Design of Retaining Walls @Bridge Approach Km 368+385

RCC DEVELOPERS LTD.

CONSTRUCTION & UPGRADATION OF EXISTING ROAD TO 2-LANE WITH PAVED SHOULDERS

FROM KM 368.000 TO KM 399.000 OF LAMERI TO KARANPRAYG (EXCLUDING KM 379.100 TO KM
380.275) OF NH-07 UNDER CHARDHAM PARIYOJNA ON EPC BASIS IN THE STATE OF
UTTRAKHAND (PKG-I)

Design of Retaining Walls @Bridge Approach Km 368+385

October 2021
Report No. R-263.01.0023_R0

i
Design of Retaining Walls @Bridge Approach Km 368+385

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 2
2 OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 2
3 CODES, STANDARDS AND REFERENCES ............................................................ 2
4 DESIGN DATA .......................................................................................................... 3
5 MATERIAL PROPERTIES ........................................................................................ 4
5.1 Concrete ....................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Foundation ................................................................................................... 5
5.3 Unit Weights ................................................................................................. 5
6 LOADS ...................................................................................................................... 5
6.1 Dead Load..................................................................................................... 5
6.2 Hydrostatic Load .......................................................................................... 6
6.3 Earthquake Load .......................................................................................... 6
6.4 Active Earth Pressure .................................................................................. 6
6.4.1 Active Pressure Coefficient (Static Case) ........................................... 6
6.4.2 Active Pressure Coefficient (Dynamic Case) ...................................... 7
7 LOAD COMBINATIONS ........................................................................................... 8
8 METHOD OF ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 8
9 SAFETY CRITERIA................................................................................................... 9
10 CASES ANALYSED.................................................................................................. 9
10.1 Result of Retaining Wall 5 m Height ........................................................... 9

ii
Design of Retaining Walls @Bridge Approach Km 368+385

ANNEXURES
Annexure - 1: Design of Retaining Wall

iii
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

Page 1 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

1 INTRODUCTION

The President of India acting through Ministry of Road Transport and Highway (MORT&H),
represented by the Director General & Special Secretary is engaged in the development of
National Highway and as a part of this in the state of Uttarakhand, various roads have been
selected for strengthening & widening purpose. All these roads are divided in seven
packages and bided for detail study. These seven packages are as under:

i) Package-I : 228.00 km (Rishikesh) to 368.00 km (Rudraprayag) of NH-58;

ii) Package-II : 368.00 km (Rudraprayag) to 528.00 km (Mana Village) of NH-58;

iii) Package-III : 0.00 km (Rishikesh) to 144.00 km (Dharasu) of NH-94;

iv) Package-IV : 0.00 km (Dharasu) to 124.00 km (Gangotri) of NH-108;

v) Package-V : 144.00 km (Dharasu) to 220.00 km (Yamunotri) of NH-94;

vi) Package-VI : 0.00 km (Rishikesh) to 76.00 km (Gaurikund) of NH-109;

vii) Package-VII : 52.00 km (Tanakpur) to 202.00 km (Pithoragarh) of NH-12

NHIDCL has awarded package-III (Chainage 368 km to 398 km) Lameri to Karnprayag to
RCC Developers Ltd. on EPC basis for design and Construction.

2 OBJECTIVE

The objective of the document is to provide technical basis and guidance to carry out the
Stability Analysis and design of Retaining Walls at approach of Bridge at Km 368+385 . This
report includes design considerations, loading conditions, stability requirements and material
properties for Gravity Retaining Wall. In this Report of height 5m as per actual has been
considered .

