesson 1 Types of Human Reasoning
Week 10 Module 10 Courage and Moral Courage
March 8-12, 2021 Lesson 1 Virtue and Types of courage
Week 11 Module 11 Aristotle on Virtue
March 15-19, 2021 Lesson 1 Virtue According to Aristotle and
his
Definition of Happiness
Week 12 Module 12 The Philosophy of St. Thomas
March 22-26, 2021 Aquinas
Lesson 1 St. Thomas Aquinas on the Natural
Law
Week 13 Module 13 The Philosophy of Immanuel Kant
April 5-9, 2021 Lesson 1 Man and Duty
Lesson 2 Kant’s Philosophy of Good Will
Lesson 3 Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Lesson 4 The Kingdom of Ends
Week 14 Module 14 Rights
April 12-16, 2021 Lesson 1 Types of Human Rights
Week 15 Module 15 The Philosophy of Utilitarianism
April 19-23, 2021 Lesson 1 Utilitarianism
Lesson 2 Positive and Negative Utilitarianism
Lesson 3 Business Utilitarianism
Week 16 Module 16 Justice and Fairness
April 26-30, 2021 Lesson 1 State and Law
Lesson 2 Government and Justice
Week 17 Module 17 Pluralism versus Fundamentalism
May 3-7, 2021 Lesson 1 What is Social Justice
Lesson 2 Globalization and Pluralism
Lesson 3 The Filipino Millennials aka
Filinnials
Lesson 4 The Role of Religion in Ethics
Course Description:
Ethics is the study of how we ought to live. Since the ancient Greeks,
philosophers have held ethics as one of the most important fields in philosophy
because of its intimate ties with everyday life. During the first part of this course, we
will consider and critique different principles and theories which purport to explain
what makes an action right or wrong, and what sort of character traits we ought to
develop. In the second part of the course, we will investigate the status of ethical
theories and claims. We will attempt to discover whether there are objective truths
about how we ought to live, or if ethics is ultimately a matter of subjective opinions
and desires. In the final part of the course, we will consider some practical ethical
issues such as global poverty and animal welfare.
Module 7
Morality and Conscience
This module is comprised of two lessons
Lesson 1 Morality
Lesson 2 Kinds of Values
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. To understand the development of values
2. To learn the importance of conscience
3. To answer the question of the “greatest good”
LESSON 1
Morality – a review
Morality according to Perry is man’s effort to harmonize conflicting human interests. As
mentioned in the past modules morality of a person is different from another person. One
example is the case of public execution. There are some sectors in the Philippine society that
consider this evil for taking life ran contrary to their belief that taking human life is against the
laws of God. On the other hand, public execution especially the most humane type that is lethal
injection is a necessity to curb men from committing evil deeds, a necessary evil so to speak.
Morality is the goodness or evilness of the act that may be justifiable. People mistook that
anything that we find good is moral because man’s pursuit of happiness is the primary reason
why we live in this world. This is not true, for man’s desire to be good is innate in him and may
prevent his pursuit of such act. A married man might entertain extra-marital affairs, especially
to a lovely woman that also implied interest in him and for him that is “good” for that is a
means to his pursuit of happiness. But then again, he might neglect this passion once he
recalled his marital vows which is the greater good.
Values
Values are anything that satisfies human needs. Aristotle once said that the ultimate
good is to find things that will give us happiness and that is where happiness comes in, he
further added that value is a “fitting function” –anything that is important or significant to us.
Anything that enriched our life or at least made it meaningful such as a special someone, a
friend, our laptop, birthdays or anything that is special are values. Even our beliefs and
principles are values that we even shared to our offspring that will guide them to their
adulthood. Values may also come as actions of our own or of others that we classify good acts
are values while evil acts are not because they result to unhappiness. Morally good values are
genuine for their goodness are evident whereas evil is called apparent values for they are evil
things masquerading as good.
Kinds of Values
1. Biological values – they are important because they for the physical survival and growth of
man examples food, shelter, work, pleasure, medicine and the likes.
2. Psychological values – this contributes to his psychological and social life examples are
companionship, friendship, marriage etc.
3. Intellectual values – this developed man’s mental fulfillment such as truth, science, art
and religion.
4. Moral values – this is for the formation of one’s character. Examples are generosity,
kindness, charity and honesty.
Conscience
Is a feeling or inner voice that serves as a guide to the correctness or error of one's
behavior. Some authors viewed it as the “inner law” or the “sixth sense” that gives
premonitions to acts we are to perform or acts we already did. Where did this come from?
Moral conscience is innate idea that simply follow God’s unwritten dictum of “follow good and
obey evil”. Man is basically, good for man is a creation of God, being the source of goodness, He
created man endowed with free will but induced conscience to make sure His words are heard.
An upright conscience is a necessity for human dignity, because it knows moral
principles and practiced them in each circumstance. Only prudent judgments can recognize the
truth.
Anyone who follows his conscience is prudent for he is guided not only by human
reason but by the voice of God. God is the source of the truth and through conscience man can
grasp a semblance of reason. In as much as conscience is present in men, he assumes
responsibility. When an evil act is performed, he realized his error by feeling remorse for his
action then later regret it, which is a manifestation of conscience. An act that is willfully done is
appeared to be guided by conscience thereby responsibility is undeniable.
The Greatest Good
Jeremy Bentham a British philosopher during the 19th Century answered that question
when he said that the “greatest good is for the greatest number”. He introduced Utilitarianism
that is simply states that the ends of an action must be good, if it is not then the action is
unjustified. Which is simply anything of use is good while useless are evil. But like a double-
edged sword it also has a good side, he implied the spirit of humanity where everyone lived in
single planet and their desire to be happy and goodness are innate in man. Everybody wants to
be happy. the best thing is to follow happiness and goodness that is common to everyone.
Being children of God, we have identical aspirations, so whatever we find good might also be
good to others.
References and Supplementary Materials
Books and Journals
Agapay, Ramon B.; Ethics and the Filipinos; Mandaluyong Metro Manila, National Book Store
Inc.
Babor, Eddie R.; Ethics – The Philosophical Discipline of Action; Manile, Rex Book Store
3. Montemayor, Felix; Ethics the Philippines; Navotas Metro Manila; National Book Store
Online Supplementary Reading Materials
1. Moral Conscience; https://catholicity.com/catechism/moral_conscience.html; 2018
Written by: Christopher S. Espiritu, AMACC Caloocan Campus