3 CODES, STANDARDS AND REFERENCES

The latest revisions of the following standards are applicable to this section of the design
criteria.

o IS: 456 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

o IS: 14458 -1998 Retaining Wall for Hill Area – Guidelines

 (Part-II) – Design of Retaining / Breast Walls

Page 2 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

o IS: 1893 -1984 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

o IS: 1893 (Part-1)-2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings

o SP 22 (S&T) Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake

Engineering

o SP16 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete Structures.

o Foundation Analysis and Design – J.E. Bowles

o “Soil Dynamics” by Shamsher Prakash, Mc Graw Hill Book Company

4 DESIGN DATA

The following design data as summarised below will be used:

o Assumed Maximum Bearing Capacity 500 kN/m2

o Height of Retaining Wall 5m

o Top of Width of Retaining Wall 1000 mm

o Stem thickness of Retaining Wall 1000mm

o Base Slab Thickness 200 mm

Page 3 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

Extruded view of Return Wall

5 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Properties of various materials used in the analysis are described below:

5.1 Concrete

The front portion of the retaining wall exposed on the water side and base slab portion of the
retaining wall shall be of M25 grade concrete.

100 mm thick M15 grade PCC will be used as levelling at base of retaining wall.

Page 4 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

Characteristic compressive strength of different grade of concrete is shown in table below:

Concrete Location Characteristic Strength @ 28 days

Grade

M-15 PCC Levelling below base slab 15 N/mm²

M-25 RCC detaining Wall 25 N/mm²

5.2 Foundation

Since the structure is relatively small and is proposed to be founded on either rock bed or
Lean concrete of the respective concrete grade over which the retaining wall is placed. The
value of cohesion for analysis purposes will be neglected. To check the stability against
sliding, the following conservative values will be adopted:

Cohesion, c : 0 kPa (= 0 T/m2)

Angle of Friction, f : 35°

Tangent of Friction Angle, tan f : 0.70

5.3 Unit Weights

The following Unit weights will be used for stability Analysis of Retaining wall:

Concrete (mass) : 24 kN/m³

Rock : 25 kN/m³

Bulk weight of backfill material : 22 kN/m³.

6 LOADS

The following loads will be considered for stability analysis of retaining wall:

6.1 Dead Load

The magnitude of the dead weight of the Retaining Wall will be calculated as per the units
weight given in section 6.3.

Page 5 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

6.2 Hydrostatic Load

Available water table is far below the retaining structures and weep hole has provided at
different level in retaining wall so there is no need to consider hydrostatic load.

6.3 Earthquake Load

Seismic coefficient method has been used to calculate the earthquake force on the
structure. As the height of the structure is relatively low, hence seismic coefficient method
will suffice. The earthquake (or seismic) forces acting on the retaining wall are computed
by pseudo-static method. The earthquake forces are treated as simple static inertial force
and are combined with other loads.

The earthquake or the inertial force will be calculated by multiplying the seismic coefficient
with the weight of the retaining Wall. The earthquake force has been applied at the
centroid of the retaining wall structure.

Considering seismic zone V, horizontal and vertical seismic force has been applied as.

ꭤh = Horizontal seismic coefficient for MCE case = 0.24 g

ꭤv = 2/3 x ꭤh =Vertical seismic coefficient for DBE case = 0.16 g

6.4 Active Earth Pressure

Earth pressures from the fill material from road hill side will act on the retaining walls. This
will be applied on the retaining wall linearly varying from zero at the top of the fill to Ka.γ.H
where, Ka is the active earth pressure coefficient, γ is the unit weight of backfill material
and H is the height of backfill. The point of application of the static component of the total
pressure will be at one third height of above its base.

6.4.1 Active Pressure Coefficient (Static Case)

The active earth pressure coefficient for static condition will be calculated as per
Coloumb’s theory. The active pressure exerted against the wall will be calculated as:

1
Pa  Ka γ h2
2 ST SOIL
Page 6 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

Where,

Pa = Active pressure in KN/m³

gSOIL = Effective Unit weight of Soil in KN/m³

h = Height of retaining wall in m

2
KaST  cos2(φ  α)  1
cosλ cos2α cos (α  δ )  sin(φ  δ) sin(φ  i) 
0 .5
1   

 cos(α  i) cos(δ  α) 

where,

KaST = Coefficient of Static Earth Pressure

f = Angle of internal friction of the backfill material

a = Angle which backfill face of the wall makes with the vertical

i = Slope of the Backfill

d = Angle of friction between the wall and the earthfill

The point of application of the Static earth pressure will be applied at and elevation h/3
above the base of the wall.

6.4.2 Active Pressure Coefficient (Dynamic Case)

The active pressure coefficient for dynamic case will be calculated as per Monobe-Okabe
theory. The active pressure for dynamic case will be calculated as below:

Pa  1 Ka γ h2
2 DYN SOIL

2 2
cos (φ  λ  α) 1
Ka DYN  (1 α )  
 1/2
v
1   sin(φ  δ) sin(φ  i  λ) 
2  
cosλ cos α cos (α  δ  λ)
 cos(α  i) cos(δ  α  λ) 


Where,

KaDYN = Coefficient of Dynamic Earth Pressure, maximum value will be adopted in

calculation.

αh = Horizontal Seismic Coefficient

Page 7 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

αH
λ
1 α V

From the total dynamic pressure computed above subtract the total static pressure to get
the dynamic increment. The point of application of the dynamic increment shall be at the
mid height of the wall.

7 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Factor of safety against sliding and base pressures will be computed for the following load
combinations:

o Load Combination A (Construction Condition) - Retaining Wall completed with earth

pressure of backfill.

o Load Combination B - Combination A, with earthquake

8 METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Stability Analysis will be carried out using “Gravity Method” for 1m of the Retaining Wall
based on the following assumptions:

a) Rigid body behavior is assumed.

b) The concrete in the Retaining Wall is a homogeneous, isotropic and uniformly elastic
material.

c) Deformations are not directly accounted for. Movement in the Retaining wall has
occurred so as to develop full active pressure force and the wall is at the verge of
imminent failure.

d) Equivalent height of Backfill material will be considered for any Surcharge Load
coming over the top of backfill material.

e) Earth pressure analysis is considered in the stability analysis. Dynamic Effect on

Active earth pressure coefficient has been considered.

f) No resistance has been taken considered from the side of toe.

g) Global Stability against sliding and overturning is checked for one meter of the

Retaining Wall. Weight of the Retaining wall per running meter will be calculated by

multiplying the Area of Cross Section of Retaining Wall with Density of Concrete.

Page 8 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

h) The Retaining Wall carries the load to the foundation without transfer of load at sides.

i) The stress at foundation level varies linearly from upstream face to downstream face.

j) The factor of safety (F) against sliding will be calculated as below:

(W  U) tan ꭤ
F 
H
Where,
W = total weight of retaining Wall
U = total uplift force
tanꭤ = Coefficient of friction between Retaining Wall and foundation
H = Horizontal force trying to destabilize the structure.

9 SAFETY CRITERIA

o The Factor of safety (F) for various cases will be as per table below:

FOS against Without Earthquake With Earthquake

Sliding 1.50 1.10
Overturning 2 1.5

o Computed Base pressure shall not exceed the allowable compressive strength of
concrete and permissible bearing capacity of the foundation.

10 CASES ANALYSED

The following cases has been analyzed, the result of which are appended as
Annexure-
RESULTS & summary of reinforcement
The summary of results of the stability analysis carried out for the various cases are shown
below:

10.1 Result of Retaining Wall 5 m Height

Description Thickness Reinforcement

(mm) FOS(Normal) FOS(Seismic)

Base Slab 200 Main :16mm

Dia @ 150 Overturning=7.95 Overturning=6.95
mm c/c
Distribution Sliding =2.15 Sliding =1.44
:10mm Dia @
Page 9 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0
Stability Analysis and Structural Design of Retaining Wall

150mm c/c

Stem 1000 Main :25mm

Dia @ 150
mm c/c
Distribution
:12mm Dia @
250mm c/c
Top Width 1000 Main :25mm
Dia @ 150
mm c/c
Distribution
:12mm Dia @
150mm c/c
Base
4m
Width

Page 10 of 13
R-263.01.023_R0